Cómo usar el glosario en español:
1. Busca el término en inglés que desees encontrar.
Glossary/Glosario
English
A
absolute value (28) A number’s distance from zero
on the number line, represented by x.
absolute value function (90) A function written as
2. El término en español, junto con la definición,
se encuentran en la columna de la derecha.
Español
valor absoluto Distancia entre un número y cero en
una recta numérica; se denota con x.
función del valor absoluto Una función que se
f(x)  x, where f(x)  0 for all values of x.
absolute value inequalities (42) For all real numbers
a and b, b  0, the following statements are true.
1. If a  b, then b  a  b
2. If a  b, then a  b or a  b.
algebraic expression (7) An expression that
contains at least one variable.
amplitude (763) For functions in the form
y  a sin b
or y  a cos b
, the amplitude is a.
angle of depression (705) The angle between a
horizontal line and the line of sight from the
observer to an object at a lower level.
angle of elevation (705) The angle between a
horizontal line and the line of sight from the
observer to an object at a higher level.
arccosine (747) The inverse of y  cos x, written as
x  arccos y.
arcsine (747) The inverse of y  sin x, written as
x  arcsin y.
arctangent (747) The inverse of y  tan x written as
x  arctan y.
arithmetic mean (580) The terms between any two
nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence.
arithmetic sequence (578) A sequence in which
each term after the first is found by adding a
constant, the common difference d, to the
previous term.
arithmetic series (583) The indicated sum of the
terms of an arithmetic sequence.
asymptote (442, 485) A line that a graph approaches
but never crosses.
augmented matrix (208) A coefficient matrix with
an extra column containing the constant terms.
axis of symmetry (287) A line about which a figure
is symmetric.
f (x )
axis of symmetry
O x
escribe f(x)  x, donde f(x)  0, para todos los
valores de x.
desigualdades con valor absoluto Para todo
número real a y b, b  0, se cumple lo siguiente.
1. Si a  b, entonces b  a  b
2. Si a  b, entonces a  b o a  b.
expresión algebraica Expresión que contiene al
menos una variable.
amplitud Para funciones de la forma y  a sen b
o
y  a cos b
, la amplitud es a.
ángulo de depresión Ángulo entre una recta
horizontal y la línea visual de un observador a
una figura en un nivel inferior.
ángulo de elevación Ángulo entre una recta
horizontal y la línea visual de un observador a
una figura en un nivel superior.
arcocoseno La inversa de y  cos x, que se escribe
como x  arccos y.
arcoseno La inversa de y  sen x, que se escribe
como x  arcsen y.
Glossary/Glosario
arcotangente La inversa de y  tan x que se escribe
como x  arctan y.
media aritmética Cualquier término entre dos térmi-
nos no consecutivos de una sucesión aritmética.
sucesión aritmética Sucesión en que cualquier
término después del primero puede hallarse
sumando una constante, la diferencia común d, al
término anterior.
serie aritmética Suma específica de los términos de
una sucesión aritmética.
asíntota Recta a la que se aproxima una gráfica, sin
jamás cruzarla.
matriz ampliada Matriz coeficiente con una colum-
na extra que contiene los términos constantes.
eje de simetría Recta respecto a la cual una figura
es simétrica.
f (x )
eje de simetría
O x
Glossary/Glosario R1
 1
B 1





bn (257) For any real number b and for any positive bn Para cualquier número real b y para cualquier
1 1





 b, except when b  0 and n is entero positivo n, b n  b, excepto cuando b  0
n n
integer n, bn
even. y n es par.
binomial (229) A polynomial that has two unlike binomio Polinomio con dos términos diferentes.
terms.
binomial experiment (677) An experiment in which experimento binomial Experimento con exactamen-
there are exactly two possible outcomes for each te dos resultados posibles para cada prueba, un
trial, a fixed number of independent trials, and número fijo de pruebas independientes y en el
the probabilities for each trial are the same. cual cada prueba tiene igual probabilidad.
Binomial Theorem (613) If n is a nonnegative Teorema del binomio Si n es un entero no negativo,
integer, then (a  b)n  entonces (a  b)n 
n n(n  1) n n(n  1)
1anb0 

an  1b1 

an  2b2 … 1a0bn. 1anb0 

an  1b1 

an  2b2 … 1a0bn.
1 12 1 12
boundary (96) A line or curve that separates the frontera Recta o curva que divide un plano de
coordinate plane into two regions. coordenadas en dos regiones.
bounded (129) A region is bounded when the graph acotada Una región está acotada cuando la gráfica de
of a system of constraints is a polygonal region. un sistema de restricciones es una región poligonal.

C
Cartesian coordinate plane (56) A plane divided plano de coordenadas cartesiano Plano dividido en
into four quadrants by the intersection of the cuatro cuadrantes mediante la intersección en el
x-axis and the y-axis at the origin. origen de los ejes x y y.
Quadrant II Quadrant I Cuadrante II Cuadrante I
y-axis eje y
x -coordinate coordenada x
(3, 2) (3, 2)
origin origen
y -coordinate coordenada y
Glossary/Glosario

O x-axis O eje x

Quadrant III Quadrant IV Cuadrante III Cuadrante IV

center of a circle (426) The point from which all centro de un círculo El punto desde el cual todos
points on a circle are equidistant. los puntos de un círculo están equidistantes.
center of an ellipse (434) The point at which the centro de una elipse Punto de intersección de los
major axis and minor axis of an ellipse intersect. ejes mayor y menor de una elipse.
center of a hyperbola (442) The midpoint of the centro de una hipérbola Punto medio del segmento
segment whose endpoints are the foci. cuyos extremos son los focos.
change of base formula (548) For all positive fórmula del cambio de base Para todo número
numbers a, b, and n, where a  1 and b  1, positivo a, b y n, donde a  1 y b  1,
log n log n
loga n 


b
. logb n 


b
.
logb a logb a
circle (426) The set of all y círculo Conjunto de todos y
points in a plane that are radius los puntos en un plano radio
(x, y ) (x, y )
equidistant from a given que equidistan de un
r r
point in the plane, called punto dado del plano
the center. (h , k ) llamado centro. (h , k )
O O
x x

center centro

circular functions (740) Functions defined using a funciones circulares Funciones definidas en un
unit circle. círculo unitario.
R2 Glossary/Glosario
coefficient (222) The numerical factor of a
monomial.
column matrix (155) A matrix that has only one
column.
combination (640) An arrangement of objects in
which order is not important.
common difference (578) The difference between
the successive terms of an arithmetic sequence.
common logarithms (547) Logarithms that use 10 as
the base.
common ratio (588) The ratio of successive terms of
a geometric sequence.
Commutative Property of Addition (12) For any
real numbers a and b, a  b  b  a.
Commutative Property of Multiplication (12) For
any real numbers a and b, a  b  b  a.
completing the square (307) A process used to
make a quadratic expression into a perfect square
trinomial.
complex conjugates (273) Two complex numbers of
the form a  bi and a  bi.
complex fraction (475) A rational expression whose
numerator and/or denominator contains a
rational expression.
complex number (271) Any number that can be
written in the form a  bi, where a and b are real
numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
composition of functions (384) A function is
performed, and then a second function is
performed on the result of the first function.
The composition of f and g is denoted by f  g,
and [f  g](x)  f[g(x)].
compound event (658) Two or more simple events.
compound inequality (40) Two inequalities joined
by the word and or or.
conic section (419) Any figure that can be obtained
by slicing a double cone.
conjugate axis (442) The segment of length 2b units
that is perpendicular to the transverse axis at the
center.
conjugates (253) Binomials of the form ab  cd
and ab  cd, where a, b, c, and d are rational
numbers.
consistent (111) A system of equations that has at
least one solution.
constant (222) Monomials that contain no variables.
constant function (90) A linear function of the form
f(x)  b.
constant of variation (492) The constant k used with
direct or inverse variation.
coeficiente Factor numérico de un
monomio.
matriz columna Matriz que sólo tiene una
columna.
combinación Arreglo de elementos en que el orden
no es importante.
diferencia común Diferencia entre términos
consecutivos de una sucesión aritmética.
logaritmos comunes El logaritmo de
base 10.
razón común Razón entre términos consecutivos de
una sucesión geométrica.
Propiedad conmutativa de la adición Para
cualquier número real a y b, a  b  b  a.
Propiedad conmutativa de la multiplicación Para
cualquier número real a y b, a  b  b  a.
completar el cuadrado Proceso mediante el cual
una expresión cuadrática se transforma en un
trinomio cuadrado perfecto.
conjugados complejos Dos números complejos de
la forma a  bi y a  bi.
fracción compleja Expresión racional cuyo
numerador o denominador contiene una
expresión racional.
número complejo Cualquier número que puede
escribirse de la forma a  bi, donde a y b son
números reales e i es la unidad imaginaria.
Glossary/Glosario
composición de funciones Se evalúa una función
y luego se evalúa una segunda función en el
resultado de la primera función. La composición
de f y g se define con f  g y
[f  g](x)  f[g(x)].
evento compuesto Dos o más eventos simples.
desigualdad compuesta Dos desigualdades unidas
por las palabras y u o.
sección cónica Cualquier figura obtenida mediante
el corte de un cono doble.
eje conjugado El segmento de 2b unidades de
longitud que es perpendicular al eje transversal
en el centro.
conjugados Binomios de la forma ab  cd y
ab  cd, donde a, b, c y d son números
racionales.
consistente Sistema de ecuaciones que posee por lo
menos una solución.
constante Monomios que carecen de variables.
función constante Función lineal de la forma
f(x)  b.
constante de variación La constante k que se usa en
variación directa o inversa.
Glossary/Glosario R3
 constant term (286) In f(x)  ax2  bx  c, c is the
constant term.
constraints (129) Conditions given to variables,
often expressed as linear inequalities.
continuity (485) A graph of a function that can be
traced with a pencil that never leaves the paper.
continuous probability distribution (671) The
outcome can be any value in an interval of real
numbers, represented by curves.
cosecant (701) For any angle, with measure , a
point P(x, y) on its terminal side, r  
x2  y2,
r r
csc  

.
y y
cosine (701) For any angle, with measure , a point
P(x, y) on its terminal side, r  
x2  y2,
x x
cos  
r
.
cotangent (701) For any angle, with measure , a
point P(x, y) on its terminal side, r  
x2  y2,
x x
cot  

.
y y
coterminal angles (711) Two angles in standard
position that have the same terminal side.
Cramer’s Rule (189) A method that uses determinants
to solve a system of linear equations.
Glossary/Glosario
D
degree (222) The sum of the exponents of the
variables of a monomial.
degree of a polynomial in one variable (346) The
greatest exponent of the variable of the
polynomial.
dependent events (633) The outcome of one event
does affect the outcome of another event.
dependent system (111) A consistent system of
equations that has an infinite number of solutions.
dependent variable (59) The other variable in a
function, usually y, whose values depend on x.
depressed polynomial (366) The quotient when a
polynomial is divided by one of its binomial
factors.
determinant (182) A square array of numbers or
variables enclosed between two parallel lines.
dilation (176) A transformation in which a
geometric figure is enlarged or reduced.
dimensional analysis (225) Performing operations
with units.
dimensions of a matrix (155) The number of rows,
m, and the number of columns, n, of the matrix
written as m
n. m
n.
R4 Glossary/Glosario
término constante En f(x)  ax2  bx  c, c es el
término constante.
restricciones Condiciones a que están sujetas las
variables, a menudo escritas como desigualdades
lineales.
continuidad La gráfica de una función que se
puede calcar sin levantar nunca el lápiz del papel.
distribución de probabilidad continua El resultado
puede ser cualquier valor de un intervalo de
números reales, representados por curvas.
cosecante Para cualquier ángulo de medida , un
punto P(x, y) en su lado terminal, r  
x2  y2,
csc  

.
coseno Para cualquier ángulo de medida , un
punto P(x, y) en su lado terminal, r  
x2  y2,
cos  
r
.
cotangente Para cualquier ángulo de medida , un
punto P(x, y) en su lado terminal, r  
x2  y2,
cot  

