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  • Faza Studiu de Fezabilitate Prefezabilitat Scop

    Încărcat de

    Santé Kine Yoga-thérapie
    6 vizualizări3 pagini
    Five Element Reiki © Taggart King 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009 25 An 'over-stimulated' Spleen can show itself in greed for knowledge and the latest news,and an addiction to reading. The most characteristic example of this is the person whoaccumulates knowledge about detailed areas of human life. This is the type of knowledge that specialists have: concentrated without seeing the context, theconnection to the bigger picture. Another characteristic of an excess energy in theSpleen is seen in the person who can't stop thinking, who has to think through andconsider everything.Yet another example would be the one-sided advocates of science and reason, peoplewho judge and reject every other way of looking at things. These people are said tocompensate for a deficit in Earth by mentally clinging to an apparent security in thelogical verification of things. Compulsive behaviour, fixed ideas, obsessions and apassion for collecting that has become obsessive, also represent an excess of energy inthe Spleen.It is interesting at this point to note that it is not only desirable to have balance betweenthe elements, but to also have balance within an element. The energy in earth has toexpress itself on many levels: physical, mental, emotional etc. If a person takes up ahuge amount of energy in digestion and nourishment then there will not be a great dealof energy left over for thought and reflection. If lots of Earth energy is used up inintellectual activity, then there will be a deficit on the emotional level, leading to a lack of compassion. Excessive intellectual activity can also produce problems on the physicallevel, with allergies, menstrual problems, stomach ulcers or metabolic disorders.The Spleen and the Stomach are good examples of the way that Chinese medicineinterprets the idea of an 'organ' differently from Western medicine, even on an organiclevel. The 'Spleen' for example is seen as encompassing the part of the Pancreas thatproduces digestive enzymes used in the Duodenum. The 'Stomach' is seen as includingthe duodenum and the first six inches of the Small Intestine, which is why digestion,nourishment, assimilation and absorption are classified under the heading of 'Earth'. The'Spleen' also represents the lymphatic system: nodes, vessels, tonsils and thymus, itrepresents the red bone marrow and the mucous membrane of the intestines, since theyhave a large lymphatic component. So the idea of 'nourishment' also extends toproviding oxygen - via the red blood cells - to every cell in the body.So the 'Spleen' oversees the transportation of water from the tissues back into thebloodstream, the absorption of fat from the intestine into the lymph system, theproduction of white blood cells and the storage and breakdown of red blood cells. TheSpleen is the 'mother organ' of the whole body. It regulates the distribution of water andblood, it nourishes the body, and it maintains the integrity of the body through theimmune system. It is also seen as responsible for fertility, pregnancy and birth, together with the Kidney and the Uterus (an extraordinary organ that is not assigned to anelement). The breasts are assigned to Earth.The Spleen is important, and can be seen as being responsible for distribution, and thetransport of energy throughout the body-mind. If there is a Spleen-Pancreas imbalancethen other parts of the body-mind wouldn't get the energy they need, and for this reasonit is said that the 'five viscera' all get their breath of life from the 'Spleen'. The Stomach can be seen as the organ that receives nourishment, integrates it andbrings it to fruition, and then passes on the food energy to be distributed by the Spleen. Five Element Reiki © Taggart King 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009 26 The Stomach is almost the most important function in the body-mind because our energy feeds from it, and it takes in every aspect of our lives.If there is a Stomach imbalance then we cannot get the proper benefit from what we takein, whether this i

