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Implications of teenage pregnancy on socio-economic development of rural


communities in Rwanda

Case study: Fumbwe sector/Rwamagana district

JACQUES Organ MUVUNYI

Jablessed06@gmail.com

BSC HONS/ SOCIAL WORK

Kigali, Rwanda
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GBV: Gender Based Violence

GMO: Gender Monitoring Office

HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

NCCDPH: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health

OECD: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development

SIECCAN: Sex Information and Education Council of Canada

UK: United Kingdom

UN: United Nations

UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities

UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

WHO: World Health Organization


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LIST OF TABLES
Table1. Sample Size...................................................................................................................... 18

Table:2 Distribution of informants by Sex ................................................................................... 23

Table .3 Distributions of informants by Age ................................................................................ 23

Table: 4 Distributions of informants by marital status ................................................................. 24

Table: 5 Distribution of informants Level of education ............................................................... 24

Table: 6 levels of agreement on teenage pregnancy ..................................................................... 25

Table: 7 Major causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector .................................................. 26

Table: 8 Awareness of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector ..................................................... 27

Table: 9 Reasons for parent’s failure to protect teenage against pregnancy................................. 27

Table: 10 Awareness of the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector .............................. 28

Table 11. Educational consequences of teenage pregnancy ......................................................... 28

Table: 12 Consequences of teenage pregnancy on society ........................................................... 29

Table: 13 Consequences of teenage pregnancy on community living in Fumbwe Sector ........... 29

Table: 14 Economic consequences of teenage pregnancy on rural poor families ........................ 30

Table: 15 Existence of Prevention programme against teenage pregnancy ................................. 31

Table: 16 Community resistances against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector ....................... 31

Table 17. Constraints while fighting against teenage pregnancy ................................................. 32


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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... i

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

1.1. Background of the study ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Research Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1. General Objective .......................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 4

1.5. Justification of the Research ................................................................................................ 4

1.6. Scope of the Study and Delimitation ................................................................................... 4

1.7. Structure of the study ........................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................ 6

2.0. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.1. Glossary key terms ............................................................................................................... 6

2.1.1. Teenage pregnancy ........................................................................................................ 6

2.1.2. Socio -economic development....................................................................................... 6

2.2. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 6

2.3. Related Literature ................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.1.Overview of teenage pregnancy ..................................................................................... 7

2.3.2.Causes of teenage pregnancy .......................................................................................... 9

2.3.3.Consequences of teenage pregnancy ............................................................................ 11

2.3.4.Prevention of teenage pregnancy .................................................................................. 14


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2.4.Teenage pregnancy in Rwanda ........................................................................................... 15

2.5. Synopsis ............................................................................................................................. 16

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 17

3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 17

3.2. Research design .................................................................................................................. 17

3. 3.Target population and area ................................................................................................. 17

3.4. Sampling frame and procedure .......................................................................................... 17

3.5. Techniques for data collection ........................................................................................... 18

a) Questionnaire ................................................................................................................. 19

b) Interview......................................................................................................................... 19

c) Observation .................................................................................................................... 19

a) Documentation ............................................................................................................... 20

3.6. Data analysis ...................................................................................................................... 20

3.7. Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................ 21

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................... 22

4.1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 22

4.1.2. Population characteristics ........................................................................................... 22

4.2.1. Causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector ........................................................ 33

4.2.2. Consequences of teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings ..................... 34

4.2.3. Economic consequences of teenage pregnancy in rural communities ........................ 36

4.2.4. Challenges in alleviation of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector ............................ 37

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 40

5.0. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 40

5.1. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 40

5.2. Suggestions......................................................................................................................... 41
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3. Perspective further research .................................................................................................. 42

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 42

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. RR
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ABSTRACT
This study intended to explore teenage pregnancy and socio-economic development of rural
communities in Fumbwe Sector.

Five specific objectives which stimulated the researcher to carry out this study were: to identify
the causes of teenage pregnancy in FUMBWE SECTOR, to analyze the consequences of teenage
pregnancy in social and educational settings, to assess the economic consequences of teenage
pregnancy in rural families, to evaluate the efforts made by community to fight against teenage
pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector and to identify possible challenges in the alleviation of teenage
pregnancy and formulate appropriate strategies

As far as methodology is concerned both qualitative and quantitative approach was used.
Qualitative data were obtained by means of questionnaires, interviews and observation while
during quantitative data results were indicated in the forms tables indicating the percentage and
frequency of respondents. Purposive sampling was used in this research whereby a total number
of 60 participants were selected. This study has indicated that teenage pregnancy was associated
with different causes and impacts on socio-economic development of rural poor families living
in Fumbwe Sector. The study indicated that teenage pregnancy result in social economic
problems like increase in burden of disease that result in increased medical cost which is also
correlated with financial crisis to both families and a country.

The findings also revealed that teenage pregnancy had significant causes and impacts in Fumbwe
Sector and all have affected socio-economic development of rural poor families and this entire
major question raised has been justified in this study. The study recommends that programme
for prevention of pregnancies need to be reinforced in the area so that teenage pregnancy should
be reduced. Policy makers are recommended to re-explain the policies relation to the reduction
of teenage pregnancy in the area so that the whole community may have common understanding
on the consequences of teenage pregnancy particularly in socio-economic development.
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CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study


In recent decades teenage pregnancy has become an important health issue in a great number of
countries, both developed and developing. However, pregnancy in adolescence is by no means a
new phenomenon. In large regions of the world (e.g. South Asia, the Middle East and North
Africa), age at marriage has traditionally been low in kinship-based societies and economies. In
such cases most girls married soon after menarche, fertility was high, and consequently many
children were born from adolescent mothers. This was not considered to be a problem. In many
Western societies over the last century, the incidence of sexual intercourse among adolescents
and the number of pregnancies sharply increased, especially after the Second World War. In the
1960s and 1970s both society at large and health authorities increasingly viewed the growing
numbers of adolescent pregnancies as a problem (WHO, 2004)

Comparable developments took place in many developing countries (e.g. in sub-Saharan Africa
and Latin America) and in many of these countries there has been a gradual shift away from
extended family structures and towards nuclear families. With this change in family structure and
way of living, the role of members in the hitherto extended family in educating and acting as role
models for young people in sexual behaviors has disappeared (Ojwang & Maggwa, 1991).

An estimated 14 million women aged 15–19 years gave birth each year in 1995–2000, with 12.8
million births occur in many institution occurring to adolescents in developing countries (UN,
2002). More than half the women in sub-Saharan Africa and about one third in Latin America
and the Caribbean give birth before the age of 20 (Alan, G. 1998). The regional average rate of
births, per 1000 women aged 15–19 years, is 115 in Africa, 75 in Latin America and the
Caribbean, and 39 in Asia, compared to the world average adolescent fertility rate of 54 births
per 1000 women aged 15 – 19 years (UN, 2002).

Furthermore, this reality is not only limited to developing countries. In developed countries,
adolescent fertility rates range from 4.6 in Japan to 30.1 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland and 48.7 in the United States of America (UN, 2002).
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At least 1.25 million teenagers become pregnant each year in the 28 Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries recently reviewed by UNICEF (2001), Of
these, approximately 75% will go on to become teenage mothers, and 500,000 will seek an
abortion. The US has the highest teenage birth rate, at 52.1 per 1,000 pregnancies, and the UK
has the highest rate of European OECD countries and Western Europe as a whole
(Catheline.K.et.al.2003:13).

Teenage pregnancy and parenthood have risen on public health and political agendas over the
last five years. One of the reasons for this is the UK’s consistently high rates of teenage
conceptions and live births in relation to the rest of Europe. A second reason is growing
recognition of the reciprocal relationship between poverty, teenage parenthood and social, health
and economic inequalities teenage parents tend to come from deprived or socially excluded
backgrounds, and becoming a teenage parent tends to have the effect of exacerbating these
inequalities (Catheline.S. et.al.2003: 13).

In the last decade of the 20th century successive British governments came to regard teenage
pregnancy as significant public health and social problem. As longtime commentator on this
issue has observed teenage pregnancy, has become a veritable industry (Furstenberg.1991) but
anxiety about youthful pregnancy is a comparatively in previous eras, the age at which a woman
began child bearing was not significant from or any other perspective, the marital status of a
mother to be was more important than her age (Lisa A. 2009).

Most teenagers don’t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Like in any part of the world, teenagers
in Rwanda are faced with the same confusion that comes with the stress of making babies.
Despite the fact that the teen birth rate is climbing, there are still thousands of teen pregnancies
that occur in many institution around the country. Most of these pregnancies are unplanned for
and have resulted into the birthing of more risky problems in the lives of child mothers which
include deadly abortions. The biggest risk so far for teen mothers who decide to keep their
pregnancies is delayed prenatal care or worse, no care at all (New times, 2014)

1.2. Problem Statement


For every 1,000 girls ages 15 to 19 in Rwanda, there are more than 40 births, according to
UNICEF report 2012. Yusuf MURANGWA, the Director-general of the National Institute of
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Statistics of Rwanda, said there are no available statistics about the rate of teenage pregnancies in
the country, but the vice is still a challenge despite various measures in place. He adds that
Teenage pregnancy is found to be a serious problem as it is associated with so many life related
problems which may also constitute a threat to the living conditions of people in Rwanda.
Teenage may experience emotional and academic problems during pregnancy as they are not
accustomed with becoming mother. Teenage pregnancy may be associated with financial
problems and economic difficulties owing to the growing number of teens that require to be
taken care of and this may require a high cost to the government of Rwanda. Teenage pregnancy
increases the burden to the country’s economic development and is among the factors of
demographic pressure that is perceived to be a serious problem to the development programmes.