.
ángulos coterminales Dos ángulos en posición
estándar que tienen el mismo lado terminal.
Regla de Crámer Método que usa determinantes
para resolver un sistema de ecuaciones lineales.
grado Suma de los exponentes de las variables de
un monomio.
grado de un polinomio de una variable El
exponente máximo de la variable del
polinomio.
eventos dependientes El resultado de un evento
afecta el resultado de otro evento.
sistema dependiente Sistema de ecuaciones que
posee un número infinito de soluciones.
variable dependiente La otra variable de una fun-
ción, por lo general y, cuyo valor depende de x.
polinomio reducido El cociente cuando se divide
un polinomio entre uno de sus factores
binomiales.
determinante Arreglo cuadrado de números o
variables encerrados entre dos rectas paralelas.
dilatación Transformación en que se amplía o
reduce una figura geométrica.
análisis dimensional Realizar operaciones con
unidades.
tamaño de una matriz El número de filas, m, y
columnas, n, de una matriz, lo que se escribe
directrix (419) See parabola.
direct variation (492) y varies directly as x if there
is some nonzero constant k such that y  kx.
k is called the constant of variation.
discrete probability distributions (671) Probabilities
that have a finite number of possible values.
discriminant (316) In the Quadratic Formula, the
expression b2  4ac.
Distance Formula (413) The distance between two
points with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
given by d  
(x2  x
1)  
2 (y2 
y1)2.
domain (56) The set of all x-coordinates of the
ordered pairs of a relation.
E
e (554) The irrational number 2.71828.... e is the base
of the natural logarithms.
element (155) Each value in a matrix.
elimination method (118) Eliminate one of the
variables in a system of equations by adding or
subtracting the equations.
ellipse (433) The set of all points in a plane such
that the sum of the distances from two given
points in the plane, called foci, is constant.
y y
Major axis
(a, 0) (a, 0)
a a
b b
O O
c x
F1 (c, 0)
F2 (c, 0)
Center Minor axis
empty set (29) The solution set for an equation that
has no solution, symbolized by { } or .
end behavior (349) The behavior of the graph as x
approaches positive infinity (+) or negative
infinity ().
equal matrices (155) Two matrices that have the
same dimensions and each element of one matrix
is equal to the corresponding element of the other
matrix.
equation (20) A mathematical sentence stating that
two mathematical expressions are equal.
expansion by minors (183) A method of evaluating
a third or high order determinant by using
determinants of lower order.
directriz Véase parábola.
variación directa y varía directamente con x si
hay una constante no nula k tal que y  kx.
k se llama la constante de variación.
distribución de probabilidad discreta Probabilidades
que tienen un número finito de valores posibles.
discriminante En la fórmula cuadrática, la
expresión b2  4ac.
Fórmula de la distancia La distancia entre dos
puntos (x1, y1) y (x2, y2) viene dada por
d  
(x2  x
1)  
2 (y2 
y1)2.
dominio El conjunto de todas las coordenadas x de
los pares ordenados de una relación.
e El número irracional 2.71828.... e es la base de los
logaritmos naturales.
elemento Cada valor de una matriz.
método de eliminación Eliminar una de las
variables de un sistema de ecuaciones sumando o
restando las ecuaciones.
elipse Conjunto de todos los puntos de un plano en
los que la suma de sus distancias a dos puntos
dados del plano, llamados focos, es constante.
Glossary/Glosario
eje mayor
(a, 0) (a, 0)
a a
c x
F1 (c, 0)
F2 (c, 0)
centro eje menor
conjunto vacío Conjunto solución de una ecuación
que no tiene solución, denotado por { } o .
comportamiento final El comportamiento de una
gráfica a medida que x tiende a más infinito (+)
o menos infinito ().
matrices iguales Dos matrices que tienen las
mismas dimensiones y en las que cada elemento
de una de ellas es igual al elemento
correspondiente en la otra matriz.
ecuación Enunciado matemático que afirma la
igualdad de dos expresiones matemáticas.
expansión por determinantes menores Un método
de calcular el determinante de tercer orden o
mayor mediante el uso de determinantes de
orden más bajo.
Glossary/Glosario R5
 exponential decay (524) Exponential decay occurs desintegración exponencial Ocurre cuando una can-
when a quantity decreases exponentially over time. tidad disminuye exponencialmente con el tiempo.
f (x ) f (x )

3 3

2 2
Exponential desintegración
1 Decay 1 exponencial

O O
2 1 1 2 x 2 1 1 2 x

exponential equation (526) An equation in which
the variables occur as exponents.
exponential function (524) A function of the form
y  abx, where a  0, b  0, and b  1.
exponential growth (524) Exponential growth
occurs when a quantity increases exponentially
over time.
f (x )
ecuación exponencial Ecuación en que las variables
aparecen en los exponentes.
función exponencial Una función de la forma
y  abx, donde a  0, b  0, y b  1.
crecimiento exponencial El que ocurre cuando una
cantidad aumenta exponencialmente con el
tiempo.
f (x )

3 3

2 2

1 Exponential 1 crecimiento
Growth exponencial
O O
2 1 1 2 x 2 1 1 2 x
Glossary/Glosario

extraneous solution (263) A number that does not solución extraña Número que no satisface la
satisfy the original equation. ecuación original.
extrapolation (82) Predicting for an x-value greater extrapolación Predicción para un valor de x mayor
than any in the data set. que cualquiera de los de un conjunto de datos.

F
factorial (613) If n is a positive integer, then
n!  n(n  1)(n  2) … 2  1.
failure (644) Any outcome other than the desired
outcome.
family of graphs (70) A group of graphs that
displays one or more similar characteristics.
feasible region (129) The intersection of the graphs
in a system of constraints.
Fibonacci sequence (606) A sequence in which the
first two terms are 1 and each of the additional
terms is the sum of the two previous terms.
focus (419, 433, 441) See parabola, ellipse, hyperbola.
FOIL method (230) The product of two binomials
is the sum of the products of F the first terms,
O the outer terms, I the inner terms, and L the
last terms.
formula (8) A mathematical sentence that expresses
the relationship between certain quantities.
R6 Glossary/Glosario
factorial Si n es un entero positivo, entonces
n!  n(n  1)(n  2) … 2  1.
fracaso Cualquier resultado distinto del deseado.
familia de gráficas Grupo de gráficas que presentan
una o más características similares.
región viable Intersección de las gráficas de un
sistema de restricciones.
sucesión de Fibonacci Sucesión en que los dos
primeros términos son iguales a 1 y cada término
que sigue es igual a la suma de los dos anteriores.
foco Véase parábola, elipse, hipérbola.
método FOIL El producto de dos binomios es la
suma de los productos de los primeros (First) tér-
minos, los términos exteriores (Outer), los términos
interiores (Inner) y los últimos (Last) términos.
fórmula Enunciado matemático que describe la
relación entre ciertas cantidades.
function (57) A relation in which each element of
the domain is paired with exactly one element in
the range.
function notation (59) An equation of y in terms of
x can be rewritten so that y  f(x). For example,
y  2x  1 can be written as f(x)  2x  1.
función Relación en que a cada elemento del
dominio le corresponde un solo elemento del
rango.
notación funcional Una ecuación de y en términos
de x puede escribirse en la forma y  f(x). Por
ejemplo, y  2x  1 puede escribirse como
f(x)  2x  1.

G
geometric mean (590) The terms between any two
nonsuccessive terms of a geometric sequence.
geometric sequence (588) A sequence in which each
term after the first is found by multiplying the
previous term by a constant r, called the common
ratio.
geometric series (594) The sum of the terms of a
geometric sequence.
greatest integer function (89) A step function,
written as f(x) 
x, where f(x) is the greatest se escribe f(x)  [x], donde f(x) es el meaximo
integer less than or equal to x.
media geométrica Cualquier término entre dos tér-
minos no consecutivos de una sucesión geométrica.
sucesión geométrica Sucesión en que cualquier
término después del primero puede hallarse
multiplicando el término anterior por una
constante r, llamada razón común .
serie geométrica La suma de los términos de una
sucesión geométrica.
función del máximo entero Una función etapa que
entero que es menor que o igual a x.

H
hyperbola (441) The set of all points in the plane
such that the absolute value of the difference of
the distances from two given points in the plane,
called foci, is constant.
hipérbola Conjunto de todos los puntos de un
plano en los que el valor absoluto de la diferencia
de sus distancias a dos puntos dados del plano,
llamados focos, es constante.

Glossary/Glosario
asymptote y asymptote asíntota y asíntota

transverse center eje centro

b c b c
axis transversal
vertex vertex vértice vértice
F1 O x F1 O x
F2 F2
a a

conjugate axis eje conjugado

hypothesis (686) A statement to be tested. hipótesis Proposición que debe ser verificada.

I
identity function (90, 391) The function I(x)  x. función identidad La función I(x)  x.
identity matrix (195) A square matrix that, when matriz identidad Matriz cuadrada que al multipli-
multiplied by another matrix, equals that same carse por otra matriz, es igual a la misma matriz.
matrix. If A is any n
n matrix and I is the n
n Si A es una matriz de n
n e I es la matriz identi-
identity matrix, then A  I  A and I  A  A. dad de n
n, entonces A  I  A y I  A  A.
image (175) The graph of an object after a imagen Gráfica de una figura después de una
transformation. transformación.
imaginary unit (270) i, or the principal square root unidad imaginaria i, o la raíz cuadrada principal de
of 1. 1.
inclusive (659) Two events whose outcomes may be inclusivo Dos eventos que pueden tener los mismos
the same. resultados.
Glossary/Glosario R7
 inconsistent (111) A system of equations that has no
solutions.
independent (111) A system of equations that has
exactly one solution.
independent events (632) Events that do not affect
each other.
independent variable (59) In a function, the variable,
usually x, whose values make up the domain.
index of summation (585) The variable used with
the summation symbol. In the expression below,
the index of summation is n.
3 3
 4n
n1
inductive hypothesis (618) The assumption that a
statement is true for some positive integer k,
inconsistente Sistema de ecuaciones que no tiene
solución alguna.
independiente Sistema de ecuaciones que sólo tiene
una solución.
eventos independientes Eventos que no se afectan
mutuamente.
variable independiente En una función, la variable,
por lo general x, cuyos valores forman el dominio.
índice de suma Variable que se usa con el símbolo
de suma. En la siguiente expresión, el índice de
suma es n.
 4n
n1
hipótesis inductiva El suponer que un enunciado es
verdadero para algún entero positivo k, donde k
where k  n.
infinite geometric series (599) A geometric series
with an infinite number of terms.
initial side of an angle (709) The fixed ray of an
angle.
y 90˚
terminal
side O terminal
180˚ initial side
vertex
Glossary/Glosario
270˚
interpolation (82) Predicting for an x-value between
the least and greatest values of the set.
intersection (40) The graph of a compound
inequality containing and.
interval notation (35) Using the infinity symbols,
 and , to indicate that the solution set of an
inequality is unbounded in the positive or
negative direction, respectively.
inverse (195) Two n
n matrices are inverses of inversa Dos matrices de n
n son inversas mutuas
each other if their product is the identity matrix.
inverse function (391) Two functions f and g are
inverse functions if and only if both of their
compositions are the identity function.
inverse of a trigonometric function (746) The
arccosine, arcsine, and arctangent relations.
inverse relations (390) Two relations are inverse
relations if and only if whenever one relation
contains the element (a, b) the other relation
contains the element (b, a).
inverse variation (493) y varies inversely as x if
there is some nonzero constant k such that xy  k
k k
or y 

.
x x
R8 Glossary/Glosario
 n.
serie geométrica infinita Serie geométrica con un
número infinito de términos.
lado inicial de un ángulo El rayo fijo de un ángulo.
y 90˚
lado
O
x 180˚ lado inicial x
vértice
270˚
interpolación Predecir un valor de x entre los
valores máximo y mínimo del conjunto de datos.
intersección Gráfica de una desigualdad compuesta
que contiene la palabra y.
notación de intervalo Uso de los símbolos de
infinito,  y , para indicar que el conjunto
solución de una desigualdad no es acotado en la
dirección positiva o negativa, respectivamente.
si su producto es la matriz identidad.
función inversa Dos funciones f y g son inversas
mutuas si y sólo si las composiciones de ambas
son la función identidad.
inversa de una función trigonométrica Las
relaciones arcocoseno, arcoseno y arcotangente.
relaciones inversas Dos relaciones son relaciones
inversas mutuas si y sólo si cada vez que una de
las relaciones contiene el elemento (a, b), la otra
contiene el elemento (b, a).
variación inversa y varía inversamente con x si hay
una constante no nula k tal que xy  k o
y 

.
irrational number (11) A real number that is not
rational. The decimal form neither terminates nor
repeats.
isometry (175) A transformation in which the
image and preimage are congruent figures.
iteration (608) The process of composing a function
with itself repeatedly.
J
joint variation (493) y varies jointly as x and z if
there is some nonzero constant k such that
y  kxz, where x  0 and z  0.
L
latus rectum (421) The line segment through the
focus of a parabola and perpendicular to the axis
of symmetry.
Law of Cosines (733–734) Let ABC be any triangle
with a, b, and c representing the measures of
sides, and opposite angles with measures A, B,
and C, respectively. Then the following equations
are true.
a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A
b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B
c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C
Law of Sines (726) Let ABC be any triangle with
a, b, and c representing the measures of sides
opposite angles with measurements A, B, and C,
sin A sin B sin C
respectively. Then





.
a b c a
leading coefficient (346) The coefficient of the term
with the highest degree.
like radical expressions (252) Two radical
expressions in which both the radicands and
indices are alike.
like terms (229) Monomials that can be combined.
limit (593) The value that the terms of a sequence
approach.
linear equation (63) An equation that has no
operations other than addition, subtraction, and
multiplication of a variable by a constant.
linear function (63) A function whose ordered pairs
satisfy a linear equation.
linear permutation (638) The arrangement of
objects or people in a line.
linear programming (130) The process of finding
the maximum or minimum values of a function
for a region defined by inequalities.
linear term (286) In the equation f(x)  ax2  bx  c,
bx is the linear term.
número irracional Número que no es racional. Su
expansión decimal no es ni terminal ni
periódica.
isometría Transformación en que la imagen y la
preimagen son figuras congruentes.
iteración Proceso de componer una función consigo
misma repetidamente.
variación conjunta y varía conjuntamente con x y z
si hay una constante no nula k tal que
y  kxz, donde x  0 y z  0.
latus rectum El segmento de recta que pasa por el
foco de una parábola y que es perpendicular a su
eje de simetría.
Ley de los cosenos Sea ABC un triángulo
cualquiera, con a, b y c las longitudes de los lados
y con ángulos opuestos de medidas A, B y C,
respectivamente. Entonces se cumplen las
siguientes ecuaciones.
a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A
b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B
c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C
Ley de los senos Sea ABC cualquier triángulo con
Glossary/Glosario
a, b y c las longitudes de los lados y con ángulos
opuestos de medidas A, B y C, respectivamente.
sin A sin B sin C
Entonces





