Chemical Kinetics

Chapter 13
Rates of
Reactions
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, including
how reaction rates change with varying conditions and
which molecular events occur during the overall reaction.
Guiding Questions:
•How is the rate of a reaction measured?

•Which conditions will affect the rate of a
reaction?
•How do you express the relationship of rate to the
variables affecting the rate?
•What happens on a molecular level during a chemical
reaction?
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. !2
Concentrations of Reactants
Often the rate of reaction increases when the
concentration of a reactant is increased. In some
reactions, however, the rate is unaffected by the
concentration of a particular reactant, as long as it is
present at some concentration.

Concentration of Catalyst
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes rapidly in
the presence of HBr, giving oxygen and water.
Some of the HBr is oxidized to give the orange Br2,
as can be seen above.
Temperature at Which Reaction Occurs
Usually reactions speed up when the temperature
increases. It takes less time to boil an egg at sea
level than on a mountaintop, where water boils at a
lower temperature. Reactions during cooking go
faster at higher temperature.

Each test tube contains
potassium permanganate,
KMnO4, and oxalic acid,
H2C2O4, at the same
concentrations. Permanganate
ion oxidizes oxalic acid to
CO2 and H2O.
Top: One test tube was placed
in a beaker of warm water
(40°C); the other was kept at
room temperature (20°C).
Bottom: After 10 minutes, the
test tube at 40°C showed a
noticeable reaction, whereas the
other did not.
!6
Surface Area of a Solid
Reactant or Catalyst
If a reaction involves a solid with
a gas or liquid, then the surface
area of the solid affects the
reaction rate. Because the
reaction occurs at the surface of
the solid, the rate increases with
increasing surface area. For
example, a wood fire burns faster
if the logs are chopped into
smaller pieces. Similarly, the
surface area of a solid catalyst is
important to the rate of reaction.
Reaction rate is the increase in molar
concentration of product of a reaction per unit time
or the decrease in molar concentration of reactant
per unit time. The unit is usually mol/(L • s) or M/s.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

!8
The rate of this reaction can be found by measuring
the concentration of O2 at various times.
Alternatively, the concentration of NO2 could be
measured. Both of these concentrations increase
with time. The rate could also be determined by
measuring the concentration of N2O5, which would
decrease over time.
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
We can express these changes in concentration as

follows. Square brackets mean molarity.
Δ[O 2 ]
Rate of formation of O2 =
Δt
Δ[NO 2 ]
Rate of formation of NO2 =
Δt
Δ[N 2 O 5 ]
Rate of decomposition of N2O5 = −
Δt
We can relate these expressions by taking into
account the reaction stoichiometry.
Δ[O 2 ] 1 Δ[NO 2 ] 1 Δ[N 2 O 5 ]

= =−
Δt 4 Δt 2 Δt

These equations give the average rate over the
time interval Δt. As Δt decreases and approaches
zero, the equations give the instantaneous rate.
The next slides illustrate this relationship

graphically for the increase in concentration of O2.

The average rate
is the slope of the
hypotenuse of the
triangle formed.

As Δt gets smaller and
approaches zero, the
hypotenuse becomes
a tangent line at that
point.
The slope of the

tangent line equals the
rate at that point.

Peroxydisulfate ion oxidizes iodide ion
? to triiodide ion, I3−. The reaction is

S2O82−(aq) + 3I−(aq) →
2SO42−(aq) + I3−(aq)
How is the rate of reaction that is
expressed as the rate of formation of
I3− related to the rate of reaction of I−?
Δ[I
Δ ]
Δ[I3− ] 1 −
=−
Δt 3 t

Calculate the average rate of formation
? of O2 in the following reaction during the

time interval from 1200 s to 1800 s. At
1200 s, [O2] = 0.0036 M; at 1800 s, [O2]
= 0.0048 M.
Δ[O 2 ] (0.0048 − 0.0036 ) M

=
Δt (1800 − 1200 ) s
0.0012 M
=
600 s
= 2.0 × 10−6 M/s
Concept Check 13.1
Shown here is a plot of the
concentration of a reactant D versus
time.
a. How do the instantaneous rates
at points A and B compare?
b. Is the rate for this reaction
constant at all points in time?