Report by Gender Monitoring office (2011), indicated that 522 unwanted pregnancies among
girls between 10 and 18 years were registered last year in schools countrywide and they also
noted that most of the cases were in Karongi whereby 58cases happened, Kayonza with 53,
Gatsibo with 52 and Gasabo with 50 cases.

Though measures were taken to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancies in Rwanda, a number of
pregnant teens are yearly perceived in some parts of Rwanda and it was in this perspective that
this study intends to investigate implications of teenage pregnancy on socio-economic
development of rural communities in Fumbwe Sector of Rwamagana District.

1.3. Research Objectives

1.3.1. General Objective


This study wants to explore teenage pregnancy and socio-economic development of rural
families.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

This study focuses on the following specific objectives:

i) To identify the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector


ii) To analyze the consequences of teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings
iii) To assess the economic consequences of teenage pregnancy in rural families
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iv) To evaluate the efforts made by community to fight against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe
Sector
v) To identify possible challenges in the prevention of teenage pregnancy and formulate
appropriate strategies

1.4. Research Questions


This research has been guided by the following research questions:

i) What are the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector?


ii) What are the consequences of teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings?
iii) To what extent teenage pregnancy affect the economic status of rural families?
iv) What are the strategies of community to fight against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe
Sector?
v) What are the possible challenges in the prevention of teenage pregnancy and formulate
appropriate strategies?

1.5. Justification of the Research


Paper is a compulsory at the end of undergraduate studies to fulfill the requirement of the award
of bachelor’s degree. It will therefore increase my personal skills in research and will help me to
contribute the prevention of teenage pregnancy and thereby improve the children and families’
welfare. It will be a reference for other students and researchers who will be interested in the
same field

The research indicates the causes of teenage pregnancy and its consequences in Fumbwe Sector
and stimulates local leaders and policy makers to formulate and implement policies for
preventing teenage pregnancy

1.6. Scope of the Study and Delimitation


This study was carried out in Rwamagana District, Fumbwe Sector and has covered the year
2008-2013. It was limited to the exploration of teenage pregnancy and socio-economic
development of rural families.

1.7. Structure of the study


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This study is made up of main five sections: Chapter one for general introduction of the study,
chapter two for literature review, chapter three for methodology, chapter four for results and
discussion and then, general conclusion and recommendations. After these, list of references and
appendices were indicated
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.0. Introduction
This chapter discusses a review of literature and publications from authors and scholars on
teenage pregnancy both in Rwanda and the rest of the world. The chapter deals with theoretical
framework, presents an overview of teenage pregnancy, teenage pregnancy in Rwanda, Causes
of teenage pregnancy in Rwanda Consequences of teenage pregnancy and finally in presents the
Prevention of teenage pregnancy.

2.1. Glossary key terms

2.1.1. Teenage pregnancy


Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming
pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal
adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant (UNICEF, 2008).

2.1.2. Socio -economic development


Socio-economic development is a process that seeks to identify both the social and the economic
needs within a community, and seek to create strategies that will address those needs in ways
that are practical and in the best interests of the community over the long run. The general idea is
to find ways to improve the standard of living within the area while also making sure the local
economy is healthy and capable of sustaining the population present in the area (Samson
E.2014).

2.2. Theoretical Framework

This study was inspired by the social impact theory. This states that social influence depends on
the strength, immediacy and number of source persons relative to the target person (Gilovich,
Keltner & Nisbett, 2006). This theory would support the fact that teenagers are influenced by
the age that their parents had children. The teen would be influenced by their parents in almost
all of these conditions. The parent is surely a strong factor, especially if the target person was a
child born to a teenager. The age of the parent would surely be an immediate factor in the mind
of the target teen. The number of sources would be the only potential problem with the
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application of this theory, but because of the large force of the first two components, it can still
confidently be applied.

This theory was applied by many scholars like Warren (1992) who reported that there is a very
small amount of conversation going on about sex. Only around 10% of American families have
any sort of ongoing discussion about sex. Other Westernized countries that have much smaller
numbers of teen pregnancies seem to be much more open about sex in general. While parents are
uncomfortable talking about sex to their teen, teen illogical reasoning may also be a contributing
factor. This makes sense because of the lack of parental input and guidance that most teens have
experienced.

However, teenagers are unable to realize the gravity of the results of their sexually risky
behavior. The negative consequences that result from being a teen mother are astounding. It
has been found that teenage mothers are approximately half as likely to complete high school as
their peers, which significantly decreases their income. Relatedly, more than 70% of women
who were teenage mothers are on welfare before the age of 30 (Warren, 1992). Teenage mothers
are more likely to have large families, be single parents and experience major depression (Kirby
& Laris, 2009). Because of these vast consequences that can occur in much institution after
getting pregnant, an immediate solution is necessary.

2.3. Related Literature

2.3.1.Overview of teenage pregnancy


Teenage pregnancies are considered problematic because complications from pregnancy and
childbirth are the leading causes of death in teenage girls aging between 15 and 19 years in
developing countries. It is estimated that 70, 000 female adolescents die each year because they
are pregnant before they are physically mature enough for successful motherhood. Therefore,
teenage pregnancies and births during adolescence are considered as risky and the teenage birth
rate is deemed an indicator of reproductive health politics (Sylvia, K., 2009).

According to UNICEF worldwide every 5th child is born to an adolescent mother. 13 million
births each year are to girls younger than 20 years. The incidence of teenage pregnancies varies
dramatically between the different countries. Approximately 90% of the teenage births occur in
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many institutions in developing countries Nevertheless, there is also a significant in teenage


pregnancy and birth rates between developed countries, although the teenage pregnancy and
birth rate of developed countries are significantly lower than that of developing countries
(UNICEF, 2001).

More than one third of women from developing countries gave birth before the age of 20.
Complications from these early pregnancies and childbirths are the leading causes of death for
girl of this age group in poorer countries. However, we have to be aware that the variation of
teenage birth rates among developing countries is quite high between different developing
countries. The teenage birth rates range from 8% in East Asia to 55% in sub-Saharan Africa,
depending on cultural factors, such as religion, female education or access to contraceptives. Ten
years ago Singh analyzed adolescent childbearing in 43 developing countries. This review
yielded highest levels of adolescent childbearing (15-19 years) in the countries of sub-Saharan
Africa, a situation which has not changed until today (Sylvia. K., 2009).

The next highest levels Singh found for Latin America and the Caribbean region, ranging from
80 to 100 births per 1000 each year. Regarding Asia, teenage birth rate was low to moderate with
the exception of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, with teenage birth rates from 84 to 140 per
1000 births. Even ten years later teenage birth rates are extraordinarily high in many developing
countries, although a decline in teenage births was reported for some countries such as South
Africa, where teenage birth rate decreased from 102 per 1000 births in 1995 to 73 in 2005
(Moultrie, T.A., 2007).

Approximately 25% of teenage girls between 15 and 19 years gave birth, however 1 out of six of
their offspring died before their 1st birthday. No statistical data exist regarding teenage mothers
younger than 15 years but it is well known that these youngest mothers face the greatest risks. In
Bangladesh the risk of maternal mortality may increase fivefold among mothers aging between
10 and 14 years in comparison to adult women. While in Sub-Saharan Africa and in some Asian
countries teenage pregnancy is associated with early marriage, in southern America and in the
Caribbean region the majority of teenage pregnancies occur in many institution to unmarried
girls (Buvinic M.et.al.1989) a fact which causes enormous socioeconomic stress
(Sylivia.K.2009)
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Compared with the situation in developing countries teenage birth rates in the first world are
quite low. Nevertheless the UNICEF analysis of teenage pregnancies and motherhood reveals
considerable differences between the 28 developed nations under consideration (UNICEF, 2001).
According to this analysis each year approximately 1.25 million girls aging between 15 and 19
years become pregnant each year and 760 000 girls gave birth in the countries under
review(ibid).

The majority of them (60%) are accounted for by the United States. The teenage birth rate of the
United States is 52.1 per 1000 births is not only the highest in the developed world it is also
about four times that of the European Union average. Within the European Union the United
Kingdom exhibits the highest teenage birth rates with 30.8% (UNICEF.2001). Furthermore,
within Europe higher levels are reported for Ukraine (38%), Macedonia (34%), Russia (30%)
and Belarus (27%).Extraordinarily high levels of teenage birth (Sylvia K.2009).