.
b c
coeficiente líder Coeficiente del término de mayor
grado.
expresiones radicales semejantes Dos expresiones
radicales en que tanto los radicandos como los
índices son semejantes.
términos semejantes Monomios que pueden
combinarse.
límite El valor al que tienden los términos de una
sucesión.
ecuación lineal Ecuación sin otras operaciones que
las de adición, sustracción y multiplicación de
una variable por una constante.
función lineal Función cuyos pares ordenados
satisfacen una ecuación lineal.
permutación lineal Arreglo de personas o figuras
en una línea.
programación lineal Proceso de hallar los valores
máximo o mínimo de una función lineal en una
región definida por las desigualdades.
término lineal En la ecuación f(x)  ax2  bx  c, el
término lineal es bx.
Glossary/Glosario R9
 line of fit (81) A line that closely approximates a set
of data.
logarithm (531) In the function x  by, y is called the
logarithm, base b, of x. Usually written as y 
logb x and is read “y equals log base b of x.”
logarithmic equation (533) An equation that
contains one or more logarithms.
logarithmic function (532) The function y  logb x,
where b  0 and b  1, which is the inverse of the
exponential function y  bx.
M
m  n matrix (155) A matrix with m rows and n
columns.
major axis (434) The longer of the two line segments
that form the axes of symmetry of an ellipse.
mapping (57) How each member of the domain is
paired with each member of the range.
margin of sampling error (ME) (682) The limit on
the difference between how a sample responds
and how the total population would respond.
mathematical induction (618) A method of proof
used to prove statements about positive integers.
Glossary/Glosario
matrix (154) Any rectangular array of variables or
constants in horizontal rows and vertical columns.
maximum value (288) The y-coordinate of the vertex
of the quadratic function f(x)  ax2  bx  c,
where a  0.
measure of central tendency (665) A number that
represents the center or middle of a set of data.
measure of variation (664) A representation of how
spread out or scattered a set of data is.
midline (771) A horizontal axis used as the
reference line about which the graph of a periodic
function oscillates.
minimum value (288) The y-coordinate of the
vertex of the quadratic function f(x)  ax2  bx 
c, where a  0.
minor (183) The determinant formed when the row
and column containing that element are deleted.
minor axis (434) The shorter of the two line segments
that form the axes of symmetry of an ellipse.
monomial (222) An expression that is a number, a
variable, or the product of a number and one or
more variables.
R10 Glossary/Glosario
recta de ajuste Recta que se aproxima estrecha-
mente a un conjunto de datos.
logaritmo En la función x  b y, y es el logaritmo en
base b, de x. Generalmente escrito como y  logb
x y se lee “y es igual al logaritmo en base b de x.”
ecuación logarítmica Ecuación que contiene uno o
más logaritmos.
función logarítmica La función y  logb x, donde
b  0 y b  1, inversa de la función exponencial
y  bx.
matriz de m  n Matriz de m filas y n columnas.
eje mayor El más largo de dos segmentos de recta
que forman los ejes de simetría de una elipse.
transformaciones La correspondencia entre cada
miembro del dominio con cada miembro del rango.
margen de error muestral (EM) Límite en la diferen-
cia entre las respuestas obtenidas con una muestra
y cómo pudiera responder la población entera.
inducción matemática Método de demostrar
enunciados sobre los enteros positivos.
matriz Arreglo rectangular de variables o constan-
tes en filas horizontales y columnas verticales.
valor máximo La coordenada y del vértice de la
función cuadrática f(x)  ax2  bx  c, donde
a  0.
medida de tendencia central Número que represen-
ta el centro o medio de un conjunto de datos.
medida de variación Número que representa la
dispersión de un conjunto de datos.
recta central Eje horizontal que se usa como recta
de referencia alrededor de la cual oscila la gráfica
de una función periódica.
valor mínimo La coordenada y del vértice de la
función cuadrática f(x)  ax2  bx  c, donde
a  0.
determinante menor El que se forma cuando se
descartan la fila y columna que contienen dicho
elemento.
eje menor El más corto de los dos segmentos de
recta de los ejes de simetría de una elipse.
monomio Expresión que es un número, una varia-
ble o el producto de un número por una o más
variables.
mutually exclusive (658) Two events that cannot
occur at the same time.
N
nth root (245) For any real numbers a and b, and any
positive integer n, if an  b, then a is an nth root
of b.
natural base exponential function (554) An
exponential function with base e, y  ex.
natural logarithm (554) Logarithms with base e,
written ln x.
natural logarithmic function (554) y  ln x, the
inverse of the natural base exponential function
y  ex.
negative exponent (222) For any real number a  0
1 1
and any integer n, an 

n and

n  an.
a a
normal distribution (671) A frequency distribution
that often occurs when there is a large number of
values in a set of data: about 68% of the values
are within one standard deviation of the mean,
95% of the values are within two standard
deviations from the mean, and 99% of the values
are within three standard deviations.
Normal Distribution
O
octants (136) The eight regions of three-dimensional
space.
odds (645) The ratio of the number of the successes of
an event to the number of failures.
one-to-one function (57, 392) 1. A function where
each element of the range is paired with exactly
one element of the domain 2. A function whose
inverse is a function.
open sentence (20) A mathematical sentence
containing one or more variables.
ordered pair (56) A pair of coordinates, written in
the form (x, y), used to locate any point on a
coordinate plane.
ordered triple (136, 139) 1. The coordinates of a
point in space 2. The solution of a system of
equations in three variables x, y, and z.
mutuamente exclusivos Dos eventos que no
pueden ocurrir simultáneamente.
raíz enésima Para cualquier número real a y b y
cualquier entero positivo n, si an  b, entonces a
se llama una raíz enésima de b.
función exponencial natural La función
exponencial de base e, y  ex.
logaritmo natural Logaritmo de base e, el que se
escribe ln x.
función logarítmica natural y  ln x, la inversa
de la función exponencial natural
y  ex.
exponente negativo Para cualquier número real a  0
1 1
cualquier entero positivo n, an 

n y

n  an.
a a
distribución normal Distribución de frecuencia que
aparece a menudo cuando hay un número grande
de datos: cerca del 68% de los datos están dentro
de una desviación estándar de la media, 95%
están dentro de dos desviaciones estándar de la
media y 99% están dentro de tres desviaciones
estándar de la media.
Distribución normal
Glossary/Glosario
octantes Las ocho regiones del espacio
tridimensional.
posibilidades Razón del número de éxitos de un
evento a su número de fracasos.
función biunívoca 1. Función en la que a cada
elemento del rango le corresponde sólo un
elemento del dominio. 2. Función cuya inversa
es una función.
enunciado abierto Enunciado matemático que
contiene una o más variables.
par ordenado Un par de números, escrito en la
forma (x, y), que se usa para ubicar cualquier
punto en un plano de coordenadas.
triple ordenado 1. Las coordenadas de un punto en
el espacio 2. Solución de un sistema de
ecuaciones en tres variables x, y y z.
Glossary/Glosario R11
 Order of Operations (6) Orden de las operaciones
Step 1 Evaluate expressions inside grouping Paso 1 Evalúa las expresiones dentro de
symbols. símbolos de agrupamiento.
Step 2 Evaluate all powers. Paso 2 Evalúa todas las potencias.
Step 3 Do all multiplications and/or divisions Paso 3 Ejecuta todas las multiplicaciones y
from left to right. divisiones de izquierda a derecha.
Step 4 Do all additions and subtractions from Paso 4 Ejecuta todas las adiciones y
left to right. sustracciones de izquierda a derecha.
outcomes (632) The results of a probability resultados Lo que produce un experimento o
experiment/an event. evento probabilístico.
outlier (826) A data point that does not appear to valor atípico Dato que no parece pertenecer al resto
belong to the rest of the set. el conjunto.

P
parabola (286, 419) The set of all points in a plane parábola Conjunto de todos los puntos de un plano
that are the same distance from a given point, que están a la misma distancia de un punto dado,
called the focus, and a given line, called the llamado foco, y de una recta dada, llamada
directrix. directriz.
y y
xh xh

axis of eje de
symmetry simetría
(h, k) (h, k)
vertex vértice
O x O x
Glossary/Glosario

parallel lines (70) Nonvertical coplanar lines with
the same slope.
parent graph (70) The simplest of graphs in a
family.
partial sum (599) The sum of the first n terms of a
series.
Pascal’s triangle (612) A triangular array of
numbers such that the (n  1)th row is the
coefficient of the terms of the expansion (x  y)n
for n  0, 1, 2 ...
period (741) The least possible value of a for which
f(x)  f(x  a).
periodic function (741) A function is called periodic
if there is a number a such that f(x)  f(x  a) for
all x in the domain of the function.
permutation (638) An arrangement of objects in
which order is important.
perpendicular lines (71) In a plane, any two oblique
lines the product of whose slopes is 1.
phase shift (769) A horizontal translation of a
trigonometric function.
piecewise function (91) A function that is written
using two or more expressions.
R12 Glossary/Glosario
rectas paralelas Rectas coplanares no verticales con
la misma pendiente.
gráfica madre La gráfica más sencilla en una familia
de gráficas.
suma parcial La suma de los primeros n términos
de una serie.
Triángulo de Pascal Arreglo triangular de números
en el que la fila (n  1)n proporciona los
coeficientes de los términos de la expansión de
(x  y)n para n  0, 1, 2 ...
período El menor valor positivo posible para a, para
el cual f(x)  f(x  a).
función periódica Función para la cual hay un
número a tal que f(x)  f(x  a) para todo x en el
dominio de la función .
permutación Arreglo de elementos en que el orden
es importante.
rectas perpendiculares En un plano, dos rectas
oblicuas cualesquiera cuyas pendientes tienen un
producto igual a 1.
desvío de fase Traslación horizontal de una función
trigonométrica.
función a intervalos Función que se escribe usando
dos o más expresiones.
point discontinuity (485) If the original function is
undefined for x  a but the related rational
expression of the function in simplest form is
defined for x  a, then there is a hole in the graph
at x  a.
f (x )
point
discontinuity
O x
point-slope form (76) An equation in the form
y  y1  m(x  x1) where (x1, y1) are the
coordinates of a point on the line and m is the
slope of the line.
polynomial (229) A monomial or a sum of
monomials.
polynomial function (347) A function that is
represented by a polynomial equation.
polynomial in one variable (346) a0xn  a1xn  1 
…  an2x2  an  1x  an, where the coefficients
a0, a1, …, an represent real numbers, and a0 is not
zero and n is a nonnegative integer.
power (222) An expression of the form xn.
power function (704) An equation in the form
f(x)  axb, where a and b are real numbers.
prediction equation (81) An equation suggested by
the points of a scatter plot that is used to predict
other points.
preimage (175) The graph of an object before a
transformation.
principal root (246) The nonnegative root.
principal values (746) The values in the restricted
domains of trigonometric functions.
probability (644) A ratio that measures the chances
of an event occurring.
probability distribution (646) A function that maps
the sample space to the probabilities of the
outcomes in the sample space for a particular
random variable.
pure imaginary number (270) The square roots of
negative real numbers. For any positive real
number b, 
b2   , or bi.
b2  1
Q
quadrantal angle (718) An angle in standard position
whose terminal side coincides with one of the axes.
quadrants (56) The four areas of a Cartesian
coordinate plane.
discontinuidad evitable Si la función original no
está definida en x  a pero la expresión racional
reducida correspondiente de la función está
definida en x  a, entonces la gráfica tiene una
ruptura o corte en x  a.
f (x )
discontinuidad
evitable
O x
forma punto-pendiente Ecuación de la forma
y  y1  m(x  x1) donde (x1, y1) es un punto en
la recta y m es la pendiente de la recta.
polinomio Monomio o suma de monomios.
función polinomial Función representada por una
ecuación polinomial.
polinomio de una variable a0xn  a1xn  1 
…  an2x2  an  1x  an, donde los coeficientes
a0, a1, …, an son números reales, a0 no es nulo y n
es un entero no negativo.
potencia Expresión de la forma xn.
función potencia Ecuación de la forma
f(x)  axb, donde a y b son números reales.
Glossary/Glosario
ecuación de predicción Ecuación sugerida por los
puntos de una gráfica de dispersión y que se usa
para predecir otros puntos.
preimagen Gráfica de una figura antes de una
transformación.
raíz principal La raíz no negativa.
valores principales Valores en los dominios
restringidos de las funciones trigonométricas.
probabilidad Razón que mide la posibilidad de que
ocurra un evento.
distribución de probabilidad Función que aplica el
espacio muestral a las probabilidades de los
resultados en el espacio muestral obtenidos para
una variable aleatoria particular.
número imaginario puro Raíz cuadrada de un
número real negativo. Para cualquier número
real positivo b, 
b2    ó bi.
b2  1
ángulo de cuadrante Ángulo en posición estándar
cuyo lado terminal coincide con uno de los ejes.
cuadrantes Las cuatro regiones de un plano de
coordenadas cartesiano.
Glossary/Glosario R13
 quadratic equation (294) A quadratic function set
equal to a value, in the form ax2  bx  c, where
a  0.
quadratic form (360) For any numbers a, b, and c,
except for a  0, an equation that can be written
in the form a[f(x)2]  b[f(x)]  c  0, where f(x) is
some expression in x.
Quadratic Formula (313) The solutions of a quadratic
equation of the form ax2  bx  c  0, where
a  0, are given by the Quadratic Formula, which
b  
is x 