Rates are determined experimentally in a variety of
ways.
For example, samples can be taken and analyzed

from the reaction at several different intervals.
Continuously following the reaction is more

convenient. This can be done by measuring
pressure, as shown on the next slide, or by
measuring light absorbance when a color change is
part of the reaction.

The reaction rate usually depends on the
concentration of one or more reactant. This
relationship must be determined by experiment.
This information is captured in the rate law, an

equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the
concentration of a reactant (and catalyst) raised to
various powers. The proportionality constant, k, is
the rate constant.

For the generic reaction
aA + bB +cC → dD + eE
the rate law is

Rate = k[A]m[B]n[C]p
The reaction order with respect to a specific reactant is the exponent
of that species in the experimentally determined rate law.
The overall order of a reaction is the sum of the orders of the reactant
species fromLearning.
Copyright © Cengage the Allexperimentally
rights reserved. determined rate law. !21
For the reaction
the rate law is

Rate = k[NO2][F2]
In this case, the exponent for both NO2 and F2 is 1 (which

does not need to be written).
We say the reaction is first order in each. The reaction is

second order overall.

Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes iodide ion in
? acidic solution:
H2O2(aq) + 3I−(aq) + 2H+(aq) →
I3−(aq) + 2H2O(l)
The rate law for the reaction is
Rate = k[H2O2][I−]
a. What is the order of reaction with

respect to each reactant species?
b. What is the overall order?
Concept Check 13.2
Consider the reaction Q + R → S + T and the rate law for the
reaction:
Rate = k[Q]0[R]2
a. You run the reaction three times, each time starting with [R]
= 2.0 M. For each run you change the starting concentration of
[Q]: run 1, [Q] = 0.0 M; run 2, [Q] = 1.0 M; run 3, [Q] = 2.0 M.
Rank the rate of the three reactions using each of these
concentrations.
b. The way the rate law is written in this problem is not typical
for expressions containing reactants that are zero order in the
rate law. Write the rate law in the more typical fashion.

The rate law for a reaction must be determined
experimentally.
We will study the initial rates method of determining

the rate law. This method measures the initial rate
of reaction using various starting concentrations, all
measured at the same temperature.

Returning to the decomposition of N2O5, we have
the following data:
2N2O5(g) → 2N2(g) + 5O2(g)
Initial N2O5 Initial Rate of

Concentration Disappearance of N2O5
Experiment 1 1.0 × 10−2 M 4.8 × 10−6 M/s
Experiment 2 2.0 × 10−2 M 9.6 × 10−6 M/s
Note that when the concentration doubles from

experiment 1 to 2, the rate doubles.
Examining the effect of doubling the initial
concentration gives us the order in that reactant.
When rate is multiplied by m is
½ −1
1 0
2 1
4 2
In this case, when the concentration doubles, the

rate doubles, so m = 1.

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
? Obtain the rate law and the rate

constant using the following data for the
initial rates of disappearance of NO:
Initial Rate of Reaction of NO, M/

Exp. [NO]0, M [O2]0, M s
1 0.0125 0.0253 0.0281
2 0.0250 0.0253 0.112
3 0.0125 0.0506 0.0561

To find the order in NO, we will first identify two
experiments in which the concentration of O2 remains
constant. Then, we will divide the rate laws for those two
experiments. Finally, we will solve the equation to find the
order in NO.
To find the order in O2, we will repeat this procedure, this

time choosing experiments in which the concentration of
NO remains constant.
Once the order in NO and the order in O2 are known, data

from any experiment can be substituted into the rate law.
The rate law can then be solved for the rate constant k.

The rate law is rate = k[NO]2[O2].
Solving for k , we obtain
rate
k=
[NO]2 [O 2 ]
Using data from experiment 1:
M
0.0281 3
s 7.11 × 10
k= 2
=
(0.0125 M ) (0.0253 M ) M 2 • s
Using data from experiment 2: k = 7.08 × 103/M2 ! s

Using data from experiment 3: k = 7.10 × 103/M2 ! s
These values are the same to 2 significant figures.
?
Iron(II) is oxidized to iron(III) by chlorine
in an acidic solution:
2Fe2+(aq) + Cl2(aq) →
2Fe3+ (aq) + 2Cl−(aq)
What is the reaction order with respect

to Fe2+, Cl2, and H+? What is the rate
law and the relative rate constant?

