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Network Protocols
(Chapter 1)
Introduction
Idawaty Ahmad, PhD
(SKR3309)
Objectives
Contents
Recap
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Network Protocols
Introduction
Recap
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Network Protocols
Layer n
Layer n-1
Layer 2
Layer 1
Network Protocols
Recap
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Network Protocols
Recap
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Network Protocols
ISO standard
Application Layer 7
Transport Layer 4
Network Layer 3
Recap
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Network Protocols
Recap
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Network Protocols
PHY Media
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic
Electromagnetic Waves Recap
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Network Protocols
PHY Devices
Recap
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Network Protocols
Network Layer
LLC sublayer
Data Link Layer
MAC sublayer
Recap
Physical Layer
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Network Protocols
* LLC functions:
* Identify and encapsulate frames to and from upper
and lower layers, respectively
* Provide flow and error control
* MAC functions:
* Interface with physical layer
* Provide link layer addressing
* Specify channel access control mechanisms for
multiple access networks
Recap
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Network Protocols
LAN WAN
802.2 LLC
Data Link Dial
Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Relay
Demand
8 8 8
F
0 0 0
Physical D V.24
2 2 2
D G.703
(Bits, . . .
I
signals, 3 4 5 V.35 EIA/TIA-232
clocking) xDSL
24 bits 24 bits
00e0.fc01.2345
00e0.fc01.2345
Rom
Recap
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Network Protocols
D C Host B
Host A A
Application layer Application layer
B E
Transport layer Transport layer
Router A Router B Router C
Network layer Network layer
Data link layer Network layer Network layer Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer
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Recap
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Network Protocols
LAN1 LAN2
WAN
sending receiving
transmission
Recap
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Network Protocols
Network IP/ICMP/ARP/RARP
(Packets)
802.2 LLC
Dial
Data Link Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Demand
Relay
8 8 8
F
0 0 0
Physical D V.24
2 2 2
D
(Bits, . . .
I G.703
signals, 3 4 5 V.35
EIA/TIA-232
clocking)
Recap
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Network Protocols
Network Addresses
Recap
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Network Protocols
Transport Layer
nConnection-oriented nConnectionless
nReliable nUnreliable
nSuitable for the nSuitable for the
application which requires application that concerns
high reliability transmission efficiency
nHigh cost nReliability depends on
application layer
Recap
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Network Protocols
Network IP
(Packets)
802.2 LLC
Dial
Data Link Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Demand
Relay
8 8 8
F
0 0 0
Physical D V.24
2 2 2
D
(Bits, . . .
I G.703
signals, 3 4 5 V.35
EIA/TIA-232
clocking)
Recap
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Network Protocols
Session Layer
* Session layer
* Allows processes on different hosts to establish,
manage, and terminate sessions between them
* Sessions offer services such as:
* Dialog control – keeping track of whose turn to it is to
transmit
* Token management – prevent two parties from
attempting the same critical operation at the same time
* Synchronization – check-pointing long transmissions to
allow recovery after a crash
Recap
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Network Protocols
Presentation layer
Recap
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Network Protocols
Application Layer
Recap
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Network Protocols
Network IP
(Packets)
802.2 LLC
Data Link Dial Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Relay
8 8 8 Demand
F
0 0 0
Physical 2 2 2
D V.24
(Bits, D
. . . G.703
signals, I V.35 EIA/TIA-232
3 4 5
clocking)
Recap
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Network Protocols
Contents
TCP/IP model
OSI TCP/IP
7 Application layer
Provide end-to-end
Transport Layer TCP/UDP message delivery
Provide internetworking:
Network Layer IP move data from source to
destination
Data Link Layer Ethernet (802.3), PPP
Organize bits into frames; to
provide node-to-node
Physical Layer Interface and cables delivery
Provide mechanical and
electrical specification;
Idawaty Ahmad, PhD
Network Protocols
41 transfer data in the form 2018
14 February of
bits
* Application Layer
* Contains a set of application protocols, e.g., Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
* Transport Layer
* Two protocols at this layer: Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
* TCP provides reliable connection-oriented service
* UDP provides unreliable connectionless service
* Network Layer
* The main protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP)
* Supporting protocols: Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
* IP transports TCP or UDP segments in packets, adds
in header which contains IP address used to route
the packets from the source to the destination
* IP provides unreliable and connectionless packet
delivery service
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Network Protocols
Upper layer
IP header
data Network layer Packet
Upper layer
LLC header FCS
data
Data link layer Frame
Upper layer
MAC header FCS
data
0101110101001000010
Physical layer Bit
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Network Protocols
Data De-encapsulation.
Host B
Application
Upper layer data
layer
Transport
layer Upper layer data
Application Application
data layer layer data
Transport Transport
upper layer segment
TCP header layer layer upper layer data
data
upper layer
LLC header FCS IP+TCP+ upper layer data
data Data link Data link
frame
layer layer
upper layer
MAC header FCS LLC header +IP+TCP+ upper layer data
data
Physical Physical
bit
0101110101001000010 layer layer 0101110101001000010
Application
TCP
TCP Segment TCP header User data
46-1500 bytes
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Network Protocols
TCP Segment
Ethernet Frame
Source Dest.
Seq Num Ack Num …... Option
Port Port
16b 16b 32b 32b 64b
IP Packet
0 15 16 31
Message
version Service type Total length
length
identification Flag Fragment offset
Fixed
message Time to live protocol Message header checksum 20B
header
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Contents
Standards
* To end users
* Standards enable equipment from different vendors
to be used for the same tasks
* Create competition
* Lower product price
* Product diversity and wide availability of services
* Users do not have to buy multiple services to meet
multiple needs
Networking Standards
* To promote inter-operability between network equipment from various vendors
* Define specifications & protocols
ISO
ITU-T
IEEE
IEEE Specification
3GPP
3GPP
* 3rd Generation Partnership Project
* Collaborative project aimed at developing globally acceptable
specifications for third generation (3G) mobile systems
* The 3GPP caters to a large majority of the
telecommunications networks in the world. It is the standard
body behind UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System), which is the 3G upgrade of GSM. Most cellular
networks on the planet are based on GSM
* 3rd Generation (3G) mobile system, Long Term Evolution
(LTE), etc.
EIA
* EIA
* Association of electronics manufacturers in US
* defines the standard of network cables, such as
CAT5, RS232 etc
* Responsible for developing the EIA-232-D and EIA-530
standards – define serial transmission between two
digital devices. (computer to modem)
Contents
Summary
Router R1
ARP:
IP->MAC addr X.25 ATM
Router R2
Ethernet Ethernet
Hub Hub
Bridge
PC1 DHCP
DHCP
Server MACsrcMACdst IP Packet
Interconnected
Ethernet
L1, Repeater Hub Device Collision Domain
PC1 PC4
PC2 PC3 Subnet Broadcast Domain
Collision Collision
Domain Domain
PC1 PC3
L2 Device
Bridge L2 Switch PC2 PC4
Collision Collision
Domain Domain
Subnet Subnet
L3 Device
Router R1
Subnet Subnet
All-layer Device
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Network Protocols
Firewall
References
Thank you J