2.3.2.Causes of teenage pregnancy


The reason for teenage pregnancy varies from country to country and from region to region
within the same country. Factors that are associated with teenage pregnancy include rapid
urbanization, low socioeconomic status, low educational and career aspiration, residence in a
single parent home and poor family relationship (Adegbenga et al., 2003).

In 2000, the UK had the highest rate of teenage pregnancies. About 38,690 girls under the age of
18 became pregnant and 44.8% of those pregnancies resulted in legal abortions; 7,617 of those
conceptions were under 16 years, and 54.5% of conceptions ended in legal abortions. This
generally endangers the life of the adolescent girl and necessitates developing strategies to
reduce the high incidence rate (Linda 2003)

In many African countries more than 20% of women aged 15 to 19 have given birth to at least
one child. In Nigeria, Mauritania and Sudan, more than 15% of the girls have given birth before
age 15 (NCCDPH, 1999). According to Irinoye et al (2004), about 43% of pregnancies among
Nigerian adolescents occur in many institution occurred in non-marital relationships.
Moore, Miller, Sugland, Morrison, Glei and Blumenthal (2004) found that early sexual activity is
affected by developmental characteristics, such as early puberty and high levels of androgen
hormones (i.e. testosterone), which are associated with increased adolescent sexual behavior
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Early dating provides a context for many sexual experiences. Unconventional psychosocial
attitudes and some risk behaviour, such as early use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs; school
problems; delinquency, and physical aggression are associated with earlier onset of adolescent
sexual intercourse. Other factors include lower family incomes, less supervision, parental
modeling, and more permissive attitudes in single parent families.

Having sexually active siblings and friends is also strongly associated with earlier onset of sexual
activity at a young age (Blum 2000; Ikamba & Quedraogo 2003). Regarding socio-economic and
cultural factors associated with pregnancy among adolescent girls, Muchuruza (2000) found that
adolescents were at high risk of pregnancy at the ages of 14 to 16 years. Moreover, the risk was
fifteen times higher in respondents with no formal education and no employment.

Also, girls were affected by the mothers’ education and the living patterns in the home; living
with one parent only or with a guardian compared to living with both parents, and finally, girls
from families of low socio-economic status had a higher risk of pregnancy. In Taiwan, Wang,
Wang and Hsu (2003:33-44) found a lack of necessary material resources to meet the needs of
adolescents, because of parents’ poor socio-economic status, put adolescent girls at greater risk
of pregnancy.

Tsai and Wong (2003) identified a number of risk factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy.
those factors are: unsafe sexual activity, under use of contraception, numerous sexual partners,
substance misuse, deprivation, insufficient attendance and bad performance at school and
sometimes school dropout, low family income or single parent family. In many societies, girls
may be under pressure to marry and bear children early, or they may have limited educational
and employment prospects. In low- and middle-income countries, over 30% of girls marry before
they are 18 years of age; around 14% before the age of 15. Moreover, married adolescents are
likely to become pregnant and give birth in accordance with social norms. Education, on the
other hand, is a major protective factor for early pregnancy: the more years of schooling, the
fewer early pregnancies. Birth rates among women with low education are higher than for those
with secondary or tertiary education (WHO, 2012).

Teenage pregnancy often arises out of poverty. Studies consistently show higher rates of teen
pregnancy in poor communities, and among populations with low socio-economic status. Social
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and economic inequities are added barriers to future success for pregnant teens. Most teenage
women who become pregnant do not suddenly find themselves on a new road to poverty, since
they often have grown up in disadvantaged situations. Analysis of the teenage pregnancy data
locally and nationally reveals a clear picture of the groups of young people most likely to get
pregnant under the age of 18.

Low educational attainment, disengagement from school, and living in care or leaving care, put
young people at greatly increased risk of early pregnancy (Santelli, J., et al 2006).

Lack of knowledge about sex and family planning and the lack of skills to put that knowledge
into practice put adolescents at risk for pregnancy. Effective sexuality education is lacking in
many countries. The one global measure of coverage related to sexuality education indicates that
only 36% and 24%, respectively, of young men and young women aged 15–24 years in
developing regions have comprehensive and correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS (WHO.2011)

Education itself is a major protective factor for early pregnancy: the more years of schooling, the
fewer early pregnancies. Although enrolment in primary schools has progressed over the past
decades, low enrolment in secondary schools and vocational training limits young people’s
potential, particularly girls. Birth rates among women with low education are higher than for
those with secondary or tertiary education. Lower education levels are also associated with
higher risks of maternal mortality: women, of all ages, with no education have a 2.6 times higher
risk of maternal mortality than women with post-secondary education (ibid). In many cases,
adolescent girls get pregnant because they have been sexually abused or coerced into having
intercourse by their peers, community, sometimes their family (Maria.C.2013).

2.3.3.Consequences of teenage pregnancy


As a form of a family social pathology, teenage pregnancy has received significant public and
professional attention, but little quantitative analysis has addressed it as a community problem.
One source of apparent community consequences is the level of support and guidance given to
the teenager involved in the first pregnancy (Shelton and Gladstone 1979). Studies indicated that
teenage pregnancy have become construed as social problem because of the negative
consequences we have come to associate with early childbearing (Joanna .G.2009).
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Furstenberg (1991) noted that like other social problems, our interest and concern over teenage
parenting have waxed and waned as the societal view of teenage pregnancy has shifted from
individual pathology to social illness. First pregnancy at an early age is risky.

Although births among adolescents account for 11% of all births worldwide, they account for
23% of the overall burden of disease (in terms of disability adjusted life years) due to pregnancy
and childbirth among women of all ages. In low- and middle income countries, complications of
pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death in women aged 15–19 years.

Early, unwanted pregnancies are associated with increased levels of induced abortion, which
when carried out in unsafe conditions carries severe health risks, including death. In 2008, there
were an estimated three million unsafe abortions in developing countries among 15–19 year olds.
Up to 65% of women with obstetric fistula developed this during adolescence, with dire
consequences for their lives, physically and socially (WHO.2011)

According to Loignon (1996), teenage mothers often face the following consequences: social
isolation, poor life habits, low education level, maltreatment, stress, and depression. Likewise,
studies in Canada and the United States have shown that young mothers are at greater risk of
leaving school or attaining a lower level of education, and therefore reaching professional dead-
ends or missing out on job opportunities; these factors increase the likelihood of using
employment insurance benefits (Tipper 1997).

Adolescent pregnancy is one of the measure factors that prohibit girls to continue school. Once
an adolescent get pregnant, various health problems affect her physical activities including the
smooth continuation of school, income-generating activities and so on. The social and economic
consequences of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing depend on adolescent’s particular
cultural, family and community settings. The public health problem of adolescent childbearing is
a reflection of what is considered to be socially, culturally and economically acceptable (Magadi,
2007). Other than health problems associated with teenage pregnancy it can also affect the girl’s
future by delaying or terminating education, decreasing the chances of poor marriage,
unemployment or low paying job.
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It is also noted that than pregnancy causing girls to drop out of school, other factors such as the
lack of socio-economic opportunities for girls and women in general as well as the domestic
demands placed on them, coupled with the gender inequities of the education system, may result
in unsatisfactory school experiences, poor academic performance and an acquiescence in or
endorsement for early motherhood (Winnie.O.2012)

In Rwanda cultural and social norms are also not very favorable to adolescent pregnancy as this
is considered as shame to the family and community. Adolescent pregnancy results in social and
economic consequences that in long-term affect the economic situation of the future generation
(Magadi, 2007).

The social consequences of pregnancy in adolescence, particularly for unmarried girls, can be
severe. School dropout and subsequent lower educational attainment not only hold back personal
development but reduce women’s lifetime earnings and hence their contribution to economic
growth. Pregnancies in unmarried girls sometimes provoke violence. Although reliable data on
the scale of the problem are not available, pregnancy is increasingly recognized as a reason for
suicide among pregnant girls. Similarly, pregnancy among unmarried girls in some cultures is
reported as a ground for homicide, on the basis of maintaining family honor (WHO, 2011)

Early pregnancies are also associated with higher overall fertility rates. Reducing the number of
early pregnancies and promoting adequate birth spacing contribute to lower total fertility rates.
Lower total fertility rates, in turn, are associated with better health status of children (ibid).

It is worth noting that teenage pregnancy and child bearing are stressful not only for teenage
mothers but also for teenage male who become fathers. Of concern are the fact that socio-
economic, health and psychological wellbeing of many of these youth tend to below standard.
Their knowledge and access to health care facilities and resources appear to be limited (Dione,
J.et.al. 1999).

Other studies indicate that Teenage pregnancy constitutes a health hazard both to the mothers
and the fetus. The mother is at increased risk of pregnancy induced hypertension, anaemia,
obstructed labour and its sequelae (Okpani et al 1995, Ojengbede et al 1987, Uwaezuoke et al
2004). They are also three times more likely to die as a result of the complications of pregnancy
and delivery than those aged 20-24 (Aboyeji et al 2001, UNFPA 2000).
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The fetus is prone to be delivered preterm, small for gestational age and has an increased risk of
peri-natal death (Ojengbede et al 1987, Uwaezuoke et al 2004, Aboyeji et al 2001). The main
issues that have strongly influenced the pattern of adolescent pregnancy include the declining
age at menarche and the increase in the number of years spent in school. This influences the
timing of marriage.