The following data were collected. The rates given
are relative, not actual.
Exp. [Fe2+], M [Cl2], M [H+], M Rate, M/s
1 0.0020 0.0020 1.0 1.0 × 10−5
2 0.0040 0.0020 1.0 2.0 × 10−5
3 0.0020 0.0040 1.0 2.0 × 10−5
4 0.0040 0.0040 1.0 4.0 × 10−5
5 0.0020 0.0020 0.5 2.0 × 10−5
6 0.0020 0.0020 0.1 1.0 × 10−4

The rate law is rate = k[Fe2+][Cl2][H+]−1 .
Another way to express this is
k ⎡⎣Fe2+ ⎤⎦ [Cl2 ]
Rate =
⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦
Using data from experiment 1:

M −5
rate [H] 1.0 × 10 (1.0 M ) 2.50
k= = s =
⎡⎣Fe ⎤⎦ [Cl2 ] (0.002 M )(0.002 M ) M • s
2+
The same value for k is obtained using each

experiment.
Note that the units on the rate constant are specific
to the overall order of the reaction.
• For a zero-order reaction, the unit is M/s or

mol/(L " s).
• For a first-order reaction, the unit is 1/s or s−1.
• For a second-order reaction, the unit is 1/(M "
s) or L/(mol " s).
If you know the rate constant, you can deduce the

overall rate of reaction.
Concept Check 13.3
Rate laws are not restricted to chemical systems; they are used to help
describe many “everyday” events. For example, a rate law for tree growth
might look something like this:
Rate of growth = (soil type)w(temperature)x(light)y(fertilizer)z
In this equation, like chemical rate equations, the exponents need to be
determined by experiment. (Can you think of some other factors?)
a. Say you are a famous physician trying to determine the factors that
influence the rate of aging in humans. Develop a rate law, like the one above,
that would take into account at least four factors that affect the rate of aging.
b. Explain what you would need to do in order to determine the
exponents in your rate law.
c. Consider smoking to be one of the factors in your rate law. You
conduct an experiment and fi nd that a person smoking two packs of
cigarettes a day quadruples (43) the rate of aging over that of a one-pack-a-
day smoker. Assuming that you could hold all other factors in your rate law
constant, what would be the exponent of the smoking term in your rate law?

a. These factors might include things such as
genetics, diet, exercise, weight, and stress.
b. You would need to run controlled studies

quantifying each of the factors and measures of
aging.
c. When smoking doubles, aging increases

fourfold. That is a second-order reaction, so
m = 2.

The rate law tells us the relationship between the
rate and the concentrations of reactants and
catalysts.
To find concentrations at various times, we need to

use the integrated rate law. The form used
depends on the order of reaction in that reactant.

Cyclopropane is used as an anesthetic.
?
The isomerization of cyclopropane to
propene is a first-order reaction with a
rate constant of 9.2/s. If an initial
sample of cyclopropane has a
concentration of 6.00 M, what will the
cyclopropane concentration be after
1.00 s?

The rate law is
Rate = k[cyclopropane]
k = 9.2/s
[A]0 = 6.00 M
t = 1.00 s
[A]t = ?
The reaction is first order, so the integrated rate law

is A [ ]t
ln = − kt
[A ]0
[A ]t 9.2
ln =− • 1.00 s = − 9.2
[A ]0 s
[A ]t = e −9.2 = 1.01× 10 −4
[A ]0
[A ]t = 1.01× 10 −4 (6.00 M )
[A ]t = 6.1× 10 −4 M
The half-life of a reaction, t½, is the time it takes for
the reactant concentration to decrease to one-half
of its initial value.
By substituting ½[A]0 for [A]t, we solve the

integrated rate law for the special case of t = t½.

Ammonium nitrite is unstable because
? ammonium ion reacts with nitrite ion to

produce nitrogen:
NH4+(aq) + NO2−(aq) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
In a solution that is 10.0 M in NH4+, the

reaction is first order in nitrite ion (at low
concentrations), and the rate constant at
25°C is 3.0 × 103/s.
What is the half-life of the reaction?