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    Five Element Reiki © Taggart King 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009 25 An 'over-stimulated' Spleen can show itself in greed for knowledge and the latest news,and an addiction to reading. The most characteristic example of this is the person whoaccumulates knowledge about detailed areas of human life. This is the type of knowledge that specialists have: concentrated without seeing the context, theconnection to the bigger picture. Another characteristic of an excess energy in theSpleen is seen in the person who can't stop thinking, who has to think through andconsider everything.Yet another example would be the one-sided advocates of science and reason, peoplewho judge and reject every other way of looking at things. These people are said tocompensate for a deficit in Earth by mentally clinging to an apparent security in thelogical verification of things. Compulsive behaviour, fixed ideas, obsessions and apassion for collecting that has become obsessive, also represent an excess of energy inthe Spleen.It is interesting at this point to note that it is not only desirable to have balance betweenthe elements, but to also have balance within an element. The energy in earth has toexpress itself on many levels: physical, mental, emotional etc. If a person takes up ahuge amount of energy in digestion and nourishment then there will not be a great dealof energy left over for thought and reflection. If lots of Earth energy is used up inintellectual activity, then there will be a deficit on the emotional level, leading to a lack of compassion. Excessive intellectual activity can also produce problems on the physicallevel, with allergies, menstrual problems, stomach ulcers or metabolic disorders.The Spleen and the Stomach are good examples of the way that Chinese medicineinterprets the idea of an 'organ' differently from Western medicine, even on an organiclevel. The 'Spleen' for example is seen as encompassing the part of the Pancreas thatproduces digestive enzymes used in the Duodenum. The 'Stomach' is seen as includingthe duodenum and the first six inches of the Small Intestine, which is why digestion,nourishment, assimilation and absorption are classified under the heading of 'Earth'. The'Spleen' also represents the lymphatic system: nodes, vessels, tonsils and thymus, itrepresents the red bone marrow and the mucous membrane of the intestines, since theyhave a large lymphatic component. So the idea of 'nourishment' also extends toproviding oxygen - via the red blood cells - to every cell in the body.So the 'Spleen' oversees the transportation of water from the tissues back into thebloodstream, the absorption of fat from the intestine into the lymph system, theproduction of white blood cells and the storage and breakdown of red blood cells. TheSpleen is the 'mother organ' of the whole body. It regulates the distribution of water andblood, it nourishes the body, and it maintains the integrity of the body through theimmune system. It is also seen as responsible for fertility, pregnancy and birth, together with the Kidney and the Uterus (an extraordinary organ that is not assigned to anelement). The breasts are assigned to Earth.The Spleen is important, and can be seen as being responsible for distribution, and thetransport of energy throughout the body-mind. If there is a Spleen-Pancreas imbalancethen other parts of the body-mind wouldn't get the energy they need, and for this reasonit is said that the 'five viscera' all get their breath of life from the 'Spleen'. The Stomach can be seen as the organ that receives nourishment, integrates it andbrings it to fruition, and then passes on the food energy to be distributed by the Spleen. Five Element Reiki © Taggart King 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009 26 The Stomach is almost the most important function in the body-mind because our energy feeds from it, and it takes in every aspect of our lives.If there is a Stomach imbalance then we cannot get the proper benefit from what we takein, whether this i

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    Descărcați ca TXT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    6 vizualizări3 pagini