Adolescents who have finished at least 7 years of schooling (in developing countries) are more
likely to delay marriage until after the age of 18 years (Salako et al 2006). This increases the
length of time that they are exposed to the risk of adolescent pregnancy

2.3.4. Prevention of teenage pregnancy


Although some teenage pregnancies are the outcome of causal sexual encounter, many are the
result of close long-standing relationship. Given the adverse consequences of teenage pregnancy
with all its implications, a multi disciplinary approach must be taken by professionals to attack
this problem head on. The strategies used for remediation and amelioration must be
multifaceted, multidimensional and multi-objective (Dione. J.et.al.1999:6). Long range goals
must be established, with measurable objectives outlined to meet the goals, both macro and
micro-level planning must be undertaken simultaneously that is at the federal government as well
as at the local community level.

In addition to massive efforts by the multidisciplinary professional communities, there must be


commitment at the federal government, states and federal government levels to make teenage
pregnancy at the top priority (Dione.1999).

Long-term follow up is recommended to truly gauge the effectiveness of a program. Behavior


and attitudes are in constant flux during adolescence. A program designed at decreasing the age
of sexual involvement among young teens, should include follow-up evaluation during middle to
late teen years. Long-term follow-up is often difficult if not impossible due to financial
constraints or challenges associated with keeping in contact with program participants. However,
wherever possible, it is important to make some effort at follow-up once a program is completed.
It is only through careful evaluation that the effective and ineffective elements of a particular
approach can be identified and shared with others in the prevention field (SIECCAN.2007).
15

There is good evidence that including teenagers’ parents in information and prevention
programmes is effective. Further, young people whose parents discuss sexual matters with them
are more likely to use contraception at first intercourse. Although feedback from young people is
frequently very encouraging, there is little research evidence to support their use as a tool to
encourage contraceptive use or prevent teenage pregnancy (Catherine D.2004).

The author indicated that an American study found no differences pre- and post-use, or between
those who had used the dolls and a control group, with regard to sexual behaviour, intentions
regarding childbearing, the extent to which they had plans for their future, realism about the
responsibility of parenting or reported contraceptive use.

2.4.Teenage pregnancy in Rwanda


Teenage mothers in Rwanda have been on the increase from 4% of girls between the ages of 10
and 18 in 2005 to close to 6% by 2010, according to a Gender Based Violence (GBV) report.
The report, commissioned by Gender Monitoring Office, indicated that last year there were 522
unwanted pregnancies among girls within this age bracket. Karongi district comes on top with 58
cases, Kayonza with 53, Gatsibo with 52, Gasabo and Gakenke with 50 and 48 cases respectively
(Rwanda Focus.2013).

An assessment by the ministry of education in 2011 of primary and secondary schools to


examine the reason of high student drop-out showed that 61% of students cited gender-based
violence and unwanted pregnancies as the cause. For officials at the ministry, the major
challenge is not poverty but the lack of proper education among the population as a whole
(Rwanda Focus.2013).

According to Eugenie Kabageni, deputy chief GMO in charge of fighting against injustice and
GBV, one of the main causes for unwanted pregnancies is poverty among little girls who become
an easy prey for sugar daddies (and mommies) who entice them with gifts in order to sexually
abuse them. “We found that lack of basic needs lead girls to accept gifts from anyone who may
involve them into sexual abuse,” she pointed out, adding that the most exposed ones are those
studying in 9 year and 12 year basic education who are often approached when coming back
home (Rwanda Focus.2013).
16

The study, carried out in 54 primary schools, 36 9-year basic education and 36 12-year basic
education schools, re-vealed that 78.2% students did not get money to satisfy school-ing needs. It
also indicated that 30.6% received money from sugar daddies and mommies while 26.9%
received money from motorcyclists and 21.5% from teachers. Shopkeepers were also among the
common culprits. Another factor, Kabageni mentioned, is that some par-ents or guardians
abandon their parenting responsibilities to teachers.

“We wouldn’t say that things have fallen apart, but it’s sad and very worrying to hear that even
a single girl is facing sexual violence,” she pointed out (Rwanda Focus, 2013).

2.5. Synopsis
This chapter indicates the review of literature and other publications relating to teenage
pregnancy. It has been inspired by the social impact theory and in greater detail the chapter
describes the overview of teenage pregnancy; its causes, consequences and prevention. It has
finally attempted to provide the situation of teenage pregnancy in Rwanda.
17

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction
The present chapter deals with methodological approach used in conducting the research. The
chapter also presents materials, methods and tools used for data collection. The researcher has
hereby described by research design and strategy, study population and area, sampling frame and
procedure, tools for data collection while the last sections concerns with data analysis and ethical
considerations.

3.2. Research design


According to Kothari.C.R (1985), a research design is the arrangement of conditions for
collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with economy in procedure. The present study was conducted in two designs: Case
study and survey design. This research is designed as a case study in the sense that the researcher
chose only one sector of Rwamagana District to conduct as deep study as he can. While surveys
enable the researcher to obtain data about practices, situations or views in different areas and
people of Fumbwe Sector through questionnaires or interviews. Both qualitative and quantitative
design was used in order to have both numerical and verbal data.

3. 3.Target population and area


Claire. B.et.al (2006), defines the target population as a set of elements that the research focuses
upon and to which the results obtained by the testing sample should be generalized. The target
population of this study involves families living in Fumbwe Sector and they comprise a number
of 4930 people. It is where the research took place and not all population that were invited to
participate. The researcher selected a sample of individuals that she could afford to research on.

3.4. Sampling frame and procedure


Victor.J. (2006) defines sampling frame as the listing of all units in the working population from
which sample will be selected. Because the researcher was not able to access all population in
the area, Purposive sampling was used in the study whereby a total number of 60 participants
were involved in the study.

This sampling is judgmental method, which allows the researcher to access information and each
participant who met the inclusion criteria had the chance to be included in the study.
18

Inclusion criteria

To be selected, respondents should meet the following criteria:

 availability of respondent

 accessibility of respondent

 being linked to teenage pregnancy issues

 Being over 18 years old as these may have had information about teenage pregnancy and
were able to respond

 consent to participate

Table1. Sample Size


Category Number Percentage

Parents 36 45

Teenagers 34 42.5

Local leaders 10 12.5

Total 60 100

3.5. Techniques for data collection


A number of tools have been used during the collection of information in the area of study this
research concerned with both primary data and secondary data.

3.5.1. Primary data collection

Collection of primary data involves the use of questionnaire, interviews, focus group discussions
and observation. Primary data is collected specifically to address the problem in question and is
conducted by the decision maker (Stephenson G. 2004).
19

a) Questionnaire
A questionnaire can be defined as a list of carefully structured questions, chosen after testing,
with the view of eliciting reliable responses from a chosen sample. The aim of a questionnaire is
to find out what a selected group of participants do, think or feel (Meyer et al., 2004:42-45).

The prepared questionnaire was brought to available participants in the Fumbwe Sector and the
researcher made a survey after the participants responded.

Questionnaires were distributed to participants found in Fumbwe Sector and before responding
participants were informed on the purpose of the study and they were informed on the questions
they do not understand.

b) Interview
According to Burgess (1984) interviews can be described as ‘conversations with a purpose’. The
rationale behind interviewing is that it is possible to investigate a phenomenon by asking people
to talk about it, from there the data can be analyzed and meanings constructed around it (Mason,
2002).

Interviews helped to collect data from local leaders, some parents and some teenagers to deepen
the information which was not fully described with questionnaires.

Two unstructured interview were made whereby the researcher interviewed local leader on the
topic of teenage pregnancy and socio-economic development of rural communitiesand other
informant selected by the researcher.

These recorded interviews were useful as they were linked by the responses got from the
questionnaires to reach tangible explanations in the study. Interviews are used generally in the
participants unable to write and read.

c) Observation
Observation is a method that helps to gain information and accumulating knowledge on the
physical world surrounding us .In the same way the method helped the researcher visual data.

3.5.2. Secondary data


20

Secondary data is the existing information and available in various sources such as library,
magazines, reports, scholars and other academic publications (Oschman .J. 2009).

a) Documentation
This is a major source of secondary data which entails the analysis of documents that contain
information about the phenomena one wishes to study (Bailey, 1978). This technique allowed the
researcher to go through different papers from library, reports and websites.

3.5.3. Pilot study and data collection process

A pilot study was conducted over 10 parents and the results highlighted that more prompting
questions were needed. However, it helps to correct some mistakes in the questionnaires.

During full field research, once participants agreed to take part in the research an interview was
arranged and questionnaire distributed. Some of the interviews took place in the participant’s
homes, and one in their office around midday. Each interview took place in at least 20 minutes.
Before a questionnaire was given, the researcher explained the purpose of the study, instructions
for better completion and the rights of the respondents. Every questionnaire was well completed
and returned and properly arranged for analysis.