The rate is first order in nitrite, NO2−:
k = 3.0 × 10−3/s
For first-order reactions:

kt½ = 0.693
0.693 0.693
t1/2 = =
k 3.0 × 10−3
s
t½ = 2.3 × 102 s = 3.9 min

Let’s look again at the integrated rate laws:
y = mx + b
y = mx + b
y = mx + b
In each case, the rate law is in the form of y = mx +

b, allowing us to use the slope and intercept to find
the values.
Zero Order : [A]t = − kt + [A]0
For a zero-order reaction, a plot of [A]t versus t is
linear. The y-intercept is [A]0.
First Order : ln [A]t = − kt + ln [A]0

For a first-order reaction, a plot of ln[A]t versus t is
linear. The graph crosses the origin (b = 0).
1 1
Second Order : = kt +
[A]t [A]0
For a second-order reaction, a plot of 1/[A]t versus t is
linear. The y-intercept is 1/[A]0.

Graphs of concentration and time can also be used
to determine the order of reaction in that reactant.
• For zero-order reactions, [A] versus t is

linear.
• For first-order reactions, ln[A] versus t is
linear.
• For second order reactions, 1/[A] versus t is
linear.
This is illustrated on the next slide for the

decomposition of NO2.

Left: The plot of ln[NO2] versus t is not linear, so the
reaction is not first order.
Right: The plot of 1/[NO2] versus t is linear, so the
reaction is second order in NO2.

Concept Check 13.4
A reaction believed to be either fi rst or second order
has a half-life of 20 s at the beginning of the reaction
but a half-life of 40 s sometime later. What is the
order of the reaction?
[A]0
Zero Order : t1/2 = The initial concentration
2k decreases in each time
0.693 interval. The only equation
First Order : t1/2 = that results in a larger value
k for t½ is the second-order
1 equation.
Second Order : t1/2 =
k [A]t
The reaction is second order.
Rate Constant and Temperature
The rate constant depends strongly on
temperature. How can we explain this relationship?
Collision theory assumes that reactant molecules

must collide with an energy greater than some
minimum value and with the proper orientation.
The minimum energy is called the activation

energy, Ea.

We will now explore the effect of a temperature
increase on each of the three requirements for a
reaction to occur.
The rate constant can be given by the equation
k = Zfp
where
Z = collision frequency
f = fraction of collisions with the minimum energy
p = orientation factor

Certainly, Z will increase with temperature, as the
average velocity of the molecules increases with
temperature.
However, this factor alone cannot explain the

dramatic effect of temperature changes.

The fraction of molecular collisions having the
minimum energy required is given by f:
Ea
− 1
f =e RT
= Ea
e RT
Now we can explain the dramatic impact of

temperature. The fraction of collisions having the
minimum energy increases exponentially with
temperature.

The reaction rate also depends on p, the proper
orientation for the collision. This factor is
independent of temperature.

Importance of Molecular Orientation in
the Reaction of NO and Cl2
(A) NO approaches with its N atom toward Cl2, and

an NOCl bond forms. Also, the angle of approach
is close to that in the product NOCl.
(B) NO approaches with its O atom toward Cl2. No

NOCl bond can form, so NO and Cl2 collide and
then fly apart.
Transition-state theory explains the reaction
resulting from the collision of two molecules in
terms of an activated complex (transition state),
an unstable grouping of atoms that can break up to
form products.

The potential energy diagram for a reaction visually
illustrates the changes in energy that occur.
The next slide shows the diagram for the reaction
NO + Cl2 → NOCl2‡ → NOCl + Cl
where NOCl2‡ indicates the activated complex.

The reaction of NO with Cl2 is an endothermic
reaction.
The next slide shows the curve for a generic

exothermic reaction.

Sketch a potential energy diagram for
? the decomposition of nitrous oxide.

N2O(g) → N2(g) + O(g)
The activation energy for the forward

reaction is 251 kJ; ΔHo = +167 kJ.
Label your diagram appropriately.
What is the reverse activation energy?

E
n
er
g Ea(reverse)  
y Ea= 251 kJ = 84 kJ
p N2 + O
er Products
m ΔH = 167 kJ
ol
N 2O
Reactants
Progress of reaction
Rate constants for most chemical reactions closely
follow an equation in the form
Ea
−
k = Ae RT
This is called the Arrhenius equation. A is the

frequency factor, a constant.

