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Received 28 June 2011; accepted 5 August 2011, available online 24 August 2011
Abstract: Renewable and alternative fuels such as ethanol find application in several combustion devices.
Fundamental characteristics of these fuels in terms of ignition and burning rate are to be understood in order to use
them in these applications. In this study, a numerical analysis of auto ignition characteristics of ethanol is presented.
Opposed flow configuration, in which fuel and nitrogen emerges from the bottom duct and hot air flows down from
the top duct, has been employed. Commercial CFD software FLUENT is used in the simulations. Global single step
mechanism is used to model kinetics. For various mass fractions of fuel, the air temperature at which auto-ignition
occurs has been recorded. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data available in literature.
Keywords: Renewable fuel, ethanol, numerical simulation, auto ignition, single-step mechanism
In the axisymmetric model, the computational characterize the flow-field irrespective of the actual strain
domain is as shown in Fig. 1. A domain with extents of 12 experienced by the flame [8], and is given by,
mm in the axial direction and 25 mm in the radial 2 V2
V
1 1 1
direction is chosen. A commercially available meshing a2 (2)
software called GAMBIT 2.0 has been employed to L V2 2
create the computational domain and for generating grid.
In the experiments and numerical calculations, the
momentum values of the counter-flowing reactant
2.2 Boundary conditions streams ρiV2i; i = 1; 2 at the boundaries are kept equal to
i. Fuel Inlet: At the fuel inlet boundary, velocity profile each other. Here, ρ represents the density. Subscripts 1
of the fuel jet is specified. Fully developed velocity and 2 are used to denote the values of various quantities
profile is prescribed such that the flow rate at the exit of their corresponding ducts. This condition
corresponding to the experimental value is obtained. ensures that the stagnation plane formed by the two
This velocity is calculated for corresponding strain streams is approximately in the middle of the region
rate. A constant temperature of 298 K is prescribed. between the two ducts.
Mass fraction value of fuel is prescribed
corresponding to the experimental conditions. 2.3 Mesh generation
ii. Oxidizer Inlet: This boundary is treated in the same
The domain has been divided in to several
manner as that of fuel inlet boundary. The mass
quadrilateral control volumes. Multi-block structured
fraction of oxygen is 0.232. Velocity profile
grids are used with uniform spacing in the radial and axial
corresponding to that of oxidizer flow rate has been
directions. After carrying out grid independence study,
specified. Oxidizer velocity is also calculated for
the domain with 250 cells in the radial direction and 240
corresponding strain rate. Temperature of oxidizer
grids in the axial direction has been chosen for all the
has been increased from 298 K to critical
cases in this study.
temperature of autoignition.
iii. Pressure Outlet: At the exit boundary, flow leaves to
the atmosphere. Due to buoyancy driven flow, 2.4 Numerical Procedure
incoming flow can also occur at this boundary at a As mentioned earlier, the governing equations
few cells. Therefore, a pressure outlet condition, involving conservations of species, mass, momentum and
which drives the flow with respect to local pressure energy equations are solved using FLUENT, which
gradient, has been chosen at this boundary. In case of employs Finite Volume Method. The steady-state
back-flow into the domain oxygen mass fraction of equations have been solved in a segregated manner with
0.232 and a constant temperature of 300 K are double precision accuracy. A second order upwind
specified, representing the ambient air. scheme is used for convective terms. A laminar species
iv. Axis: This boundary represents the centerline of transport model with volumetric reactions is used along
the burner. For this axisymmetric problem, an axis with finite rate chemistry. Full multi-component diffusion
boundary condition has been specified (Fig. 1). At along with a diffusion energy source is used to model the
this boundary, the boundary conditions specified are species diffusion. A global single-step reaction for ethanol
oxidation is used to model finite rate reaction chemistry.
vr = 0 and 0 , where is any other The reaction is given by
r
variable.
C2H5OH+3O2+11.28N22CO2+3H2O+11.28N2 Molar
_ 3
based reaction rate ( in kmol/m s) for the above
ethanol air oxidation is taken from Dubey et al.[9] as
_ 1.256 10 8
1.55 1010 exp
8314.3 T
[C 2 H 5 OH ] n1 [O 2 ] n2 (3)
2
V.K. Sahu et al., Int. J. Of Integrated Engineering Vol. 3 No. 1 (2011) p. 1-4
strain rate a2 = 300 s-1, when auto ignition occurs. It is at autoignition is a function of strain rate and fuel mass
clear from the Fig. 4 that as the mass fraction of fuel fraction.
increases the temperature peak also increases. The rate of
increase, however, is not linear and plateaus after the
mass fraction value greater than around 0.5. References
Table 1 presents the numerically obtained maximum [1] Agarwal, A.K. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel)
temperature data for different fuel mass fractions and applications as fuels for internal combustion engines.
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