3.6. Data analysis


3.6.1. Qualitative data analysis

Qualitative data are the information gathered through interview and observation guide. This took
a form of views and opinions of respondents in regard with the research questions. It also took a
form of visual information by the research herself. All this information was interpret via content
analysis technique which enables the researcher to include large amounts of textual information
and systematically identify its properties, such as the frequencies of most used keywords by
locating the more important structures of its communication content (Robertson, 1976).

3.6.2. Quantitative data analysis

The term quantitative data is used to describe a type of information that can be counted or
expressed numerically. This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated and
statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs, histograms, tables,
21

and charts (Kendra C.2005). These data were indicated in the form of frequency tables,
generated by Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word, indicating the total number and percentage of
informants. Thereafter, the research kept on interpreting numeral data into meaningful words.

3.7. Ethical considerations


This research was approved by the Catholic University of Rwanda and authorized by Fumbwe
Sector. The participants were informed of the full aim of the research before they took part in the
study. They were also informed about their rights and have assured about the confidentiality of
the research. They could stop anytime they wanted. As far confidentiality was concerned
participants were ensured that their information will be treated with confidence and their names
were not mentioned so as to ensure this confidentiality.

Synopsis

This chapter indicates methodology used by the researcher to collect data. It is noted that primary
data were collected by means of questionnaires, interviews and observation while secondary data
were got through documentation in the literatures. All data were analyzed and presented in tables
following an interpretation of these data. 60 participants were selected and used by the researcher
and they indicated their points of view on teenage pregnancy and socio-economic development
of rural families.
22

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


4.1. Presentation of the Findings

4.1.1. Introduction
The present chapter indicates the findings after field investigation concluded. The chapter
presents the major findings on Teenage pregnancy and socio-economic development of rural
communities in Rwamagana District in Fumbwe Sector. In this chapter the results of the data
analysis are presented. The data were collected and then processed in response to the problems
posed in chapter 1 of this dissertation.

Those objectives were: to identify the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector, to analyze
the consequences of teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings, to assess the economic
consequences of teenage pregnancy in rural families, to evaluate the efforts made by community
to fight against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector and to identify possible challenges in the
alleviation of teenage pregnancy and formulate appropriate strategies.

These objectives were accomplished and the findings presented in this chapter demonstrate the
potential for merging theory and practice as all objectives that motivated the researcher to
undertake this study have been justified.

4.1.2. Population characteristics


In these study demographic characteristics like sex, age, gender, marital status and education
have been used. The study noted that most of the respondents were female while men were few.
Before starting to respond to the questions the researcher introduced herself in front of
respondents and explains the reasons why the study was being conducted.

Some respondents were not able to read and write and the researcher took a time to explain
different questions to them and recorded their responses in a notebook. The researcher also had
met a number of teenagers that experienced pregnancy and they also responded to the questions
designed by the researcher.

Some families were poor and teenagers in those families were found to have experienced early
pregnancy while they were in their homes. The researcher approached them to know the reason
of that early pregnancy and what had been the consequences in their living condition.
23

Table:2 Distribution of informants by Sex


Responses rate Frequency Percent
Female 32 53.3
Male 28 46.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
Table: 2 show the age of respondents, 53.3% indicates female respondents while 46.7%
represents male respondents. In this table it is shown that more percentage are female and this
was correlated with the fact that in the area where the study was carried female were available
than male and it was female who have experienced teenage pregnancy that men.
Table .3 Distributions of informants by Age
Response rates Frequency Percent
12-18 8 13.3
19-26 8 13.3
27-36 16 26.7
37-46 8 13.3
47-56 12 20.0
57 and over 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table .3 indicated ages of respondents, 13.3% indicates respondents between 12 and 19,
13.3% indicates respondents between 19 and 26; 26.7% indicates respondents between 27 and
36; 13.3% indicates respondents between 37 and 46; 20% indicates respondents between 47 and
56 while 13.3% indicates respondents over 57 years old.
Considering the data indicated in the table 4.2, it is indicated that the researcher has approached
all categories of respondents. In the table, respondents between 27 and 36 comprises more in
number than other category and it was because they were available more than other category and
indeed most of them have experienced teenage pregnancy.
24

Table: 4 Distributions of informants by marital status


Response rates Frequency Percent
Single 12 20.0
Married 32 53.3
Divorced 4 6.7
Widow 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 4 indicated marital status of respondents, 20% indicates single respondents, 53.3%
indicates married respondents; 6.7% indicates divorced respondents while 20% indicates
widows. In this table it is shown that married comprises more in number than other respondents
and it was because fertility rate in the area was high and most of the households were formed in
early age or after the occurrence of early pregnancy.
Table: 5 Distribution of informants Level of education
Response rate Frequency Percent
None 16 26.7
Primary 12 20.0
Secondary 20 33.3
University 8 6.7
vocational trainings 4 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 5 shown schools attended by respondents, 26.7% have never been at school; 20%
have been in primary studies; 33.3% have been in secondary; 6.7% have attended University
while 13.3% have been in vocational trainings.
Respondents with secondary studies comprise more number and it was because in the area more
secondary schools are available then it was noted that some respondents were teenagers that
dropped out after they got pregnancy.
25

Table: 6 levels of agreement on teenage pregnancy


Response rate Frequency Percent
Agree 52 86.7
Neutral 4 6.7
Disagree 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 6 indicated the extent at which respondents agree on teenage pregnancy, 86.7%
agree, 6.7% were neutral while 6.7% disagreed. Basing on the data indicated in the above table it
is noted that more percentage agreed with the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe
Sector.
Though the high percentage agreed on the existence of teenage pregnancy in the sector the fact
that they are others categories who were neutral and others in disagreement may have been
among the reason of the existence of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector as recorded in the
Interview of January, 27, 2014.

On the other hand population in the area were having different views on teenage pregnancy
whereby some of them were positively supports its prevalence and they neither see it as an early
pregnancy but as appropriate to teenage who was judged as a new parent
26

Table: 7 Major causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector


Response rate Frequency Percent
poverty in families 16 26.7
lack of parental guidance and supervision 4 6.7
Lack of communication between teenage and her 4 6.7
parent
Lack of sex education 4 6.7
Inadequate school health education programmes 4 6.7
Poor teacher’s supervision 4 6.7
Poor education on contraceptive methods 8 13.3
Exploitation by older men 4 6.7
Socio-economic causes 4 6.7
Societal and cultural changes 4 6.7
Others specify 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 7 respondents were asked the major causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector,
26.7% indicated poverty in families as major cause, 6.7% indicates lack of parental guidance and
supervision; 6.7% indicates lack of communication between parents and teen; 6.7% responds to
lack of sex education; 6.7% responds to lack of school health education programmes; 6.7%
responds to poor teacher’s supervision; 13.3% responds to poor education on contraceptive
methods; 6.7% indicates exploitation by older men as major cause; 6.7% responds to socio-
economic causes; 6.7% responds to societal and cultural changes while 6.7% have provided their
own responses.
The data in the above table indicated that poverty was responded as the major cause of teenage
pregnancy in the area. Respondents indicated that when teens suffer from poverty they are likely
to engage in sexual activity for the sake of daily surviving and they met different people where
the results are unintended pregnancy as recorded in the interview of February, 27, 2014.
27

Table: 8 Awareness of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector


Response rate Frequency Percent
Yes 52 86.7
No 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 8 respondents were asked whether they are aware of teenage pregnancy, 86.7%
indicated that they were aware of teenage pregnancy while 13.3% were not aware of teenage
pregnancy. In the table it is indicated that more percentage were aware of teenage pregnancy and
some of them have experienced teenage pregnancy in their families. Those who were not aware
it was because they did not experience it and they sometimes misinterpreted teenage pregnancy
and parenthood.

Table: 9 Reasons for parent’s failure to protect teenage against pregnancy


Response rate Frequency Percent
Insufficient health skills 8 13.3
Irresponsibility 20 33.3
Shame to talk on sexual matters 12 20.0
Unavailability of parents in homes 12 20.0
Others specify 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
The table 9 indicated reasons why parent fail to protect teenage against pregnancy, 13.3%
responds to insufficient health skills; 33.3% indicated parent’s irresponsibility; 20% were shame
to talk on sexual matters; 20% respond to unavailability of parents in homes while 13.3% have
given their own responses like teens misbehavior like prostitution, disobedience and lack of
explanation on the functioning of their bodies. In this table parent’s irresponsibility has been a
dominant factor for not protecting teenage against pregnancy.
28

Table: 10 Awareness of the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector


Response rate Frequency Percent
Yes 56 53.3
No 4 46.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 4.9 respondents were asked whether they were aware of the causes of teenage
pregnancy; 53.3% were aware of them while 46.7% were not aware why teenage pregnancy
occurs in many institutions in Fumbwe Sector. In this table more percentage was aware of why
teenage pregnancy occurs in the sector. On the other hand the present number of those who were
not aware of teenage pregnancy in the sector has been among the reason why it occurs as
respondents reported in the interview of February, 27, 2014.
Table 11. Educational consequences of teenage pregnancy
Response rates Frequency Percent
School dropout 12 20.0
Poor school performance 24 40.0
Lower skills base 4 6.7
Limited Education and career opportunities 8 13.3
Others specify 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 10 indicated the major consequences of teenage pregnancy on education, 20%
corresponds to school dropout, 40% indicated poor school performance as major consequence;
6.7% responds to lower skills base as a consequence; 13.3% responds to limited education and
career opportunities while 20% indicated other responses like shortage in number of school
attendants. It is indicated that poor school performance has been the dominant reason in that
area.
29

Table: 12 Consequences of teenage pregnancy on society


Response rates Frequency Percent
Increased burden of diseases 4 6.7
Population growth 8 13.3
Unemployment 8 13.3
Mother father relationship break down 8 13.3
Poor cognitive development 12 20.0
Increased social dependency 4 6.7
Lower self esteem 8 13.3
increased family and community obligations 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
The table 12 indicates impacts of teenage pregnancy on society, 6.7% responds to increased
burden of diseases, 13.3% responds to population growth, 13.3% indicates unemployment as
impact of teenage pregnancy on society, 13.3% responds to mother father breakdown, 20%
corresponds to poor cognitive development; 6.7% responds to increased social dependency;
13.3% corresponds to lower self-esteem while 13.3% indicates increased family and community
obligations.