A more useful form of the Arrhenius equation is
⎛ k2 ⎞ Ea ⎛ 1 1⎞
ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ k1 ⎠ R ⎝ T1 T2 ⎠

In a series of experiments on the
? decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide,

N2O5, rate constants were determined
at two different temperatures:
• At 35°C, the rate constant was  
1.4 × 10−4/s.
• At 45°C, the rate constant was
5.0 × 10−4/s.
What is the activation energy?
What is the value of the rate constant at
55°C?
This is actually two problems.
First, we will use the Arrhenius equation to find Ea.
Then, we will use the Arrhenius equation with Ea to

find the rate constant at a new temperature.

T1 = 35°C = 308 K T2 = 45°C = 318 K
k1 = 1.4 × 10−4/s k2 = 5.0 × 10−4/s
⎛ k2 ⎞ Ea ⎛ 1 1⎞
ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ k1 ⎠ R ⎝ T1 T2 ⎠

⎛ 5.0 × 10−4 /s ⎞ Ea ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 1.4 × 10 −4
/s ⎠ 8.315 J ⎝ 308 K 318 K ⎠
mol • K
We will solve the left side and rearrange the right side.
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 10 K ⎟
1.273 = E a
⎜⎛ J ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ 8.315 ⎟(318 K)(308 K) ⎟
⎝⎝ mol • K ⎠ ⎠
⎛ J ⎞
1.273⎜ 8.315 ⎟(318 K)(308 K)
⎝ mol • K ⎠
Ea =
10 K
Ea = 1.0 × 105 J/mol
T1 = 35°C = 308 K T2 = 55°C = 328 K
k1 = 1.4 × 10−4/s k2 = ?
Ea = 1.04 × 105 J/mol
⎛ k2 ⎞ Ea ⎛ 1 1⎞
ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ k1 ⎠ R ⎝ T1 T2 ⎠

J 5
1.04 × 10
⎛ k2 ⎞ mol ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟
−4
⎝ 1.4 × 10 /s ⎠ 8.315 J ⎝ 308 K 328 K ⎠
mol • K
J
1.04 × 105
⎛ k2 ⎞ mol ⎛ 20 K ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ 308 K • 328 K ⎟
⎝ 1.4 × 10 −4
/s ⎠ 8.315 J ⎝ ⎠
mol • K
⎛ k2 ⎞
ln ⎜ −4 ⎟ = 2.476
⎝ 1.4 × 10 /s ⎠
k2
−4
= 11.90
1.4 × 10 /s
k2 = 1.7 × 10−3 /s
Reaction Mechanism
A balanced chemical equation is a description of
the overall result of a chemical reaction. However,
what actually happens on a molecular level may be
more involved than what is represented by this
single equation. For example, the reaction may
take place in several steps. That set of steps is
called the reaction mechanism.

Each step in the reaction mechanism is called an
elementary reaction and is a single molecular
event.
The set of elementary reactions, which when added

give the balanced chemical equation, is called the
reaction mechanism.

Because an elementary reaction is an actual molecular
event, the rate of an elementary reaction is proportional to
the concentration of each reactant molecule. This means we
can write the rate law directly from an elementary reaction.
The slowest step in the reaction mechanism is called

the rate-determining step (RDS). The rate law for the
RDS is the rate law for the overall reaction.

Rate Law and Reaction Mechanism
A reaction mechanism cannot be directly observed.
We can, however, determine the rate law by

experiment and decide if the reaction mechanism is
consistent with that rate law.
The rate of a reaction is determined completely by

the slowest step, the rate-determining step.

For example, the reaction of NO2 with F2 is
believed to occur in the following elementary steps:
NO2 + F2 → NO2F + F (slow step)
F + NO2 → NO2F (fast step)
The overall reaction is
2NO2 + F2 → 2NO2F
What is the rate law for this mechanism?
Rate = k[NO2][F2]

A reaction intermediate is a species produced
during a reaction that does not appear in the net
equation because it reacts in a subsequent step in
the mechanism.
NO2 + F2 → NO2F + F (Slow step)

F + NO2 → NO2F (Fast step)
The overall reaction is

2NO2 + F2 → 2NO2F

Catalysis
Catalysis is an increase in the rate of reaction that
results from the addition of a catalyst.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.

A catalyst is not consumed in a reaction. Rather, it
is present in the beginning, is used in one step, and
is produced again in a subsequent step. As a
result, the catalyst does not appear in the overall
reaction equation.
A catalyst increases the reaction rate by providing

an alternative reaction path with a lower activation
energy. When Ea is reduced, k increases
exponentially.
This relationship is illustrated on the potential

energy diagram for the decomposition of ozone.