.
b2  4ac
2a
quadratic function (286) A function described by
the equation f(x)  ax2  bx  c, where a  0.
quadratic term (286) In the equation f(x)  ax2 
bx  c, ax2 is the quadratic term.
R
radian (710) The measure of an angle
in standard
position whose rays intercept an arc of length 1
unit on the unit circle.
radical equation (263) An equation with radicals
that have variables in the radicands.
radical inequality (264) An inequality that has a
variable in the radicand.
random (645) All outcomes have an equally likely
Glossary/Glosario
chance of happening.
random variable (646) The outcome of a random
process that has a numerical value.
range (56) The set of all y-coordinates of a relation.
rate of change (69) How much a quantity changes
on average, relative to the change in another
quantity, often time.
rate of decay (560) The percent decrease r in the
equation y  a(1  r)t.
rate of growth (562) The percent increase r in the
equation y  a(1  r)t.
rational equation (505) Any equation that contains
one or more rational expressions.
rational exponent (258) For any nonzero real
number b, and any integers m and n, with n  1,
m m



b n  bm  b , except when b  0 and n is
n n m n
even.
rational expression (472) A ratio of two polynomial
expressions.
rational function (472) An equation of the
p(x)
form f(x) 

, where p(x) and q(x) are
q(x)
polynomial functions, and q(x)  0.
R14 Glossary/Glosario
ecuación cuadrática Función cuadrática igual a un
valor, de la forma ax2  bx  c, donde
a  0.
forma de ecuación cuadrática Para cualquier
número a, b y c, excepto a  0, una ecuación que
puede escribirse de la forma a[f(x)2]  b[f(x)]  c
 0, donde f(x) es una expresión en x.
Fórmula cuadrática Las soluciones de una ecuación
cuadrática de la forma ax2  bx  c  0, donde
a  0, se dan por la fórmula cuadrática, que es
b  
x 

.
b2  4ac
2a
función cuadrática Función descrita por la ecuación
f(x)  ax2  bx  c, donde a  0.
término cuadrático En la ecuación f(x)  ax2 
bx  c, el término cuadrático es ax2.
radián Medida de un ángulo
en posición normal
cuyos rayos intersecan un arco de 1 unidad de
longitud en el círculo unitario.
ecuación radical Ecuación con radicales que tienen
variables en el radicando.
desigualdad radical Desigualdad que tiene una
variable en el radicando.
aleatorio Todos los resultados son equiprobables.
variable aleatoria El resultado de un proceso
aleatorio que tiene un valor numérico.
rango Conjunto de todas las coordenadas y de una
relación.
tasa de cambio Lo que cambia una cantidad en
promedio, respecto al cambio en otra cantidad,
por lo general el tiempo.
tasa de desintegración Disminución porcentual r en
la ecuación y  a(1  r)t.
tasa de crecimiento Aumento porcentual r en la
ecuación y  a(1  r)t.
ecuación racional Cualquier ecuación que contiene
una o más expresiones racionales.
exponente racional Para cualquier número real no
nulo b y cualquier entero m y n, con n  1,



b n  
bm  b , excepto cuando b  0 y n es
m n
par.
expresión racional Razón de dos expresiones
polinomiales.
función racional Ecuación de la forma
p(x)
f(x) 

, donde p(x) y q(x) son funciones
q(x)
polinomiales y q(x)  0.
rational inequality (508) Any inequality that
contains one or more rational expressions.
rationalizing the denominator (251) To eliminate
radicals from a denominator or fractions from a
radicand.
m m
rational number (11) Any number

, where m and
n n
n are integers and n is not zero. The decimal form
is either a terminating or repeating decimal.
real numbers (11) All numbers used in everyday
life; the set of all rational and irrational numbers.
recursive formula (606) Each term is formulated
from one or more previous terms.
reference angle (718) The acute angle formed by the
terminal side of an angle in standard position and
the x-axis.
reflection (177) A transformation in which every
point of a figure is mapped to a corresponding
image across a line of symmetry.
reflection matrix (177) A matrix used to reflect an
object over a line or plane.
regression line (87) A line of best fit.
relation (56) A set of ordered pairs.
relative frequency histogram (646) A table of
probabilities or a graph to help visualize a
probability distribution.
relative maximum (354) A point on the graph of a
function where no other nearby points have a
greater y-coordinate.
f (x )
relative maximum
O x
relative minimum
relative minimum (354) A point on the graph of a
function where no other nearby points have a
lesser y-coordinate.
root (294) The solutions of a quadratic equation.
rotation (178) A transformation in which an object is
moved around a center point, usually the origin.
rotation matrix (178) A matrix used to rotate an
object.
row matrix (155) A matrix that has only one row.
desigualdad racional Cualquier desigualdad que
contiene una o más expresiones racionales.
racionalizar el denominador La eliminación de
radicales de un denominador o de fracciones de
un radicando.
número racional Cualquier número

, donde m y n
son enteros y n no es cero. Su expansión decimal
es o terminal o periódica.
números reales Todos los números que se usan en
la vida cotidiana; el conjunto de los todos los
números racionales e irracionales.
fórmula recursiva Cada término proviene de uno o
más términos anteriores.
ángulo de referencia El ángulo agudo formado por
el lado terminal de un ángulo en posición
estándar y el eje x.
reflexión Transformación en que cada punto de una
figura se aplica a través de una recta de simetría a
su imagen correspondiente.
matriz de reflexión Matriz que se usa para reflejar
una figura sobre una recta o plano.
recta de regresión Una recta de óptimo ajuste.
relación Conjunto de pares ordenados.
histograma de frecuencia relativa Tabla de probabi-
lidades o gráfica para asistir en la visualización
Glossary/Glosario
de una distribución de probabilidad.
máximo relativo Punto en la gráfica de una función
en donde ningún otro punto cercano tiene una
coordenada y mayor.
f (x )
máximo relativo
O x
mínimo relativo
mínimo relativo Punto en la gráfica de una función
en donde ningún otro punto cercano tiene una
coordenada y menor.
raíz Las soluciones de una ecuación cuadrática.
rotación Transformación en que una figura se hace
girar alrededor de un punto central, generalmente
el origen.
matriz de rotación Matriz que se usa para hacer
girar un objeto.
matriz fila Matriz que sólo tiene una fila.
Glossary/Glosario R15
 S
sample space (632) The set of all possible outcomes espacio muestral Conjunto de todos los resultados
of an event. posibles de un experimento probabilístico.
scalar (162) A constant. escalar Una constante.
scalar multiplication (162) Multiplying any matrix multiplicación por escalares Multiplicación de una
by a constant called a scalar; the product of a matriz por una constante llamada escalar;
scalar k and an m
n matrix. producto de un escalar k y una matriz de m
n.
scatter plot (81) A set of data graphed as ordered gráfica de dispersión Conjuntos de datos grafica-
pairs in a coordinate plane. dos como pares ordenados en un plano de
coordenadas.
scientific notation (225) The expression of a notación científica Escritura de un número en
number in the form a
10n, where 1  a  10 la forma a
10n, donde 1  a  10 y n es un
and n is an integer. entero.
secant (701) For any angle, with measure , a point secante Para cualquier ángulo de medida , un
P(x, y) on its terminal side, r  
x2  y2, punto P(x, y) en su lado terminal, r  
x2  y2,
r r
sec  

. sec  

.
x x
second-order determinant (182) The determinant of determinante de segundo orden El determinante
a 2
2 matrix. de una matriz de 2
2.
sequence (578) A list of numbers in a particular order. sucesión Lista de números en un orden particular.
series (583) The sum of the terms of a sequence. serie Suma específica de los términos de una sucesión.
set-builder notation (34) The expression of the notación de construcción de conjuntos Escritura
solution set of an inequality, for example {x x  9}. del conjunto solución de una desigualdad, por
ejemplo, {x x  9}.
sigma notation (585) For any sequence a1, a2, a3,…, notación de suma Para cualquier sucesión a1, a2,
k a3,…, la suma de los k primeros términos puede
the sum of the first k terms may be written  an, k
escribirse  an, lo que se lee “la suma de n  1 a
Glossary/Glosario

n1
which is read “the summation from n  1 to k of n1 k
k k de los an.” Así,  an  a1  a2  a3  …  ak,
an.” Thus,  an  a1  a2  a3  …  ak, where k n1
n1 donde k es un valor entero.
is an integer value.

simple event (658) One event. evento simple Un solo evento.

simplify (222) To rewrite an expression without reducir Escribir una expresión sin paréntesis o
parentheses or negative exponents. exponentes negativos.
simulation (681) The use of a probability simulación Uso de un experimento probabilístico
experiment to mimic a real-life situation. para imitar una situación de la vida real.
sine (701) For any angle, with measure , a point seno Para cualquier ángulo, de medida , un punto
P(x, y) on its terminal side, r  
x2 + y2, sin P(x, y) en su lado terminal, r  
x2 + y2, sin
y y
 

.  

.
r r
skewed distribution (671) A curve or histogram distribución asimétrica Curva o histograma que no
that is not symmetric. es simétrico.
Positively Skewed Negatively Skewed Positivamente Alabeada Negativamente Alabeada

R16 Glossary/Glosario
slope (68) The ratio of the change in y-coordinates
to the change in x-coordinates.
slope-intercept form (75) The equation of a line in
the form y  mx  b, where m is the slope and b
is the y-intercept.
solution (20) A replacement for the variable in an
open sentence that results in a true sentence.
solving a right triangle (704) The process of finding
the measures of all of the sides and angles of a
right triangle.
square matrix (155) A matrix with the same number
of rows and columns.
square root (245) For any real numbers a and b, if
a2  b, then a is a square root of b.
square root function (395) A function that contains
a square root of a variable.
Square Root Property (306) For any real number n,
.
if x2  n, then x   n
standard deviation (665) The square root of the
variance, represented by .
standard form (64) A linear equation written in the
form Ax  By  C, where A, B, and C are real
numbers and A and B are not both zero.
standard position (709) An angle positioned so that
its vertex is at the origin and its initial side is
along the positive x-axis.
step function (89) A function whose graph is a series
of line segments.
substitution method (116) A method of solving a
system of equations in which one equation is
solved for one variable in terms of the other.
success (644) The desired outcome of an event.
synthetic division (234) A method used to divide a
polynomial by a binomial.
synthetic substitution (365) The use of synthetic
division to evaluate a function.
system of equations (110) A set of equations with
the same variables.
system of inequalities (123) A set of inequalities
with the same variables.
T
tangent (427, 701) 1. A line that intersects a circle at
exactly one point. 2. For any angle, with
measure , a point P(x, y) on its terminal side,
y y
r  
x2  y2, tan  

.
x x
pendiente La razón del cambio en coordenadas y al
cambio en coordenadas x.
forma pendiente-intersección Ecuación de una
recta de la forma y  mx  b, donde m es la
pendiente y b la intersección.
solución Sustitución de la variable de un enunciado
abierto que resulta en un enunciado verdadero.
resolver un triángulo rectángulo Proceso de hallar
las medidas de todos los lados y ángulos de un
triángulo rectángulo.
matriz cuadrada Matriz con el mismo número de
filas y columnas.
raíz cuadrada Para cualquier número real a y b, si
a2  b, entonces a es una raíz cuadrada de b.
función radical Función que contiene la raíz
cuadrada de una variable.
Propiedad de la raíz cuadrada Para cualquier
.
número real n, si x2  n, entonces x   n
desviación estándar La raíz cuadrada de la
varianza, la que se escribe .
forma estándar Ecuación lineal escrita de la forma
Ax  By  C, donde A, B, y C son números reales
y A y B no son cero simultáneamente.
posición estándar Ángulo en posición tal que su
vértice está en el origen y su lado inicial está a lo
largo del eje x positivo.
función etapa Función cuya gráfica es una serie de
segmentos de recta.
Glossary/Glosario
método de sustitución Método para resolver un
sistema de ecuaciones en que una de las
ecuaciones se resuelve en una de las variables en
términos de la otra.
éxito El resultado deseado de un evento.
división sintética Método que se usa para dividir
un polinomio entre un binomio.
sustitución sintética Uso de la división sintética
para evaluar una función polinomial.
sistema de ecuaciones Conjunto de ecuaciones con
las mismas variables.
sistema de desigualdades Conjunto de
desigualdades con las mismas variables.
tangente 1. Recta que interseca un círculo en un solo
punto. 2. Para cualquier ángulo, de medida ,
un punto P(x, y) en su lado terminal,
r  
x2  y2, tan  

.
Glossary/Glosario R17
 term (229, 578) 1. The monomials that make up a
polynomial. 2. Each number in a sequence or
series.
terminal side of an angle (709) A ray of an angle
that rotates about the center.
y 90˚
término 1. Los monomios que constituyen un
polinomio. 2. Cada número de una sucesión o
serie.
lado terminal de un ángulo Rayo de un ángulo que
gira alrededor de un centro.
y 90˚

terminal lado
side O terminal O
180˚ initial side x 180˚ lado inicial x

vertex vértice

270˚ 270˚

third-order determinant (183) Determinants of a determinante de tercer orden Determinante de una

3
3 matrix. matriz de 3
3.
transformation (175) Functions that map points of a
pre-image onto its image.
translation (175) A figure is moved from one
location to another on the coordinate plane
without changing its size, shape, or orientation.
translation matrix (175) A matrix that represents a
translated figure.
transverse axis (442) The segment of length 2a
whose endpoints are the vertices of a hyperbola.
trigonometric equation (799) An equation
containing at least one trigonometric function
Glossary/Glosario
transformación Funciones que aplican puntos de
una preimagen en su imagen.
traslación Se mueve una figura de un lugar a otro
en un plano de coordenadas sin cambiar su
tamaño, forma u orientación.
matriz de traslación Matriz que representa una
figura trasladada.
eje transversal El segmento de longitud 2a cuyos
extremos son los vértices de una hipérbola.
ecuación trigonométrica Ecuación que contiene por
lo menos una función trigonométrica y que sólo

that is true for some but not all values of the se cumple para algunos valores de la variable.
variable.
trigonometric functions (701, 717) For any angle, funciones trigonométricas Para cualquier ángulo,
with measure , a point P(x, y) on its terminal de medida , un punto P(x, y) en su lado
side, r   x2  y2, the trigonometric functions of terminal, r  x2  y2, las funciones
 are as follows. trigonométricas de  son las siguientes.
y x y y x y
sin  

cos  

tan  

sen  

cos  

tan  


r r x r r x
r r x r r x
csc  

sec  
x
cot  

csc  

sec  
x
cot  


y y y y
trigonometric identity (777) An equation involving identidad trigonométrica Ecuación que involucra
a trigonometric function that is true for all values una o más funciones trigonométricas y que se
of the variable. cumple para todos los valores de la variable.
trigonometry (701) The study of the relationships trigonometría Estudio de las relaciones entre los
between the angles and sides of a right triangle. lados y ángulos de un triángulo rectángulo.
trinomial (229) A polynomial with three unlike terms. trinomio Polinomio con tres términos diferentes.