In this table it was indicated that teenage pregnancy is associated with many consequences on
society but poor cognitive development has been much emphasized.
Table: 13 Consequences of teenage pregnancy on community living in Fumbwe Sector
Response Frequency Percent
rates
Yes 56 98.4
No 1 1.6
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
30

In the table 13 respondent were asked whether pregnancy affect community living in Fumbwe
Sector, 98.4% responded yes while 1.6% responded No. it is noted in the above table that a great
number of respondents were indicated that teenage pregnancy has effect on community living in
Fumbwe Sector.
Table: 14 Economic consequences of teenage pregnancy on rural poor families
Response rates Frequency Percent
inability to practice economic activities 16 26.7
decreased active population 8 13.3
Lower future revenue levels (tax contributions from 12 20.0
wages and businesses)
More jobs needed 8 13.3
Less savings and capital 12 20.0
Others specify 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
The table 14 indicates the consequences of teenage pregnancy on rural poor families, 26.7%
responds to inability to practice economic activities, 13.3% respond to decreased active
population, 20% responds to lower future revenue levels( tax contribution from wages and
businesses); 13.3% indicated that more jobs are needed; 20% responds to less saving and capital
while 6.75 have indicated diverse answers like failure of achieving food to households and the
shortage of households income generating activities.

Basing on the data indicated in the above table it is worth estimating that teenage pregnancy is
serious problem to the economy of communities and countries as well. In the table inability to
practice economic activities has been dominant whereby respondents indicated when teenage are
impregnated they are not able to practice economic activities. Basing on the interview of
February, 24, 2014 respondents indicated that economic activities require labor force and once
pregnancy body function is decreased and individual are unable to work which diminish
economic practices.
31

Table: 15 Existence of Prevention programme against teenage pregnancy


Response rate Frequency Percent
Yes 40 66.7
No 20 33.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
The table 15 respondents were asked whether they were programme to fight against pregnancy in
Fumbwe Sector. 66.7% indicates that these programmes are available while other 33.3% that
these programmes are not there. It is indicated those who provided no responses were not aware
of these programmes. Basing on this table above it was seen that though these programme were
available population do not recognize these programmes and it was because local authorities did
not explain what contained in these programmes.
Table: 16 Community resistances against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector
Response rate Frequency Percent
Sensitization on its effect 16 26.7
Psychosocial occupation 8 13.3
Trainings of preventive methods 4 6.7
Sex education 12 20.0
Peer group awareness 4 6.7
Trainings on contraception methods 4 6.7
Others specify 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
Table 16 indicates how community deals with teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe, 26.7% responds to
sensitization on its consequences, 13.3% responds to psychosocial occupation; 6.7% responds to
training of preventive methods; 20% indicates sex education as community responses; 6.7%
responds to peer group awareness;
32

6.7% respond trainings on contraception methods while 205 have provided their own responses
like increase health facilities in the area and mobilization of private agencies to increase their
services relating to the reduction of teenage pregnancy in the area.
In this table respondents have emphasized that mobilization on the effect of teenage pregnancy
should be continuous because some of the respondents were not aware of its consequences.
Table 17. Constraints while fighting against teenage pregnancy
Response rates Frequency Percent
Traditional attitudes 20 33.3
Financial constraints 12 20.0
Insufficient skills 12 20.0
Attitudes of some religions 4 6.7
Lack of equipments 8 13.3
others specify 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Survey 2014
In the table 17 respondents were asked on the constraints faced in fighting against teenage
pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector, 33.3% responds to traditional attitudes, 20% responds to financial
constraints; 20% respond to insufficient skills; 13.3% attitudes of some religions as a constraints;
13.3% responds to lack of equipments while 6.7% have indicated their own responses
particularly indicating that teenage are in puberty and unable to understand advices.

Others indicated that modernization and development process have been constraints as they have
destroyed culture and changed the living styles of female sexes in communities. The indicated
that the changing status of women has been also among the constraints of to fight against this
problems.

Basing on the interview conducted June, 25, 2014 with the respondents they indicated that
clothing styles of some teens have attracted some men and stimulate some of them to engage in
sexual activities which most of the time result in teenage pregnancy.
33

4.2. Discussion of the Findings

Four research objectives have motivated the researcher to conduct this study and they were to
identify the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector to analyze the consequences of
teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings, To assess the economic consequences of
teenage pregnancy in rural families, To evaluate the efforts made by community to fight against
teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector and to identify possible challenges in the alleviation of
teenage pregnancy and formulate appropriate strategies. These research objectives have been
justified after the study is concluded.

4.2.1. Causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector


Different causes were found to be among the factors of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector. It
was seen that teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector has resulted from poverty in families,
parent’s irresponsibility, Lack of communication between teenage and her parent
Lack of sex education, Inadequate school health education programmes, Poor teacher’s
supervision, Poor education on contraceptive methods, Exploitation by older men, Socio-
economic causes, Societal and cultural changes and other factors like drug abuse in youth,
changing life style and deviance from culture whereby different unethical behaviors like
prostitutions are among the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector as justified in the
table 7. This also linked to the findings of Tsai and Wong (2003) that identified a number of risk
factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. those factors are: unsafe sexual activity, under use
of contraception, numerous sexual partners, substance misuse, deprivation, insufficient
attendance and bad performance at school and sometimes school dropout, low family
income or single parent family
Poverty in families is correlated with teenage pregnancy because when poverty occur in many
institution in families it results in the lack of basic needs like clothing, food and other necessary
requirements for daily surviving. Once basic needs are lacking teenage are likely to engage in
sexual activities for the sake of money whereby they receive money from males and the results
have been unintended pregnancy in the area as reported in the interview of 25, February, 2014.
34

Poor education on contraceptive methods have also observed to be among the causes of teenage
pregnancy as some parents were not aware of these methods or have false information on how
these methods are used and once teenage engaged in sexual matters they were likely to get
pregnant.
This is also correlated with lack of sex education, poor school supervision and inadequate school
health education programme because all these factors were associated with the lack of
information on how to be away from pregnancy.
One of the dominant causes has been parent’s irresponsibility whereby respondents indicated that
parents do not take time to talk on body functions with their children who are teenagers and they
spend more time on employments while others were found to spend longer time outside families.
This situations deprived teenagers to be informed on how to practice safe sexual intercourses and
the result were teenage pregnancy in families as reported in the Interview of January, 25, 2014
by respondents.
Another cause has been the exploitation of teens by older men and these men are those that the
respondents indicated as sugar daddies that give money to teenagers and coerce them in sexual
intercourses that in most of the cases have resulted in teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector
where the study was carried out. It is indicated that this objective has been justified after the
study concluded.

4.2.2. Consequences of teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings


Teenage pregnancy was found to result in serious consequences in social and educational
settings. The research revealed that teenage pregnancy is associated with the increased social
problems like the spread of street children as children resulted from unintended pregnancy are
likely to be abandoned by their parents and spend their lives in the streets.
Social consequences of teenage pregnancy are increased burden of diseases, Population growth
Unemployment, Mother father relationship break down, Poor cognitive development, increased
social dependency, Lower self esteem and increased family and community obligations as it was
justified in the table 12
Teenage pregnancy affects community as it increases burden to infectious diseases like
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmissible diseases as most of the sexual intercourses done by
35

teenagers are unprotected. This increases society’ exposition to different social problems
whereby these diseases are likely to be infected in other parts of community.
Teenage pregnancy results in population growth and overall fertility rate which is social
problems that increases the needy population that needs social assistances. These findings are
similar with the findings of WHO (2011), which indicated that Early pregnancies are also
associated with higher overall fertility rates.