Consider the following reaction:
NO2(g) + CO(g) → NO(g) + CO2(g)
At 500 K, the reaction mechanism is believed to

involve two elementary reactions:
NO2(g) + NO2(g) → NO3(g) + NO(g) (Slow step)
NO3(g) + CO(g) → NO2(g) + CO2(g)
The overall reaction equation is
NO2(g) + CO(g) → NO(g) + CO2(g)
NO3 is a reaction intermediate: It is produced in the

first step and used in the second step. There is no
catalyst.
Rate = k[NO2][NO2] = k[NO2]2
Write the rate law for the first step in
? the mechanism for the decomposition

of ozone.
Cl(g) + O3(g) → ClO(g) + O2(g)

ClO(g) + O(g) → Cl(g) + O2(g)
Rate = k[Cl][O3]

Chlorofluorocarbons, such as CCl2F2,
? decompose in the stratosphere as a

result of their irradiation with the short-
wavelength ultraviolet light present at
those altitudes. The decomposition
yields chlorine atoms that catalyze the
decomposition of ozone in the presence
of oxygen atoms (present in the
stratosphere) to give oxygen molecules.

The mechanism of the decomposition is
Cl(g) + O3(g) → ClO(g) + O2(g) (Slow step)
ClO(g) + O(g) → Cl(g) + O2(g)
What is the overall reaction equation?

O3(g) + O(g) → 2O2(g)
Is there a reaction intermediate? If so, what is it?

Yes. ClO.
Is there a catalyst? If so, what is it?
Yes. Cl.
What is the rate law for the overall reaction?
Rate = k[Cl][O3]
The decomposition of hydrogen
? peroxide is catalyzed by iodide ion. The

reaction mechanism is thought to be
H2O2(aq) + I−(aq) → H2O(l) + IO−(aq)

IO−(aq) + H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + O2(g) + I−(aq)
At 25°C, the first step is slow relative to the

second step. What is the rate law predicted
by the reaction mechanism? Is there a
reaction intermediate?

Chemical Kinetics

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Chapter 13

•How is the rate of a reaction measured?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. !3

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. !5

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

We can express these changes in concentration as

Δ[O 2 ] 1 Δ[NO 2 ] 1 Δ[N 2 O 5 ]

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. !11

The next slides illustrate this relationship

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The slope of the

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? to triiodide ion, I3−. The reaction is

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? of O2 in the following reaction during the

Δ[O 2 ] (0.0048 − 0.0036 ) M

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. !17

For example, samples can be taken and analyzed

Continuously following the reaction is more

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. !18

This information is captured in the rate law, an

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the rate law is

The reaction order with respect to a specific reactant is the exponent

of that species in the experimentally determined rate law.

the rate law is

In this case, the exponent for both NO2 and F2 is 1 (which

We say the reaction is first order in each. The reaction is

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a. What is the order of reaction with

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We will study the initial rates method of determining

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2N2O5(g) → 2N2(g) + 5O2(g)

Initial N2O5 Initial Rate of

Experiment 2 2.0 × 10−2 M 9.6 × 10−6 M/s

Note that when the concentration doubles from

In this case, when the concentration doubles, the

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? Obtain the rate law and the rate

Initial Rate of Reaction of NO, M/

1 0.0125 0.0253 0.0281

2 0.0250 0.0253 0.112

3 0.0125 0.0506 0.0561

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To find the order in O2, we will repeat this procedure, this

Once the order in NO and the order in O2 are known, data

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Using data from experiment 2: k = 7.08 × 103/M2 ! s

What is the reaction order with respect

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Exp. [Fe2+], M [Cl2], M [H+], M Rate, M/s

1 0.0020 0.0020 1.0 1.0 × 10−5

2 0.0040 0.0020 1.0 2.0 × 10−5

3 0.0020 0.0040 1.0 2.0 × 10−5

4 0.0040 0.0040 1.0 4.0 × 10−5

5 0.0020 0.0020 0.5 2.0 × 10−5

6 0.0020 0.0020 0.1 1.0 × 10−4

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Using data from experiment 1:

The same value for k is obtained using each

• For a zero-order reaction, the unit is M/s or

If you know the rate constant, you can deduce the