U
unbiased sample (682) A sample in which every muestra no sesgada Muestra en que cualquier
possible sample has an equal chance of being muestra posible tiene la misma posibilidad de
selected. seleccionarse.
unbounded (130) A system of inequalities that no acotado Sistema de desigualdades que forma
forms a region that is open. una región abierta.
union (41) The graph of a compound inequality unión Gráfica de una desigualdad compuesta que
containing or. contiene la palabra o.
R18 Glossary/Glosario
unit circle (710) A circle of radius 1 unit whose
center is at the origin of a coordinate system.
(0, 1) y
measures 1 radian.
1 1 unit
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
O x
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
V
variables (7) Symbols, usually letters, used to
represent unknown quantities.
variance (665) The mean of the squares of the
deviations from the arithmetic mean.
vertex (287, 442) 1. The point at which the axis of
symmetry intersects a parabola. 2. The point on
each branch nearest the center of a hyperbola.
vertex form (322) A quadratic function in the form
y  a(x  h)2  k, where (h, k) is the vertex of the
parabola and x  h is its axis of symmetry.
vertex matrix (175) A matrix used to represent the
coordinates of the vertices of a polygon.
vertical asymptote (485) If the related rational
expression of a function is written in simplest
form and is undefined for x  a, then x  a is a
vertical asymptote.
vertical line test (57) If no vertical line intersects a
graph in more than one point, then the graph
represents a function.
vertices (129) The maximum or minimum value
that a linear function has for the points in a
feasible region.
X
x-intercept (65) The x-coordinate of the point at
which a graph crosses the x-axis.
Y
y-intercept (65) The y-coordinate of the point at
which a graph crosses the y-axis.
Z
zeros (294) The x-intercepts of the graph of a
quadratic equation; the points for which f(x)  0.
zero matrix (155) A matrix in which every element
is zero.
círculo unitario Círculo de radio 1 cuyo centro es el
origen de un sistema de coordenadas.
(0, 1) y
mide 1 radián.
1 1 unidad


O x
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
variables Símbolos, por lo general letras, que se
usan para representar cantidades desconocidas.
varianza Media de los cuadrados de las
desviaciones de la media aritmética.
vértice 1. Punto en el que el eje de simetría
interseca una parábola. 2. El punto en cada
rama más cercano al centro de una hipérbola.
forma de vértice Función cuadrática de la forma
y  a(x  h)2  k, donde (h, k) es el vértice de la
parábola y x  h es su eje de simetría.
matriz de vértice Matriz que se usa para escribir las
coordenadas de los vértices de un polígono.
asíntota vertical Si la expresión racional que
corresponde a una función racional se reduce y
Glossary/Glosario
está no definida en x  a, entonces x  a es una
asíntota vertical.
prueba de la recta vertical Si ninguna recta vertical
interseca una gráfica en más de un punto,
entonces la gráfica representa una función.
vértices El valor máximo o mínimo que una
función lineal tiene para los puntos en una
región viable.
intersección x La coordenada x del punto o puntos
en que una gráfica interseca o cruza el eje x.
intersección y La coordenada y del punto o puntos
en que una gráfica interseca o cruza el eje y.
ceros Las intersecciones x de la gráfica de una ecua-
ción cuadrática; los puntos x para los que f(x)  0.
matriz nula Matriz cuyos elementos son todos igual
a cero.
Glossary/Glosario R19
 Selected Answers

Chapter 1 Solving Equations and 71. Answers should include the following.
Inequalities • Instead of doubling each coupon value and then adding
these values together, the Distributive Property could be
Page 5 Chapter 1 Getting Started applied allowing you to add the coupon values first and
5 1 then double the sum.
1. 19.84 3. 17.51 5. 

7. 2

9. 0.48 11. 1.1
12 6 • If a store had a 25% off sale on all merchandise, the
2 4 4
13. 2

15. 8

17. 8 19. 49 21. 0.64 23.

25. false Distributive Property could be used to calculate these
3 5 9
27. true 29. false 31. true savings. For example, the savings on a $15 shirt, $40 pair
of jeans, and $25 pair of slacks could be calculated as
Pages 8–10 Lesson 1-1 0.25(15)  0.25(40)  0.25(25) or as 0.25(15  40  25)
1. First, find the sum of c and d. Divide this sum by e. using the Distributive Property.
Multiply the quotient by b. Finally, add a. 3. b; The sum of 73. C 75. False; 0  1  1, which is not a whole number.
2
the cost of adult and children tickets should be subtracted 77. False; 2 3 

, which is not a whole number. 79. 6
3
from 50. Therefore parentheses need to be inserted around 81. 2.75 83. 11 85. 4.3
this sum to insure that this addition is done before
subtraction. 5. 6 7. 1 9. 119 11. 23 13. $432
15. $1162.50 17. 3 19. 25 21. 34 23. 5 25. 31 Page 17 Practice Quiz 1
6 7
27. 14 29. 3 31. 162 33. 2.56
1
35. 25

37. 31.25 1. 14 3. 6 5. 2 amperes 7. N, W, Z, Q, R 9. 

,


3 7 6
drops per min 39. 2 41. 4.2 43. 4 45. 1.4 47. 8
1
49. 2

51. 16 53. $8266.03 55. Sample answer: Pages 24–27 Lesson 1-3
6
4  4  4 4  1; 4 4  4 4  2; (4  4  4) 4  3; 1. Sample answer: 2x  14
4 (4  4)  4  4; (4 4  4) 4  5; (4  4) 4  4  6; 3. Jamal; his method can be confirmed by solving the
44 4  4  7; (4  4) (4 4)  8; 4  4  4 4  9; equation using an alternative method.
2 5
(44  4) 4  10 57. C 59. 3 61. 10 63. 2 65.

C 

(F  32)
3 9
5 5
Pages 14–17 Lesson 1-2 C 

F 

(32)
9 9
1a. Sample answer: 2 1b. Sample answer: 5 1c. Sample 5 5
C 

(32) 

F
answer: 11 1d. Sample answer: 1.3 1e. Sample 9 9
answer: 2 1f. Sample answer: 1.3 3. 0; Zero does
1
9
 5



C 

(32)  F
5 9
not have a multiplicative inverse since

is undefined. 9
0

C  32  F
5. N, W, Z, Q, R 7. Multiplicative Inverse 9. Additive 5
1 5. 2n  n3 7. Sample answer: 5 plus 3 times the square of
Identity 11. 

, 3 13. 2x  4y 15. 3c  18d
3 a number is twice that number. 9. Addition () 11. 14
17. 1.5(10  15  12  8  19  22  31) or 1.5(10)  I
13. 4.8 15. 16 17. p 

19. 5  3n 21. n2  4
1.5(15)  1.5(12)  1.5(8)  1.5(19)  1.5(22)  1.5(31) rt
23. 5(9  n) 25. 


19. W, Z, Q, R 21. N, W, Z, Q, R 23. I, R n 2
27. 2
rh  2
r2 29. Sample answer:
4
9, 2.49
25. N, W, Z, Q, R 27. Q, R; 2.4, 2.49, 2.4 , 2.9

5 less than a number is 12. 31. Sample answer: A number
29. Associative ( ) 31. Associative () 33. Multiplicative
squared is equal to 4 times the number. 33. Sample
Selected Answers

Inverse 35. Multiplicative Identity 37. m; Additive

1 answer: A number divided by 4 is equal to twice the sum of
Inverse 39. 1 41. 2 units 43. 10; 

45. 0.125; 8
4 3
10 that number and 1. 35. Substitution () 37. Transitive ()
47. 

,

49. 3a  2b 51. 40x  7y 53. 12r  4t 1
3 4 39. Symmetric () 41. 7 43. 3.2 45.

47. 8 49. 7
12
55. 3.4m  1.8n 57. 8  9y 59. true 61. false; 6
1 55 d 3V
63. 6.5(4.5  4.25  5.25  6.5  5) or 6.5(4.5)  6.5(4.25)  51. 1 53.

55. 


57.

 r 59.

2  h
4 2 t
r
(6.5)5.25  6.5(6.5)  6.5(5) x(c  3)
61. b 

 2 63. n  number of games;
65. 32

 21


1 1 a
4 8 2(1.50)  n(2.50)  16.75; 5 65. x  cost of gasoline per
 32 

 21 


1 1
Definition of a mixed number mile; 972  114  105  7600x  1837; 8.5¢/mi
4 8
67. a  Chun-Wei's age; a  (2a  8)  (2a  8  3)  94;
 3(2)  3

 2(1)  2

Distributive Property
1 1
4 8 Chun-Wei: 15 yrs old, mother: 38 yrs old, father: 41 yrs old
3 1
 6 

 2 

Multiply.
69. n  number of lamps broken; 12(125)  45n  1365;
4 4 3 lamps 71. 15.1 mi/month 73. The Central Pacific had
3 1
 6  2 



Commutative Property () to lay their track through the Rocky Mountains, while the
4 4
3 1 Union Pacific mainly built track over flat prairie. 75. the
8 



Add. product of 3 and the difference of a number and 5 added to
4 4
the product of four times the number and the sum of the
3

 8 




4
1
4 Associative Property ()
number and 1 77. B 79. 6x  8y  4z 81. 6.6
 8  1 or 9 Add. 1
83. 105 cm2 85. 3 87. 

89. 5  6y
67. 4700 ft2 69. $62.15 4

R20 Selected Answers

Pages 30–32 Lesson 1-4 25. {tt  0} or (, 0]
1. a  a when a is a negative number and the negative
of a negative number is positive. 3. Always; since the
opposite of 0 is still 0, this equation has only one case, 4 2 0 2 4 6
b
ax  b  0. The solution is

. 5. 8 7. 17 9. {18, 12} 27. {nn  1.75} or [1.75, )
a
11. {32, 36} 13. {8} 15. least: 158°F; greatest: 162°F
17. 15 19. 0 21. 3 23. 4 25. 9.4 27. 55 29. {8, 42}
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
31. {45, 21} 33. {2, 16} 35. 

 37. 2,

 39. 
3 9
2 2
29. {xx  279} or (, 279)
41. {5, 11} 43. 

, 3 45. {8} 47. x  200  5;
11
3
maximum: 205°F; minimum: 195°F 49. x  13  5;
maximum: 18 km, minimum: 8 km 51. sometimes; true 286 284 282 280 278 276
only if c  0 53. B 55. x  1  2  x  4;
16 31. {dd  5} or [5, )
x  1  2  (x  4) 57. {1.5} 59. 2(n  11) 61.


3
63. 14 65. Distributive 67. Additive Identity 69. true
2 3 8 6 4 2 0 2
71. false; 1.2 73. 364 ft2 75. 8 77.

79. 


3 4
33. {gg  2} or (, 2)
Pages 37–39 Lesson 1-5
1. Dividing by a number is the same as multiplying by its
inverse. 3. Sample answer: x  2  x  1 6 4 2 0 2 4

 5
 5
5. xx 

or ,


3 3 35. yy 

 or ,


1 1
5 5

0 1 2 3
1 3 1 1 3
1
5 5 5 5
7. {yy  6} or (6, )
37. 
6 4 2 0 2 4
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
39. at least 25 h 41. n  8  2; n  6 43.

n  7  5;
2
9. {pp  15} or (15, ) n  24 45. 2(n  5)  3n  11; n  1 47. 2(7m)  17;
17
m 

; at least 2 child care staff members
14
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 49. n  34.97; She must sell at least 35 cars. 51. s  91;
Ahmik must score at least 91 on her next test to have an A
11. all real numbers or (, ) test average. 53. Answers should include the following.
• 150  400
• Let n equal the number of minutes used. Write an
6 4 2 0 2 4 expression representing the cost of Plan 1 and for Plan 2
for n minutes. The cost for Plan 1 would include a monthly
13. 2n  3  5; n  4 access fee of $35 plus 40¢ for each minute over 150 minutes
15. {nn  11} or [11, ) or 35  0.4(n  150). The cost for Plan 2 for 400 minutes

Selected Answers
or less would be $55. To find where Plan 2 would cost
14 12 10 8 6 4
less than Plan 1 solve 55  35  0.4(n  150) for n. The
solution set is {nn  200}, which means that for more
17. {xx  7} or (, 7) than 200 minutes of calls, Plan 2 is cheaper.
55. D 57. x  2 59. {14, 20} 61.  63. N, W, Z, Q, R
65. I, R 67. {7, 7} 69. 4, 

 71. {11, 1}
4
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5

19. {gg  27} or (, 27] Page 39 Practice Quiz 2

3. 14 5. mm 

 or 

, 
4 4
1. 0.5
9 9
20 22 24 26 28 30
2 0 2 4 2 8
1
21. {kk  3.5} or [3.5, ) 9 9 9 3 9

Pages 43–46 Lesson 1-6

7 6 5 4 3 2
1. 5  c  15 3. Sabrina; an absolute value inequality of
23. {mm  4} or (4, ) the form a  b should be rewritten as an or compound
inequality, a  b or a  b.
5. n  3
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 4 2 0 2 4

Selected Answers R21

 7. n  2 53b.
9. {d2  d  3} 4 2 0 2 4 6
4 2 0 2 4 6
53c.
11. {g13  g  5} 4 2 0 2 4 6

53d. 3  x  2  8 can be rewritten as x  2  3 and

16 12 8 4 0 4
x  2  8. The solution of x  2  3 is x  1 or
x  5. The solution of x  2  8 is 10  x  6.
13. all real numbers
Therefore, the union of these two sets is (x  1 or x  5)
and (10  x  6). The union of the graph of x  1 or
4 2 0 2 4 6 x  5 and the graph of 10  x  6 is shown below.
From this we can see that solution can be rewritten as
15. n  5 (10  x  5) or (1  x  6).
8 4 0 4 8 12

17. n  4 12 8 4 0 4 8

4 2 0 2 4 6

19. n  8 55. x  5 or x  6

8 4 0 4 8 12 57.
21. n  1 23. n  1.5 25. n  1  1
27. {pp  2 or p  8}

8 4 0 4 8 12

29. {x2  x  4} 59. (5x  2  3) or (5x  2  3); {xx  0.2 or x  1}

61. {dd  6} or [6, )

4 2 0 2 4 6
8 6 4 2 0 2
31. {f7  f  5}
63. {nn  1} or (, 1)

10 8 6 4 2 0
4 2 0 2 4 6
33. {g9  g  9}
65. {10, 16} 67.  69. Symmetric () 71. 3a  7b 73.
2 75. 7
8 4 0 4 8 12
Pages 47–50 Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review
35.  1. compound inequality 3. Commutative ( )
4 2 0 2 4 6 5. Reflexive () 7. Multiplicative Inverse 9. absolute value
11. 22 13. 49 15. 23 17. 37.5 19. Q, R 21. I, R
37. {bb  10 or b  2} C  By
23. 5a  24b 25. 14 27. 13 29. 4 31. x 


Selected Answers

A
35. {6, 18} 37. {6} 39. 