The study found pregnancy and child bearing has been stressful for both teenage mothers and
males as they are exposed to early responsibility of motherhood and fatherhood. These findings
related to the findings of Dione.J.et.al (1999), who found that teenage pregnancy and child
bearing are stressful not only for teenage mothers but also for teenage male who become fathers.
Of concern are the fact that socio-economic, health and psychological wellbeing of many of
these youth tend to below standard. Their knowledge and access to health care facilities and
resources appear to be limited

Indeed the increases in population results in the shortage of social services like health facilities,
education and infrastructures that are overcharged by the increase in population rate.
Population as effect of teenage pregnancy is correlated with unemployment rate as these
numbers of population will need more jobs that are unavailable in community particularly
Fumbwe Sector where the study took place.

Besides unemployment is correlated with increased social dependency, and family and
community obligations because a number of population resulted from teenage pregnancy will
need the creation of more jobs unless these employments are created family and community will
be obliged to support them especially street children available in the street will need support
from families and community.
Indeed teenage pregnancy is also linked with poor cognitive development whereby teenagers
who are pregnancy are likely to live in social isolation because they are shame and they are
likely to be attacked by mental health problems like anxiety and depression. These mental health
problems are correlated with increased social dependency as the society will be obliged to assist
these teenagers as illustrated in Table 11
36

On the other hand teenage pregnancy has consequences on educational settings as it results
school dropout, Poor school performance, Lower skills base, Limited Education and career
opportunities and other educational consequences like the reduced number of school attendants
and illiteracy as consequences on education as it was justified in the table 11.
It was seen that teenagers who have got pregnancy have dropped out school and this was
correlated with limited education and career opportunity whereby those who suspended schools
have stopped their career opportunities in their future perspectives.

Teenage pregnancy also results in poor school performance as those who have got pregnancy and
resisted in school are not able to perform well in class as they spend more time thinking on their
pregnancy as it was indicated by respondent in the interview of 23, February, 2014. Poor school
performance was also correlated with lower skills base because those who are pregnant their
skills are likely to be reduced.
Lower skills based as consequences of teenage pregnancy result from the fact that some
teenagers who have dropped out school are likely to lose their skills in different options like
technologies and sciences because they are no longer studying.

These findings are similar to the findings of Winnie.O (2012), which indicated that pregnancy
causing girls to drop out of school, other factors such as the lack of socio-economic opportunities
for girls and women in general as well as the domestic demands placed on them, coupled with
the gender inequities of the education system, may result in unsatisfactory school experiences,
poor academic performance and an acquiescence in or endorsement for early motherhood
It is in this perspective that this objective has been also justified as teenage pregnancy was found
to result in various educational consequences which is a great impediments to the education
settings and any curriculum in Fumbwe Sector.

4.2.3. Economic consequences of teenage pregnancy in rural communities


The study indicated that teenage pregnancy resulted in many economic consequences that have
triggered also various problems in poor rural families. As illustrated in the table 14 teenage
pregnancy results in inability to practice economic activities, decreased active population
37

Lower future revenue levels (tax contributions from wages and businesses), the need for more
jobs; less savings and capital and other problems like the persistence of poverty in families and
the slowing down of country ‘s economy. These findings are similar to the findings of
Magadi(2007), in which he found that Other than health problems associated with teenage
pregnancy it can also affect the girl’s future by delaying or terminating education, decreasing the
chances of poor marriage, unemployment or low paying job.
Teenage pregnancy is a burden to a country’s economy as the effect of teenage pregnancy like
diseases and other mental health problems increases government expenses on medical costs that
were not planned in national budget and this situation engenders financial constraints a country
which at the same time affect national economy and poor families will lose the support from the
government.
In poor families where teenage pregnancy has occurred, charges on families are increased
because these families will be obliged to take care of the new born and the fact that they are poor
will impoverish them more than they were.
Teenage pregnancy discourages poor families to focus on income generating activities as they
are obliged to spent more time of the newborn through paying medical costs and other daily
basic needs that were unexpected in families and this situation place them to fall in extreme
poverty and may engender other economic problems like food shortage and insecurity which is
correlated with other health problems like malnutrition.

Families living in rural areas when faced by teenage pregnancy, they are likely to lose control
over their income generating activities and household’s economy in this perspective will be
decreased. Members of these rural poor families will suffer from financial problems and lack of
basic needs.
Teenage pregnancy which is linked with population growth, result in increased pressure on land
that engenders the slowdown of agricultural and farming activities which are the major
constraints on economic development of rural poor families.

4.2.4. Challenges in alleviation of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector


This study has indicated a number of challenges towards the alleviation of teenage pregnancy in
Fumbwe Sector and these challenges have been among the factors that increase the phenomena
of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector.
38

The identified challenges were traditional attitudes, Financial constraints, Insufficient skills,
Attitudes of some religions, Lack of equipments, and other challenges like the lack of health
facilities, insufficient public services and lower understanding of the consequences of teenage
pregnancy particularly on socio-economic development of poor rural communities living in
Fumbwe Sector as indicated in the table 17
Traditional attitudes that persist in that area where the study take place has been among the
challenges that increase the phenomena of teenage pregnancy whereby teenagers and their
parents refuse the practice and the use of contraceptive methods before sexual intercourse.
Indeed they also consider child as fortune and once teen pregnancy occur in many institutions in
the area they do not prevent its reoccurrence as they are still attached to traditional attitudes that
consider a child as a wealth in family.
Financial constraints were also among the challenges whereby those families who suffered from
the lack of financial means to cover their basic needs their children who are teens were likely to
engage in sexual intercourse hoping to obtain money and the results were pregnancies.
Insufficient skills whereby families were not aware of the causes and impacts of teenage and
they did not even know how to prevent it were also among the challenges for its prevalence.

The study indicated that attitudes of some religions constitute challenges as some of them refuse
the use of contraceptive methods and other modern method of preventing pregnancies, all were
perceived as challenges in alleviating teenage pregnancy.
Other challenges to the alleviations of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector were insufficient
health services, insufficient social services, poverty, lack of equipments and constraints in
transport to mobilize people on the impacts of teenage pregnancy.
Poverty was in this area perceived to be among the major causes that stimulates teens to engage
in sexual activities for the sake of money that would assist them in daily surviving. Thus this
objective has been justified and strategy formulations are addressed in recommendations.
4.2.5. Constraints in the study
A number of challenges have been faced by the researcher when conducting this study and these
challenges involved financial constraints that frustrated the researcher to explore the whole
sector. Some cells of the sector were inaccessible as they were in remote areas reason why the
researcher did not explore the whole sector.
39

Some of the respondents were not available in their homes and it took more time for the
researcher and this has been a challenge to time management. Indeed as the time to conduct this
study was limited the researcher did not deepen the investigation as she was working on deadline
which has also among the challenges in the study. Reports on teenage pregnancy were also
hidden in the sector, the lack of academic writings and statistic in Rwanda has been one of the
major challenges to deepen investigations in the literatures.

Because teenage pregnancy is unreported and considered as shame to families some of the
respondents were afraid of responding and others denied the existence of teenage pregnancy and
it was difficult for the researcher to know whether these information were accurate.

Synopsis

This chapter presented the major findings after an analysis of primary data. The chapter also
presented the data in the form of tables following a verbal interpretation of data indicated in the
Table: The chapter has also discussed the major findings in relation to the review of literatures.
The chapter ended with the justification of all objectives that motivated the researcher to
undertake this study and it was found that all these specific objectives were achieved after the
study concluded.
40

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0. Introduction
This chapter summarizes the major findings after the study concluded. The primordial purpose of
the study has been to explore the implications of teenage pregnancy on socio-economic
development of rural communities in Rwamagana District. In the findings specific objectives are
justified and the researcher has addressed various suggestions in order to overcome the
challenges associated with teenage pregnancy both in the sector where the study was carried out
and in other regions of the country.

5.1. Conclusion
This study attempted to justify the linkage between teenage pregnancy and socio-economic
development of rural poor families living in Fumbwe Sector.
The specific objectives in the study were: to identify the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe
Sector; to analyze the consequences of teenage pregnancy in social and educational settings; to
assess the economic consequences of teenage pregnancy in rural families; to evaluate the efforts
made by community to fight against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector and identify possible
challenges in the alleviation of teenage pregnancy and formulate appropriate strategies. All these
specific objectives have been justified in the study.
This study has indicated that teenage pregnancy was associated with different causes and impacts
on socio-economic development of rural poor families living in Fumbwe Sector. The study
indicated that teenage pregnancy result in social economic problems like increase in burden of
disease that result in increased medical cost which is also correlated with financial crisis to both
families and a country.

The study found that teenage pregnancy increase results in serious economic consequences like
population growth and this population growth and the population growth result in increased
pressure on land as the constraints to agriculture, farming and public services allocation.

The study also revealed that teenage pregnancy results in social dependency, educational
constraints and health disparities that are major challenges to socio-economic development of
rural poor families in Fumbwe Sector.
41

In this study respondents indicated the reasons why parent fail to protect their teen against
pregnancy and some of the reasons indicated were insufficient health skills, irresponsibility,
Shame to talk on sexual matters, Unavailability of parents in homes and other responses like
destruction of culture and the changing life style that stimulate some teens to be independent.
The study also revealed that respondents were having different views on teenage pregnancy and
these views correlated with their understanding

The findings indicated that teenage pregnancy had significant causes and impacts in Fumbwe
Sector and all have affected socio-economic development of rural poor families and this entire
major question raised has been justified in this study.