    Faza Studiu de Fezabilitate Prefezabilitat Scop

    Încărcat de

    Santé Kine Yoga-thérapie
    Five Element Reiki © Taggart King 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009 25 An 'over-stimulated' Spleen can show itself in greed for knowledge and the latest news,and an addiction to reading. The most characteristic example of this is the person whoaccumulates knowledge about detailed areas of human life. This is the type of knowledge that specialists have: concentrated without seeing the context, theconnection to the bigger picture. Another characteristic of an excess energy in theSpleen is seen in the person who can't stop thinking, who has to think through andconsider everything.Yet another example would be the one-sided advocates of science and reason, peoplewho judge and reject every other way of looking at things. These people are said tocompensate for a deficit in Earth by mentally clinging to an apparent security in thelogical verification of things. Compulsive behaviour, fixed ideas, obsessions and apassion for collecting that has become obsessive, also represent an excess of energy inthe Spleen.It is interesting at this point to note that it is not only desirable to have balance betweenthe elements, but to also have balance within an element. The energy in earth has toexpress itself on many levels: physical, mental, emotional etc. If a person takes up ahuge amount of energy in digestion and nourishment then there will not be a great dealof energy left over for thought and reflection. If lots of Earth energy is used up inintellectual activity, then there will be a deficit on the emotional level, leading to a lack of compassion. Excessive intellectual activity can also produce problems on the physicallevel, with allergies, menstrual problems, stomach ulcers or metabolic disorders.The Spleen and the Stomach are good examples of the way that Chinese medicineinterprets the idea of an 'organ' differently from Western medicine, even on an organiclevel. The 'Spleen' for example is seen as encompassing the part of the Pancreas thatproduces digestive enzymes used in the Duodenum. The 'Stomach' is seen as includingthe duodenum and the first six inches of the Small Intestine, which is why digestion,nourishment, assimilation and absorption are classified under the heading of 'Earth'. The'Spleen' also represents the lymphatic system: nodes, vessels, tonsils and thymus, itrepresents the red bone marrow and the mucous membrane of the intestines, since theyhave a large lymphatic component. So the idea of 'nourishment' also extends toproviding oxygen - via the red blood cells - to every cell in the body.So the 'Spleen' oversees the transportation of water from the tissues back into thebloodstream, the absorption of fat from the intestine into the lymph system, theproduction of white blood cells and the storage and breakdown of red blood cells. TheSpleen is the 'mother organ' of the whole body. It regulates the distribution of water andblood, it nourishes the body, and it maintains the integrity of the body through theimmune system. It is also seen as responsible for fertility, pregnancy and birth, together with the Kidney and the Uterus (an extraordinary organ that is not assigned to anelement). The breasts are assigned to Earth.The Spleen is important, and can be seen as being responsible for distribution, and thetransport of energy throughout the body-mind. If there is a Spleen-Pancreas imbalancethen other parts of the body-mind wouldn't get the energy they need, and for this reasonit is said that the 'five viscera' all get their breath of life from the 'Spleen'. The Stomach can be seen as the organ that receives nourishment, integrates it andbrings it to fruition, and then passes on the food energy to be distributed by the Spleen. Five Element Reiki © Taggart King 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009 26 The Stomach is almost the most important function in the body-mind because our energy feeds from it, and it takes in every aspect of our lives.If there is a Stomach imbalance then we cannot get the proper benefit from what we takein, whether this i

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca TXT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    din 3

    Faza Studiu de Fezabilitate / Prefezabilitate: Scop

    Pe scurt, intregul studiu se bazeaza pe analiza celor doi factori absolut


    definitorii:

    Venituri
    Costuri
    Studiul de FezabilitateRaportul celor doua valori de mai sus includ rapoartele
    privind:

    fezabilitatea tehnologica,
    fezabilitatea economica,
    fezabilitatea legala,
    fezabilitatea operationala,
    fezabilitatea temporala.
    Desi inclusa practic in cele de mai sus, tot mai des se discuta si de fezabilitatea
    de mediu, desi, in fond, orice proiect care raspunde pozitiv termenilor tehnologici
    si legali trebuie sa raspunda si din punctul de vedere al protectiei mediului.
    Studiile de impact asupra mediului sunt, practic, studii de fezabilitate de mediu.
    Scopul Studiului de fezabilitate este sa stabileasca sustenabilitatea economica a
    intreprinderii initiate.

    Cine intocmeste Studiul de Fezabilitate


    Adesea, intocmirea Studiului de Fezabilitate cade in sarcina celui care intocmeste
    proiectul de finantare. Traditional, Studiul de Fezabilitate (pentru cladiri) este
    intocmit de proiectantul general (arhitecti+ingineri). Adevarul este ca nici unul
    dintre cele doua categorii de specialisti nu este in masura sa intocmeasca intregul
    studiu de fezabilitate. De ce?

    Consultantul pentru finantare are ca rol principal incadrarea corecta a proiectului


    in cadrul birocratic-operational al programelor europene.
    Arhitectii si Inginerii (Aflati in echipa, sub titulatura de Proiectant, sau
    Proiectant General) sunt profesionisti specializati in proiectarea cladirilor, fie
    ele civile, agricole sau industriale. Desi este practic imposibila realizarea
    oricarei cladiri fara proiectant, aproape nimic din complexul de relatii economice
    impuse de un proiect nou nu sunt la nivelul acestora de expertiza.
    Studiul de fezabilitate nu se refera insa nici la o completare a unor rubrici in
    tabele predeterminate, nici la proiectarea celor mai minunate cladiri. Studiul se
    refera la viabilitatea proiectului, la profitabilitatea sa. Presupunand prin absurd
    ca finantarile ar acoperi 100% din investitie, chiar si in aceste conditii
    activitatea economica poate fi neprofitabila si neperformanta.