, 1
A 3
33. p 


4 0 4 8 12 16 1  rt 2
41. {xx  5} or [5, )

 7
39. w

 w  1
3 
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 1 0 1 43. {aa  2} or (2,  )

41. all real numbers
2 0 2 4 6 8

4 2 0 2 4 6 45. {xx  1.8} or (1.8, )

 7
43. nn 


2  0 1 2 3 4 5
2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2
45. 6.8  x  7.4 47. 45  s  55
47. y

 y  5
5
49. 108 in.  L  D  130 in. 3
51. a  b  c, a  c  b, b  c  a
53a.
4 2 0 2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

R22 Selected Answers

49. {y9  y  18} 27. D  {3.6, 0, 1.4, 2}, 29. D  all reals, R  all
R  {3, 1.1, 2, 8}; yes reals; yes
y y
12 6 0 6 12 18

(3.6, 8)
51. bb  4 or b  


10
3

O x
4 3 2 1 (1.4, 2) y  5x

O x
(0, 1.1)
Chapter 2 Linear Relations and (2, 3)
Functions
Page 55 Chapter 2 Getting Started
1. (3, 3) 3. (3, 1) 5. (0, 4) 7. 2 9. 9 11. 2 31. D  all reals, R  all 33. D  all reals, R  {yy  0};
1
13. x  1 15. 2x  6 17.

x  2 19. 3 21. 15 23. 2.5 reals; yes yes
2
y y

Pages 60–62 Lesson 2-1

1. Sample answer: {(4, 3), (2, 3), (1, 5), (2, 1)}
3. Molly; to find g(2a), replace x with 2a. Teisha found 2g(a),
not g(2a). 5. yes O x
7. D  {7}, R  {1, 2, 5, 8}, 9. D  all reals, R  all y  3x  4 y  x2
no reals, yes O x
y (7, 8) y

(7, 5)
35. American League Leaders
O x 170
(7, 2)
165
y  2x  1 160
RBI

O x 155
(7, 1)
150
145
11. 10 13. D  {70, 72, 88}, R  {95, 97, 105, 114}
140
15. Record High Temperatures 0 48 50 52 54 56
115 HR

110

Selected Answers
105 37. No; the domain value 56 is paired with two different
July

100
range values.

95
39. Stock Price
0 70 80 90 70
January 60
17. yes 19. no 21. yes 50
23. D  {3, 1, 2}, R  25. D  {2, 3}, R  {5, 7, 8};
Price ($)

40
{0, 1, 5}; yes no 30
y (2, 8) y
(3, 7) 20
(1, 5) 10
(2, 5)
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
(2, 1)
(3, 0)
O x 41. Yes; each domain value is paired with only one range
O x value.

Selected Answers R23

 43. 30+ Years of Service 43. 0, 0 45. none, 2
14 y y
12
yx
Representatives

10
8 O
6
x O x

4
2 y  2
0
’87 ’91 ’95 ’99
Year

1
47. 8, none 49.

, 1
4
45. Yes; no; each domain value is paired with only one y f (x )
range value so the relation is a function, but the range 8
value 12 is paired with two domain values so the function 6 f (x )  4x  1
is not one-to-one. 47. 6 49. 3 51. 25n2  5n 53. 11 4 x8
2
55. f(x)  4x  3 57. B 59. discrete 61. discrete O x
63. {y8  y  6} 65. {xx  5.1} 67. $29.82 8 64 2 2 4 6 O x
2
69. 31a  10b 71. 2 73. 15 4
6
8

51. y The lines are parallel

Pages 65–67 Lesson 2-2 x y  5
1 but have different
1. The function can be written as f(x) 

x  1, so it is of
2 y-intercepts.
1
the form f(x)  mx  b, where m 

and b  1. 3. Sample 53. 90°C
2
answer: x  y  2 5. yes 7. 2x  5y  3; 2, 5, 3 x
O
5
9. 

, 5 11. 2, 3
3
y y xy0
x  y  5
3x  2y  6
O x

O x
55. 57.
y  3x  5 T (d ) c
160
120 350 1.75b  1.5c  525
Selected Answers

80 300
40 250
13. $177.62 15. yes 17. No; y is inside a square root. 4 32 O1 2 3 4 d 200
19. No; x appears in a denominator. 21. No; x has an 40 150
exponent other than 1. 23. x2  5y  0 25. 7200 m 80 100
27. 3x  y  4; 3, 1, 4 29. x  4y  5; 1, 4, 5 120 T (d )  35d  20 50
160
31. 2x  y  5; 2, 1, 5 33. x  y  12; 1, 1, 12 35. x  6; 0 100 200 400b
1, 0, 6 37. 25x  2y  9; 25, 2, 9

10 5
39. 3, 5 41.

, 


3 2
y
59. no 61. A linear equation can be used to relate the
y
amounts of time that a student spends on each of two
subjects if the total amount of time is fixed. Answers should
include the following.
3x  4y  10  0
• x and y must be nonnegative because Lolita cannot
5x  3y  15 O x spend a negative amount of time studying a subject.
x • The intercepts represent Lolita spending all of her time
O on one subject. The x-intercept represents her spending
all of her time on math, and the y-intercept represents
her spending all of her time on chemistry.

R24 Selected Answers

63. B 65. D  {0, 1, 2}, R  {1, 0, 2, 3}; no 43. 45.
y 67. {xx  6 or x  2} y y
1
(1, 3)
69. 3s  14 71.

73. 2
3
(0, 2)
75. 5 77. 0.4

(1, 0) O x O x
O x
(2, 1)

47. 49.
Pages 71–74 Lesson 2-3 y y
1. Sample answer: y  1 3. Luisa; Mark did not subtract in
a consistent manner when using the slope formula. If y2  5
and y1  4, then x2 must be 1 and x1 must be 2, not
1
vice versa. 5. 


2 O x x
O
7. y 9. y

51. Yes; slopes show that adjacent sides are perpendicular.

O x
53. The grade or steepness of a road can be interpreted
mathematically as a slope. Answers should include the
following.
O x • Think of the diagram at the beginning of the lesson as
being in a coordinate plane. Then the rise is a change in
y-coordinates and the horizontal distance is a change in
5 3
11. y 13. 1.25°/hr 15. 

17.

x-coordinates. Thus, the grade is a slope expressed as a
2 5
19. 0 21. 8 23. 4 percent.
25. undefined 27. 1 • y
29. about 0.6

O x
x
y  0.08x

O
31. 33.
y y

Selected Answers
55. D 57. The graphs have the same y-intercept. As the
O x slopes become more negative, the lines get steeper.
8
59. 2,

y
3

O x O x

4x  3y  8  0
35. 37. about 68 million per year
y 39. The number of cassette
tapes shipped has been
decreasing. 41. 45 mph 5
61. 7 63. 

65. {x1  x  3} 67. at least 8 69. 9
2
5 1 2 11
O x 71. y  4x  2 73. y 

x 

75. y  

x 


2 2 3 3

Page 74 Practice Quiz 1

1. D  {7, 3, 0, 2}, R  {2, 1, 2, 4, 5} 3. 6x  y  4

Selected Answers R25

 5. y 9a. Broadway
Play Revenue
O x
700

Revenue ($ millions)
600
500
400
300
200
100

0 1 2 3 4
Pages 78–80 Lesson 2-4 Seasons Since ’95–’96
1. Sample answer: y  3x  2 3. Solve the equation for y
3 2 3 9b. Sample answer using (1, 499) and (3, 588):
to get y 

x 

. The slope of this line is

. The slope of a y  44.5x  454.5, where x is the number of seasons since
5 5 5
3 3 1995–1996 9c. Sample answer: about $1078 million or $1.1
parallel line is the same. 5. 

, 5 7. y  

x  2
2 4 billion 11. Sample answer: $1091 13. Sample answer:
3 16 5 2 1 5
9. y  

x 

11. y 

x  7 13. 

, 4 15.

, 

Using the data for August and November, a prediction
5 5 4 3 2 2
17. undefined, none 19. y  0.8x 21. y  4 equation for Company 1 is y  0.86x  25.13, where x is
1 7 the number of months since August. The negative slope
23. y  3x  6 25. y  

x 

27. y  0.5x  2 suggests that the value of Company 1’s stock is going
2 2
4 17 down. Using the data for October and November, a
29. y   x 




31. y  0 33. y  x  4
5 5 prediction equation for Company 2 is y  0.38x  31.3,
2 10 1 23
35. y 

x 

37. y  

x 

39. y  3x  2 where x is the number of months since August. The
3 3 15 5
41. d  180c  360 43. 540° 45. 10 mi 47. 68°F positive slope suggests that the value of Company 2’s stock
x y is going up. Since the value of Company 1’s stock appears
49. y  0.35x  1.25 51. y  2x  4 53. C 55. 
5


 1 to be going down, and the value of Company 2’s stock


5
2 appears to be going up, Della should buy Company 2.
57. 2 59. 0 61.  63. {rr  6} 65. 6.5 67. 5.85 15. World Cities
40
Pages 83–86 Lesson 2-5
35
1. d 3. Sample answer using (4, 130.0) and (6, 140.0):
Precipitation (in.)

y  5x  110 30
25
5a. Cable Television 20
80
15
Households (millions)

70
10
60
5
50
40 0 200 400 600
30 Elevation (ft)
20
17. Sample answer: about 23 in. 19. Sample answer: Using
10 (1975, 62.5) and (1995, 81.7): 96.1% 23. D 25. 1988, 1993,
0 1998; 247, 360.5, 461 27. 354 29. y  21.4x  42,294.03
Selected Answers

’88 ’90 ’92 ’94 ’96 ’98 ’00 29

Year 31. y  4x  6 33. 3 35.

37. {xx  7 or x  1}
3
2
39. 11 41.