5.2. Suggestions
This section addresses the Suggestions after the study concluded and these Suggestions were
addressed based on the major findings. Since the research indicated that teenage pregnancy
affect socio-economic development affect rural poor families continuous mobilization the
consequences of teenage pregnancy was seen to be needed in the area and thus would involve
both government and private agency in order to consolidate their efforts towards fighting against
teenage pregnancy. Because teenage pregnancy has been explored to have among the serious
problem particularly on the community living in Fumbwe Sector and it is associated with the
spread of infectious diseases in the area and therefore community do not report on it, community
efforts are needed and they are recommended to report on where teenage pregnancy has been
identified as a strategy to stop its reoccurrence.

Since sex education is lacking in the area parents need to increase sex education to their children
and explain deeply the functioning of their bodies to prevent them engaging in unprotected
sexual intercourses. Indeed peer group awareness whereby both non-government agencies and
governmental with have to increase training peer on how to prevent teenage pregnancies.

It was seen that prevention programme on teenage pregnancy were not deeply understood by
local communities reason why these programmes need to be reinforced in the area so that
teenage pregnancy should be reduced.
42

Policy makers are recommended to re-explain the policies relation to the reduction of teenage
pregnancy in the area so that the whole community may have common understanding on the
consequences of teenage pregnancy particularly in socio-economic development.

3. Perspective further research


Since the researcher did not explore teenage pregnancy and socio-economic development in
other regions, future researchers will have to conduct studies on it in other region of Rwanda so
as to reach at common solution to its alleviation. Thus the research raised another question
relating to unintended pregnancy and in some families reason why future researchers will have to
explore this questions in their future studies.

REFERENCES
BOOKS

Alan Guttmacher Institute (1998), Into a new world: young women’s sexual and reproductive
lives. New York: AGI

Claire B. (2006), Fundamentals of Social Research Methods: An African Perspective. Cape


Town South Africa, Fourth Edition, paarly Print

Gilovich, T., Keltner, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (2006). Social psychology. (2nd ed.). New York: Norton &
Company.

Karen DeBord (1998), Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Parenting Education Programs,
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service,
Carolina: North Carolina State University.

Kothari.C.R (1985), Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Second Edition. New
Wages International Publisher Ltd, New Delhi

Lee, J. (2004), Pregnant and parenting teens and poverty. Woman View, 8(5), 1-2. Routledge

Lisa A. 2009, Teenage Pregnancy: The Making and Unmaking of a Problem, City: University of
Bristol.
43

Maurice. Y. (2006), Organizations as Complex Systems: An Introduction to Knowledge


Cybernetics. Library of congress cataloging in Publication Data, United States of America

Ojwang SBO, Maggwa ABN (1991), Adolescent sexuality in Kenya, East African Med J; 68:
7480

Robertson, Bruce. D (1976). A theory of party competition. London and New York: J. Wiley.
ISBN 0471727377.

Samson E.(2014) Small and Medium Enterprises: A Transformative Initiative to Rapid Socio-
Economic Development of Edo State, Nigeria.

Victor. J(2006), The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods. London ,Sage Publication
India Pvt Ltd

Reports and Journals

Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007), update report on teen pregnancy
prevention. Ottawa

Tsai Y. F. and Wong T.K, (2003) Strategies for resolving aborigininal adolescent pregnancy in
eastern Taiwan Journal of Advanced Nursing. Taipei

United Nations, 2002 World Population Monitoring Reproductive rights and reproductive health:
selected aspects NESA/P/WP.171,New York

Wilson, H., & Huntington, A. (2005). ‘Deviant (M) others: The construction of teenage
motherhood in contemporary discourse.’ Journal of Social Policy, 35, 59–76.

Websites

Warren, C. (1992). Perspectives on international sex practices and american family sex communication
relevant to teenage sexual behavior in the united states. Health Communication, 4(2), 121-136. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1441a217-e0b3-
4e9a-82f5-d9b2ef069111@sessionmgr13&vid=8&hid=24 July,2014

Kirby, D., & Laris, B. A. (2009). Effective any institutionriculum-based sex and std/hiv education
programs for adolescents. Society for Research in Child Development, 3(1), 21-29. Retrieved from
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http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/?genre=genre=article&isbn=&issn=175
08592&title=Child Development Perspectives&volume=3&issue=1&date=20090401&atitle=Effective
any institutionriculum-based sex and STD/HIV education programs for adolescents.&aulast=Kirby,
Douglas&spage=21&pages=21-29&sid=EBSCO:PsycINFO&pid=

APPENDICES
B

Questionnaire

I am Muvunyi Jacques Organ a final student in Catholic University of Rwanda and this paper is
designed for questionnaire on the research topic entitled” Teenage pregnancy and socio-
economic development of rural communities in Rwamagana District: Case study of Fumbwe
Sector”. Please feel free to provide information as much as possible and your information will be
treated with confidence and findings will be only used for academic purpose

Thank you

1. Demographic characteristics

Sex

A. Male
B. Female
2. Age of respondents

i) 12-18

ii) 19-26

iii) 27-36
C

iv) 37-46

v) 47-56

vi) 57 and over

3. School attended

i) None

ii) Primary studies

iii) Secondary studies

iv) Vocational trainings

4. Marital status

A. Single

B. Married

C. Divorced

D. Widowed

Questions reserved the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector

1. To what extent do you agree teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector……?

i) Strongly agree

ii) Agree

iii) Neutral

iv) Disagree

v) Strongly disagree

2. What are the major causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector……?


D

 Poverty in families
 Lack of parental guidance and supervision
 Lack of communication between teenage and her parent
 Lack of sex education
 Inadequate school health education programmes
 Poor teacher’s supervision
 Poor education on contraceptive methods
 Exploitation by older men
 Socio-economic causes
 Societal and cultural changes

viii) Others specify ……………….

3. Are you aware of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector planning……………………………?


i) Yes
ii) No

Why do parents fail to protect teenage against pregnancy……….?

i) Insufficient health skills


ii) Irresponsibility
iii) Shame to talk on sexual matters
iv) Unavailability of parents in homes
v) Others specify
4. Are you aware of the causes of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector……………..?
i) Yes
ii) No
iii) If yes what are they…………………………………?
iv) If No why………………………………………..

Questions related to the consequences of teenage pregnancy in social educational setting?

1. What are the major consequences of teenage pregnancy on education…………?


i) School dropout
E

ii) Poor school performance


iii) Lower skills base
iv) Limited Education and career opportunities
v) Others specify……………………………………………….
2. What are the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society……………………..?
i) Increased burden of diseases
ii) Population growth
iii) Unemployment
iv) Mother father relationship break down
v) Poor cognitive development
vi) Increased social dependency
vii) Lower self esteem
viii) increased family and community obligations
ix) Others specify………………………………………………..
5. Did teenage pregnancy affect community living in Fumbwe Sector………….?
i) Yes
ii) No
iii) If yes in what why………………………………………..
iv) If no why …………………………………..
6. What are the economic consequences of teenage pregnancy on rural poor families
…………….?
i) inability to practice economic activities
ii) decreased active population
iii) Lower future revenue levels (tax contributions from wages and businesses)
iv) More jobs needed
v) Less savings and capital
vi) Others specify…………………………………………………………….

Questions reserved to the efforts of community in Fighting against teenage pregnancy ….?

1. Are there some programmes to fight against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector…..?

Yes
F

No

If yes what are those programmes…………………………………..

If no why………………………………

2. How does the community of Fumbwe Sector deal with teenage pregnancy…………..?
i) Sensitization on its effect
ii) Psychosocial occupation
iii) Trainings of preventive methods
iv) Sex education
v) Peer group awareness
vi) Trainings on contraception methods
vii) Others specify
3. What the constraints faced by the community while fighting against teenage pregnancy….?
i) Traditional attitudes
ii) Financial constraints
iii) Insufficient skills
iv) Attitudes of some religions
v) Lack of equipments
vi) Others specify…………………………………………….
4. Does the community of Fumbwe Sector need additional programmes to fight against teenage
pregnancy……………..?
i) Yes
ii) No
iii) If yes why……………………………….
iv) If no why………………………………….

Questions related to the challenges in the alleviation of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe


Sector and strategies formulation

1. Are there some strategies to fight against teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe Sector…?
i) Yes
ii) No
G

iii) If yes what are they………………………….


iv) If No why………………………………………
2. Did the strategies formulated reduce teenage pregnancy as it was intended…..?
i) Yes
ii) No
iii) If yes how ………………….
iv)If No why………………………………….
3. What are the challenges faced during alleviation of teenage pregnancy in Fumbwe
Sector…?
i) poverty
ii) lack of transport facilities
iii) people’s attitudes towards teenage pregnancy
iv) insufficient equipments
v) lack of professionalism
vi) Others specify ………………………………………………………..
4. What are your suggestions so that teenage pregnancy should be reduced in Fumbwe Sector?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION


H

APPENDIX: 2

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