    Beneficiarul este cel care trebuie, in fapt, sa conduca Studiul de Fezabilitate. De


    ce? Clientul este cel care poate evalua in permanenta punctul in care raportul
    venituri/costuri este favorabil sau nu. Pentru orice afacere industriala, agricola
    sau comerciala, acesta este cel care stie in ce masura profituri viitoare pot sa se
    nasca din proiectul in lucru.

    Acestuia ii sunt subordonati:

    Tehnologiul (pentru dimensionarea fluxurilor de materii prime, energie, productie


    in industrie si agricultura). Ei stabilesc de ce este nevoie pentru a asigura
    coerent un flux de productie, valorile tintite de productie, alegerea utilajelor
    samd. Bineinteles, discutam de tehnologi pentru investitiile care presupun un ciclu
    de productie.
    Specialistul de Marketing: Stabilirea capacitatii de productie este practic
    imposibil de determinat fara un studiu preliminar al pietei bunurilor sau
    serviciilor produse sau oferite, niveluri de preturi, precum si o proiectie
    viitoare a evolutiilor acestora.
    Arhitectii si Inginerii (Proiectantul General) care sunt in masura sa �imbrace� un
    flux de productie cu constructiile necesare: hale de productie, de depozitare,
    cladiri civile, instalatii. Ei determina ce investitii sunt necesare pentru a
    asigura indeplinirea conditiilor minime de Siguranta Structurala, Siguranta in
    Exploatare, Securitate la Incendiu, Sanatatea oamenilor, Economia de Energie si
    Izolarea Termica si Hidrofuga, Protectia Mediului, atat din punctul de vedere al
    fondului construit, cat si din cel de vedere al masurilor similare impuse de
    utilizarea tehnologiilor de productie.
    Consultantul de Proiect: strange toate aceste date si se ingrijeste de forma
    corecta din punctul de vedere al tipicului necesar prezentarii unui proiect de
    finantare.
    Studiul de Fezabilitate (SF) ca parte din procesul de proiectare
    SF-ul nu este o poza a unei activitati, ci este un instrument de lucru pentru
    intreprinzator (initiatorul sau).

    Probabil ca nu exista practic nici o activitate umana care sa nu fie, intr-un fel
    sau altul, profitabila. Masura in care aceasta este profitabila este modul in care
    raportul definit mai sus (Venituri/Costuri) este reglat.

    Pentru a pastra acest raport cat mai bun, exista intotdeauna doua cai:

    � Maximizarea Veniturilor: Obtinerea unor produse /servicii cu o valoare adaugata


    cat mai mare, reprezentand un segment de piata cu un potential cat mai mare.

    � Reducerea Costurilor: Se aplica asupra celor doua mari componente ale sale:
    investitia imobiliara (teren + cladiri), investitia de baza in complexul de utilaje
    tehnologice sau dotari, minimizarea costurilor de exploatare.

    Minimizarea investitiei imobiliare. Cum se realizeaza?


    dimensionarea stricta a spatiilor la parametrii impusi de fluxul tehnologic sau de
    serviciile furnizate. Oriunde, fiecare metru patrat in plus de constructie costa
    suplimentar si orice investitie are un prag de rentabilitate.
    folosirea unor solutii constructive cat mai eficiente economic si tehnic
    dimensionarea corecta a fluxurilor tehnologice: este strict legata de punctul 1. O
    abordare eficienta trebuie sa inteleaga orice constructie ca o �carcasa� in cadrul
    careia se realizeaza activitati umane. Dimensionarea incorecta a activitatii, a
    capacitatilor de productie, de aprovizionare duce direct la o dimensionare
    improprie a �carcasei�. Aceste dimensionari incorecte se traduc mai tarziu prin
    investitii suplimentare sau prin disfunctionalitati in procesul de productie, sau
    in serviciul oferit.
    alegerea celor mai eficente amplasamente. Desi de obicei terenurile sunt deja
    achizitionate, aceasta nu este probabil cea mai buna solutie. Studiul de
    amplasament trebuie sa asigure pe de o parte cele mai scazute costuri de achizitie
    si echipare edilitara, pe de alta parte sa rspunda nevoile activitatii economice de
    baza: acces la sosele, drumuri, cai ferate si apropierea de centrele populate
    pentru investitiile industriale, zone turistice cu perspective placute pentru
    activitatile de turism, etc. Aceste caracteristici pot asigura adeseori succesul
    unei intreprinderi, iar lipsa acestora, poate fi o garantie pentru nereusita.
    Minimizarea investitiei de baza in complexul tehnologic /dotari + Micsorarea
    costurilor de exploatare
    Folosirea de utilaje/echipamente/dotari conform unor prioritizari din punct de
    vedere al performantei economice: Achizitionarea de utilaje/echipamente de ultima
    ora strict in cazul in care acestea asigura un avantaj competitional direct +
    economii la cele neesentiale pentru marirea competivitatii economice
    Marirea Eficientei Energetice. Aceasta poate merge pana la obtinerea independentei
    energetice, prin cogenerare (solara, eoliana), si economie prin eficienta
    consumului energetic (izolatii etc). Nu se mai indoieste nimeni ca energia va fi
    din ce in ce mai scumpa, dupa cum consumurile mondiale tind sa fie tot mai mari, in
    ciuda recesiunilor.
    Greseli Frecvente
    Evident, tratarea superficiala a oricarei laturi a studiului de fezabilitate este o
    greseala, insa:

    Neglijarea investitiei
    Incredibil, dar aceasta este cea mai mare greseala! Investitorii se concentreaza
    exclusiv pe indeplinirea formulelor birocratice (importante, bineinteles),
    neglijjand uneori total orice abordare economica a proiectului, uneori chiar si
    atunci cand aceasta este exact domeniul propriu de activitat! Investitia este
    privita ca o simpla achizitie a unui nou utilaj sau ca accesul nesperat la o sursa
    nerambusabila.
    Trebuie inteles ca finantarile nerambursabile sunt un factor perturbator al pietei,
    acestea oferind avantaje concurentiale aplicantilor. Folosirea necugetata a
    acestora insa diminueaza pana la anulare avantajul potential. In plus, oricand
    principalul concurent poate accesa exact aceleasi resurse care folosite eficent pot
    anula total acel castig initial.
    Neglijarea proiectelor de constructii
    Mai ales in domeniile in care cladirea reprezinta principalul obiectiv al
    proiectului, atitudinea este ridicola. Realizarea unor proiecte de arhitectura in
    1-2 saptamani, ignorarea oportunitatilor oferite de locatii sunt obiceiuri foarte
    des intalnite. Chiar inainte de calitatea serviciilor, calitatea arhitecturii unei
    pensiuni este cea care primeaza. De aceea interpretarea contabila a unui proiect de
    pensiune sau de orice alta constructie hoteliera este o eroare capitala. Orice
    investitii in mobilier, televizoare si capete de dus nu pot aduce inapoi ceea ce se
    pierde printr-o imagine fada, saracacioasa, a constructiei.
    Nici celelalte domenii de activitate nu sunt ferite de aceasta greseala. Dupa cum
    arhitectura �imbraca tehnologia�, si tehnologia trebuie pliata uneori pe ceea ce
    constructiile pot oferi eficent economic.
    Ratiunile deciziei de a investi
    Stabiliriea parametrilior de fezabilitate este prima decizie care trebuie luata. O
    activitate economica fezabila este cu atat mai performanta cu cat se poate finanta
    si nerambursabil. O fabrica de produse alimentare, amplasata intr-o zona agricola
    importanta, cu acces la piete importante, cu utilaje, tehnologii performante,
    furnizand produse de calitate si la preturi competitive, cu un consum eficent de
    energie este virtual oricand fezabila. Un astfel de proiect poate fi usor adaptat
    cerintelor finantarii nerambursabile, devenind astfel o extraordinara sursa de
    venituri.
    Luarea deciziei de a investi trebuie sa tina cont exclusiv de fezabilitatea
    intrinseca a proiectului si nu sa porneasca de la sursa de finantare spre proiect.
    Revenind la exemplul cu pensiunile turistice: Functionarii care evalueaza
    proiectele nu au uneltele necesare masurarii frumusetii peisajului zonei turistice,
    frumusetea constructiilor, eficienta spatiilor. Ei sunt limitati la a evalua
    proiectia lor contabila. Costurile de executie nu au cum sa spuna niciodata cat de
    minunata este o casa.

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