3
5b. Sample answer using (1992, 57) and (1998, 67):
y  1.67x  3269.64 5c. Sample answer: about 87 million
7a. Pages 92–95 Lesson 2-6
2000–2001
1. Sample answer: [[1.9]]  1 3. Sample answer: f(x) 
Detroit Red Wings x  1 5. S
60 7. D  all reals, R  all 9. D  all reals, R  all
50 integers nonnegative reals
40 g (x ) f (x )
Assists

30
20 g (x ) 
2x 
10
O
0 x f (x )  |3x  2|
10 20 30 40
Goals x
O
7b. Sample answer using (4, 5) and (32, 37): y  1.14x  0.44
7c. Sample answer: about 13
R26 Selected Answers
11. D  all reals, R  all 13. 37. D  all reals, R  all 39. D  {xx  2 or x  2},
reals nonnegative reals R  {1, 1}
h (x ) f (x ) h (x )

Cost ($)
O x O x
O x | 2|
f (x )  x  1

0 Time (hr)

41. D  all reals, 43. D  all reals, R  all

15. C 17. S 19. A 21. y 23. $1.00 R  {yy  2} whole numbers
5
4 g (x ) g (x )
3
2
1
x
O
O 60 180 300 x O x
g (x )  |
x |

25. D  all reals, R  all 27. D  all reals, R  {3aa is

integers an integer.}
g (x ) h (x )
12
9 45. f(x)  x  2
g (x ) 
x  2 6 h (x )  3
x 
O x 47. 49.
O x 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 f (x ) y
3
6 |x |  |y |  3
9
12

O x O x

29. D  all reals, R  all 31. D  all reals, R  all

integers nonnegative reals
f (x ) h (x )

51. B 53. Life Expectancy

f (x ) 
x   1
h (x )  |x |

Selected Answers
78
x O x 76
O
Expectancy (yr)

74
72
70
68
66

0 10 20 30 40 50
33. D  all reals, R  35. D  all reals, R  all
Years Since 1950
{yy  4} nonnegative reals
g (x ) f (x )

g (x )  |x |  4 55. Sample answer: 78.7 yr 57. y  x  2

f (x )  |x  2|

O x O x
59. yy 


5
6 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

61. no 63. yes 65. yes

Selected Answers R27

 Page 95 Practice Quiz 2 21. 23.
2 11 y
1. y  

x 

3. Sample answer using (66, 138) and y
3 3
(74, 178): y  5x  192 5. D  all reals, R  nonnegative y  1x  5
3
reals f (x ) 4x  5y  10  0

O x
f (x )  |x  1|

O x x
O

25. 27.
y y

Pages 98–99 Lesson 2-7

1. y  3x  4 3. Sample answer: y  x
x
5. y 7. y y  |x | O x O

y  |x |  3
x
O x O
x  2y  5
y  2x  3

29. 31. x  2
y y

9. y 11. d
x y 1 x  2
10c  13d  40 O
x O x
x
O c x  y  1
y  3|x |  1 O

13. 15. 33. y

y y
350
Selected Answers

y  6x  2 250
x 0.4x  0.6y  90
150
O O x
x  y  5 50
O 50 150 250 350 x

17. 19.
y y 35. 4a  3s  2000 37. yes 39. yes 41. Linear
inequalities can be used to track the performance of players
y  4x  3 y 1 in fantasy football leagues. Answers should include the
following.
• Let x be the number of receiving yards and let y be the
O x O x number of touchdowns. The number of points Dana gets
from receiving yards is 5x and the number of points he
gets from touchdowns is 100y. His total number of points
is 5x  100y. He wants at least 1000 points, so the
inequality 5x  100y  1000 represents the situation.
R28 Selected Answers
• y • the first one 9. D  {2, 2, 6}, R  {1, 3}; 11. D  all reals, R  all reals;
12 yes yes
10 5x  100y  1000 y y
(6, 3)
8 (2 , 3)
(2 , 1) y  0.5 x
6 O
O x x
4

2
O
50 100 200 300 x 13. 21 15. 5y  9 17. No; x has an exponent other than 1.
19. No; x is inside a square root. 21. 5x  2y  4; 5, 2, 4
23. 4, 20 25. 9, 9
43. B 45. y y
4 2
O x O x
16 12 8 4 4 8 12 16 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
4
8 4
12 6 y  x  9
16 8
20 1 10
5 y  x  4
[10, 10] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1 24 12
28 14
47.
3
27. 


11
29. 31.
y y

x
[10, 10] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1
O x O

49. D  all reals, R  {yy  1}

g (x )
g (x )  |x |  1
33. 35.
y y
O
x

Selected Answers
O x O x

51. Sales vs. Experience

10,000
5 3 17
8000 37. y  

x  3 39. y  

x 

41. Sample answer
3 4 4
Sales ($)

6000 using (1980, 29.3) and (1990, 33.6): y  0.43x  822.1

4000
43. D  all reals, R  all 45. D  all reals, R  {y y  4}
2000 integers
0 f (x ) g (x )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Years
f (x ) 
x   2
53. Sample answer: $10,000 55. 3
O x
g (x )  |x |  4

Pages 100–104 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review

1. identity 3. standard 5. domain 7. slope O x

Selected Answers R29

 47. D  all reals, 49. 17. y 19. 9 21. 0 23. 22
R  {y y  0 or y  2}
f (x ) y O x

O x
O
x 2x  y  6

y  3x  5

51. 53.
Pages 112–115 Lesson 3-1
y y
1. Two lines cannot intersect in exactly two points.
3. A graph is used to estimate the solution. To determine
that the point lies on both lines, you must check that it
y  0.5x  4 y  |x |  2
satisfies both equations.
O x O x
5. 7. consistent and independent
y y
3x  2y  10
(1, 5)
yx4
(2, 2)
y6x
2x  3y  10
x
O O x
Chapter 3 Systems of Equations and
Inequalities
Page 109 Chapter 3 Getting Started
9. consistent and dependent 11. The cost is $5.60 for both
1. y 3. y y stores to develop 30 prints.

O x

O x O x
x  2y  8
2y  x
y  2x  3 1
2
xy4

5. y 7. y  2x 9. y  6  3x 13. 15.

11. y  2  6x y y
Selected Answers

y  3x  1 x  2y  6
O x
(4, 1)
O x O x
2x  3y  12 (1, 2) 2x  y  9
y  2x  4

13. 15. 17. 19.

y y y y
x  2y  11

(5, 3) (3.5, 0)
3x  7y  6 2x  3y  7
x
x x O
y  2 O O

y  2x  2 O x
2 x  3y  7

R30 Selected Answers

21. 23. 59. y 61. A 63. P 65. {15, 9}
y y 67. {2, 3} 69. {9}
2x  y  4
z
71. x2  6 73.

 1
1
xy0 3
1 (4, 2)
2
O x 75. 9y  1
x  2y  5
4 O x 77. 12x  18y  6
O x 79. x  4y
(4, 2)
2x  y  6

1
4
x  12 y  2

25. inconsistent 27. consistent and independent

y y
yx4 Pages 119–122 Lesson 3-2
(1, 5) xy4 3. Vincent; Juanita subtracted the two equations incorrectly;
y  y  2y, not 0. 5. (1, 3) 7. (5, 2) 9. (6, 20)
11. 3

, 2

13. (9, 5) 15. (3, 2) 17. no solution
1 2
3 3
O x 19. (4, 3) 21. (2, 0) 23. (10, 1) 25. (4, 3) 27. (8, 3)
x
29. no solution 31. 

,

33. (6, 11) 35. (1.5, 0.5)
1 3
O 2 2
yx4 4x  y  9 37. 8, 6 39. x  y  28, 16x  19y  478 41. 4 2-bedroom,
2 3-bedroom 43. x  y  30, 700x  200y  15,000
45. 2x  4y  100, y  2x 47. Yes; they should finish the
29. inconsistent 31. consistent and independent test within 40 minutes. 49. 25 min of step aerobics, 15 min
y y of stretching 51. You can use a system of equations to find
yx5 the monthly fee and rate per minute charged during the
2y  x months of January and February. Answers should include
the following.
(1 , 1) • The coordinates of the point of intersection are (0.08, 3.5).
2 4
O x • Currently, Yolanda is paying a monthly fee of $3.50 and
x an additional 8¢ per minute. If she graphs y = 0.08x +
8y  2x  1
O 3.5 (to represent what she is paying currently) and
y = 0.10x + 3 (to represent the other long-distance plan)
2y  2x  8 and finds the intersection, she can identify which plan
would be better for a person with her level of usage.
33. consistent and 35. inconsistent
53. A 55. consistent and dependent
independent y
y y
(5, 4) y  13 x  2
4y  2x  4
0.8x  1.5y  10
O O x
x
1.2x  2.5y  4
y  12 x  1
3y  x  2

Selected Answers
O x

37. (3, 1) 39. y  52  0.23x, y  80 41. Deluxe Plan

43. Supply, 300,000; demand, 200,000; prices will tend to 57. 59.
fall. 45. y  304x  15,982, y  98.6x  18,976 47. FL will y y
probably be ranked third by 2020. The graphs intersect in
the year 2015, so NY will still have a higher population in
2010, but FL will have a higher population in 2020. 3x  9y  15
49. You can use a system of equations to track sales and
O x O x
make predictions about future growth based on past
performance and trends in the graphs. Answers should xy3
include the following.
• The coordinates (6, 54) represent that 6 years after 1999
both the in-store sales and online sales will be $54,000.
• The in-store sales and the online sales will never be equal
and in-store sales will continue to be higher than online
sales. 61. x  y  0; 1, 1, 0 63. 2x  y  3; 2, 1, 3
51. C 53. (5.56, 12) 55. no solution 57. (2.64, 42.43) 65. 3x  2y  21; 3, 2, 21 67. yes 69. no
Selected Answers R31
 Page 122 Practice Quiz 1
29. (4, 3), (2, 7), (4, 1), 7

, 2

31. 64 units2
1 1
3 3
1. y 3. (2, 7) 5. Hartsfield,
y  3x  10 78 million; O’Hare,
(1, 7) 72.5 million 33. s  111, s  130, h  9, h  12
16
h

14
y  x  6
h  12

Storm Surge (ft)

12
O x
s  130
10 h9
Pages 125–127 Lesson 3-3
1. Sample answer: y  x  3, y  x  2 3a. 4 3b. 2 3c. 1
3d. 3 8
y y s  111
5. 7.
s
0 80 100 120 140 160
y  2x  1
y  2x  4 x1 Wind Speed (mph)
x
O x O
x  2y  3
35. y
yx2 14 2x  1.5y  24
12
Swedish Soda 10
9. (4, 3), (1, 2), (2, 9), (7, 4) 11. Sample answer:
x  2.5y  26
3 packages of bagels, 4 packages of muffins; 4 packages 8
of bagels, 4 packages of muffins; 3 packages of bagels, 6
5 packages of muffins 4
13. 15.
y y 2
y2 x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
O x Pumpkin

O y  2 x
37. 6 pumpkin, 8 soda
y  4
x  1 yx3 39. The range for normal blood pressure satisfies four
inequalities that can be graphed to find their intersection.
17. 19. no solution Answers should include the following.
y • Graph the blood pressure as an ordered pair; if the point
4x  3y  7 lies in the shaded region, it is in the normal range.
Selected Answers

• High systolic pressure is represented by the region to the

O x right of x  140 and high diastolic pressure is
2y  x  6 represented by the region above y  90.

41. Sample answer: y  6, y  2, x  5, x  1 43. (6, 5)

45. 47.
21. 23. y y
y y x  8y  12
(4, 2)
2x  y  4
x2
y  2x  1
2x  4y  7
x  3y  6 O x O x
O (2, 3)
O x x
y   12 x  4
2x  y  6
x  3y  2
x  4

25. (3, 4), (5, 4), (1, 4) 27. (6, 9), (2, 7), (10, 1) 49. 5 51. 8 53. 5

R32 Selected Answers

Pages 132–135 Lesson 3-4 19. y vertices: (3, 1), (3, 5);
1. sometimes (3, 5)
min: f(3, 1)  9;
3. y vertices: (1, 2), (1, 4), (5, 2); no maximum
(1, 4) max: f(5, 2)  4,
min: f(1, 4)  10
(5, 2)
(1, 2) O x
(3, 1)
O x

21. y vertices: (0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 1),

(3, 0); max: f(0, 2)  6;
5. y vertices: (0, 1), (1, 3), min: f(3, 0)  12
(0, 2) (2, 1)
(6, 3), (10, 1); max:
O x
f(10, 1)  31,
(1, 3) (6, 3) (0, 0) (3, 0)
min: f(0, 1)  1

(0, 1) (10, 1)
O x

23. y vertices: (3, 0), (0, 3);

min: f(0, 3)  12;
no maximum
7. y vertices: (2, 4), (2, 3),
(2, 4) (2, 3), (4, 1); (3, 0)
max: f(2, 3)  5; O x
(4, 1) min: f(2, 4)  6
9. c  0, ᐉ  0, c  3ᐉ  56, (0, 3)
O x 4c  2ᐉ  104 11. (0, 0),
(26, 0), (20, 12), 0, 18


2
(2, 3) 3
(2, 3) 13. 20 canvas tote bags and 25. y vertices: (0, 2), (4, 3),
12 leather tote bags

73
, 
13
; max: f(4, 3)  25,
(0, 2) (4, 3) min: f(0, 2)  6
15. y vertices: (0, 1), (6, 1), (6, 13);
(6, 13)
max: f(6, 13)  19;
min: f(0, 1)  1 O x

( 73 ,  13 )

Selected Answers
27. y vertices: (2, 5), (3, 0);
no maximum;
(2, 5)
no minimum

(0, 1) (6, 1)
(3, 0)
O x O x

17. y vertices: (1, 4), (5, 8), (5, 2),

(1, 2); max: f(5, 2)  11,
(5, 8) min: f(1, 4)  5
29. y vertices: (2, 1), (2, 3), (4, 1),
(4, 4)
(4, 4), (5, 3);
(2, 3) max: f(4, 1)  0,
(5, 3)
(1, 4) min: f(4, 4)  12

(1, 2) (5, 2) (2, 1) (4, 1)

O x
O x

Selected Answers R33

 31. g  0, c  0, 1.5g  c  85, 2g  0.5c  40 33. (0, 0), Pages 142–144 Lesson 3-5
(0, 20), (80, 0) 35. 0 graphing calculators, 1. You can use elimination or substitution to eliminate one
80 CAS calculators of the variables. Then you can solve two equations in two
39. S (0, 0), (0, 4000), variables.
4000 (2500, 2000), (4500, 0) 3. Sample answer: x  y  z  4, 2x  y  z  9,
x  2y  z  5; 3  5  2  4, 2(3)  5  2  9,
3000 3  2(5)  2  5 5. (1, 3, 7) 7. (5, 2, 1) 9. (4, 0, 8)
(0, 4000) 1
(2500, 2000) 11. 4

lb chicken, 3 lb sausage, 6 lb rice 13. (2, 1, 5)
2000 2
15. (4, 0, 1) 17. (1, 5, 7) 19. infinitely many
21. 

, 

,

23. (5, 9, 4) 25. 8, 1, 3 27. enchilada,
1000 1 1 1
(0, 0) (4500, 0) 3 2 4
$2.50; taco, $1.95; burrito, $2.65 29. x  y  z  355,
0 2000 4000 c
3
x  2y  3z  646, y  z  27 31. a 
2
, b  0, c  3;
41. 4500 acres corn, 0 acres soybeans; $130,500 3 3
y 
2
x2  0x  3 or y 
2
x2  3 33. D 35. 120 units of
43. There are many variables in scheduling tasks. Linear
programming can help make sure that all the requirements notebook paper and 80 units of newsprint
are met. Answers should include the following. 37. y 39. Sample answer using
• Let x  the number of buoy replacements and let 3x  y  3 (7, 15) and (14, 22): y  x  8
y  the number of buoy repairs. Then, 41. x  3y 43. 9s  4t
x  0, y  0, x  8 and 2.5x  y  24.
• The captain would want to maximize the number of
buoys that a crew could repair and replace so x
O
f(x, y)  x  y.
4y  2x  4
• Graph the inequalities and find the vertices of the
intersection of the graphs. The coordinate (0, 24)
maximizes the function. So the crew can service the
maximum number of buoys if they replace 0 and repair
24 buoys. Pages 145–148 Study Guide and Review
45. C 47. y  1. c 3. f 5. a 7. h 9. d
3x  2y  6 11. y
3x  2y  12

O x (4, 0)

O x
y  3x  1
2

x  2y  4

49. (2, 3) 51. c  average cost each year; 15c  3479  7489
53. Additive Inverse 55. Multiplicative Inverse 57. 9
13. y 15. (3, 2) 17. (9, 4)
59. 16 61. 8
19. (1, 2)
Page 135 Practice Quiz 2 x
O
1. y 3. y
yx0 4x  y  16 y  2x  8
Selected Answers

x  3y  15
1
O x y x4
2
yx4 (8, 8)
O x

21. 23.
5. y vertices: (1, 3), (1, 3), y y
(5, 6) (5, 6), (5, 1);
max: f(5, 1)  17, yx1
y4
min: f(1, 3)  13
(1, 3)
O x
(5, 1) y  3
x5
O x
O x

(1, 3)
25. 160 My Real Babies, 320 My First Babies 27. (4, 2, 1)

R34 Selected Answers

  
16,763 549,499 16,439 456,873
14,620 477,960 14,545 405,163
Chapter 4 Matrices 11. Males  14,486 455,305 , Females  12,679 340,480
Page 153 Chapter 4 Getting Started 9041 321,416 7931 257,586
3 1 1 5234 83,411 5450 133,235
1. 6 3. 4

5. 13 7. 3;

9. 8;

11. 1.25; 0.8
4 3 8 13. No; many schools offer the same sport for males and
8 3
13.

; 

females, so those schools would be counted twice.
3 8

 
15. 17. 4 8 2 13
y y 15. impossible 17. 6 10 16 19. 3
14 12 4 23


5

3 9 2 1

O x 1.5 3 2
21. 23. 2 2 1
25. 4 1
4.5 9 10

1

2


O x 3 3 2 7 4


2
2 4

 
38 4 3 232 184 120 149
27. 32 6 29. 1 5 31. 164 124 75 130
18 42 6 1 160 182 72 108

19. (6, 1) 21. (8, 5) 23. (2, 2)


245
228
33. 319 35. 1996, floods; 1997, floods; 1998, floods;
Pages 156–158 Lesson 4-1 227 1999, tornadoes; 2000, lightning
1. The matrices must have the same dimensions and each 117
element of one matrix must be equal to the corresponding
element of the other matrix. 3. Corresponding elements
are elements in the same row and column positions.
37. 1.50
1.00
2.25
1.75 39. 1.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
5. 3 4 7. (3, 3) 9. 2 5 11. 3 1 13. 3 3 41. You can use matrices to track dietary requirements and
15. 3 2
1

17. 3, 


3 19. (3, 5, 6) 21. (4, 3) add them to find the total each day or each week. Answers
should include the following.
23. (14, 15) 25. (5, 3, 2) 27. 3 3 29. Sample answer:

 
Mason’s Steakhouse; it was given the highest rating 566 18 7 785 22 19
• Breakfast  482 12 17 , Lunch  622 23 20 ,
possible for service and atmosphere, location was given one
530 10 11 710 26 12
of the highest ratings, and it is moderately priced.


1257 40 26
Single Double Suite
Dinner  987 32 45
31.
Weekday
Weekend
60 70 75
79 89 95  1380 29 38


2608 80 52
33. row 6, column 9 35. B 37. (7, 5, 4) 39. 

,

, 11
4 3
5 5 • Add the three matrices: 2091 67 82 .
2620 65 61
41. y 15 5
vertices: (3, 1),

,

,
2 2 
43. A 45. 1 4 47. 3 3 49. 4 3 51. (5, 3, 7)
y  x  10
3 17
2 2 15 5


,

; max: f

,


2 2  53. (2, 5) 55. (6, 1)
3 17
2 2 
35, min: f

,

 1 57. s
40
59. Multiplicative Inverse
61. Distributive
32
0.30p  0.15s  6

Selected Answers
y  5x  16
24
1
O y x x
3
16
43. 45. $4.50 47. 2 49. 20
6 8
51. 10 53. 18 55. 3
5 3 p
57.


Cost ($)

4 2 O 8 16 24 32
3
2
1 Pages 171–174 Lesson 4-3

 
0 1 2
1 2 3 4
Hours
5
1. Sample answer: 3 4 
9 10
7

8
3. The Right Distributive
5 6
Property says that (A  B)C  AC  BC, but AC  BC 
Pages 163–166 Lesson 4-2 CA  CB since the Commutative Property does not hold for
1. They must have the same dimensions. matrix multiplication in most cases. 5. undefined

 
4 4 350 280
3. 4
4
4
4
5. 71 105 7. 223 248 9. 2112
29
22 7. 
15
24
5 20
8 32 9. 
24
41
11. [45 55 65], 320 165
180 120

Selected Answers R35

 13. 4 2 15. undefined 17. undefined 59.
y

19. [6] 21. not possible 23. 1

29
25 2
1 30


24 16
25. 32 5
O x
48 11

27. yes
AC  BC 
1 2 5
 4 3 2 41  54 23  52 1
4

26 8  26 8
1 9 21 13

Page 174 Practice Quiz 1
  41 33
52 16
20 4 232 159 120 149
1. (6, 3) 3. (1, 3, 5) 5. 103 7.
134 200 159
9. not possible
(A  B)C  
 
1
4
2
3

5 2
4 3

5
2
1
4 Pages 178–181 Lesson 4-4

8 6 2 4
4 0 5 1 1.
 Transformation Size Shape Isometry
reflection same same yes

52 16
20 4
rotation same same yes
translation same same yes
29. no dilation changes same no
C(A  B) 
5
2   1
4

1
4
2
3

5 2
4 3 3. Sample answer: 41 4 4
5. A′(4, 3), B′(5, 6),
1 1

2 4  8 6
5 1 4 0

C′(3, 7) 7. 04 5
4
5
0
0
0
9. A′(0, 4), B′(5, 4), C′(5, 0),

40 24
12 6
D′(0, 0) 11. B 13. D′(3, 6), E′(2, 3), F′(10, 4)

AC  BC  14 23  52 41  54 23  52 1

4 15. 02 1.5
1.5
2.5
0
17. A' y 19. X′(1, 1),

26 8  26 8
1 9 21 13
 Y′(4, 2), Z′(1, 7)


52 16
20 4 21. 24 5
4
4
1
1
1
A

 
290 165 210 14,285 C' C O
31. 175 240 190 33. 13,270 x
110 75 0 4295 B

 
a b e f
35. any two matrices c d and g h where bg  cf, a  d, B'
Selected Answers


96.50 23. y D E
99.50
and e  h 37. 118 39. $431 41. $26,360
117
G F
43. a  1, b  0, c  0, d  1; the original matrix 45. B O G' x
D'
47. 312 6
21 49. 20
28 12
2
51. (5, 9) 53. $2.50; $1.50
F' E'
55. 8; 16 57.
y y 25. J(5, 3), K(7, 2), L(4, 1) 27. y
S'
4 O 4 8 x R' Q
4
T'
8
O x O x
12 T
1
x y8 Q' R
16 2
S

R36 Selected Answers

 49. C 51. 36.9 53. 493 55. 3252 57. A′(5, 2.5),
29. 44 4
4
4
4
4
4
31. 44 4
4
4
4
4
4 B′(2.5, 5), C′(5, 7.5) 59. [4] 61. undefined
33. (1.5, 1.5), (4.5, 1.5), (6, 3.75), (3, 3.75) 4 1
63. [14 8] 65. 138,435 ft 67. y  

x 69. y 

x  5
3 2
35. 34 37. (8, 7), (7, 8), and (8, 7) 39. Multiply the 71. (1, 9) 73. (1, 1) 75. (4, 7)

coordinates by 10 0
1 6
, then add the result to .
0 
41. (17, 2), (23, 2) Pages 192–194 Lesson 4-6
43. Transformations are used in computer graphics to create 1. The determinant of the coefficient matrix cannot be zero.
special effects. You can simulate the movement of an object, 3. 3x  5y  6, 4x  2y  30 5. (0.75, 0.5) 7. no solution
9. 6, 

, 2 11. savings account, $1500; certificate of
like in space, which you wouldn’t be able to recreate 1
otherwise. Answers should include the following. 2
deposit, $2500 13. (12, 4) 15. (6, 3) 17. (0.75, 3)
• A figure with points (a, b), (c, d), (e, f ), (g, h), and (i, j)
19. (8.5625, 19.0625) 21. (4, 8) 23. 

,

25. (3, 4)
2 5
could be written in a 2 5 matrix ba c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j and 3 6
27. (2, 1, 3) 29. 

, 

,


141 102 244 155 143 673
31. 

,

,


multiplied on the left by the 2 2 rotation matrix. 29 29 29 28 70 140
• The object would get smaller and appear to be moving 33. race car, 5 plays; snowboard, 3 plays 35. silk, $34.99;
away from you. cotton, $24.99 37. peanuts, 2 lb; raisins, 1 lb; pretzels, 2 lb


11 24 7 39. Cramer’s Rule is a formula for the variables x and y
45. A 47. undefined 49. 18 13 8 where (x, y) is a solution for a system of equations.
33 8 21 Answers should include the following.
• Cramer’s Rule uses determinants composed of the
51. 53. coefficients and constants in a system of linear equations
y y to solve the system.
x  y2 • Cramer’s Rule is convenient when coefficients are large
or involve fractions or decimals. Finding the value of the
determinant is sometimes easier than trying to find a
O x greatest common factor if you are solving by using
elimination or substituting complicated numbers.
O x
41. 111°, 69° 43. 40 45. 13 1
3
1
3
47. 49.
y A' y
D  {xx  0},
xy 7
R  {all real numbers}; no
D  {3, 4, 5},
B' A (4, 3)
R  {4, 5, 6}; yes
9
55. x  2.8 57. x  1  1 59. 6 61. 28 63.


4 x
B x
C'
Pages 185–188 Lesson 4-5 1
O x  y  1

2 1 2
1. Sample answer: 3. It is not a square matrix.
8 4
C (4, 3)
5. Cross out the column and row that contains 6. The minor

Selected Answers
is the remaining 2 2 matrix. 7. 38 9. 40 11. 43
13. 45 15. 20 17. 22 19. 29 21. 63 23. 32 25. 32
27. 58 29. 62 31. 172 33. 22 35. 5 37. 141 51. c  10h  35 53. 7266 9
23
39. 6 41. 14.5 units2 43. about 26 ft2

 
1 1 1
45. Sample answer: 1 1 1
Page 194 Practice Quiz 2
1 1 1
47. If you know the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle, 1.
1
 4 1 2
2 1 4 1
you can use a determinant to find the area. This is
convenient since you don’t need to know any additional 3. y
information such as the measure of the angles. Answers A' A
should include the following.
• You could place a coordinate grid over a map of the
O x
Bermuda Triangle with one vertex at the origin. By using B' D D' B
the scale of the map, you could determine coordinates to
represent the other two vertices and use a determinant to
estimate the area.
C' C
• The determinant method is advantageous since you don’t
need to physically measure the lengths of each side or the
measure of the angles between the vertices. 5. 58 7. 26 9. (4, 5)
Selected Answers R37
 Pages 198–201 Lesson 4-7 7. dimensions 9. equal matrices 11. (5, 1) 13. (1, 0)

3 141 2


0
1 0 0 0 15. 17. 19. [18] 21. not possible
2 6 9

0 1 0 0 3 3
1. 0 0 1 0 3. Sample answer:
3 3
5. yes 23. A′(1, 0), B′(8, 2), C′(3, 7) 25. A′(3, 5), B′(4, 3),
C′(1, 2) 27. 109 29. 0 31. 52 33. 

, 5 35. (1, 3)
0 0 0 1 2
3
7. no inverse exists 11. yes 13. no 15. yes 17. true
37. (1, 2, 1) 39. 


1 2 2

1 6 4
41.


19. false 21. no inverse exists
1 1
23.


7 4  1
3 14 4 3 24 3 2

43. 


1 4 2
45. (4, 2) 47. (3, 1)
  
10 5
1 6
25.


4 2
7
3
1
27. 


6
12 5
0
2 1
29.


1
32 6
5
2 0

Chapter 5 Polynomials


3 5





4 8
31. 10 33a. yes Page 221 Chapter 5 Getting Started
1 3




1. 2  (7) 3. x  (y) 5. 2xy  (6yz)
5 10
3
33b. Sample answer: y 7. 8x3  2x  6 9. x  3 11. 

a  1 13. 6.3; reals,
2
C C'' rationals 15. 17; reals, rationals, integers, whole numbers,
natural numbers 17. 4; reals, rationals, integers, whole
A B'' numbers, natural numbers
A'' B
O A' x Pages 226–228 Lesson 5-1
C' 1. Sample answer: (2x2)3  8x6 since (2x2)3  (2x2)3  (2x2)3 
(2x2)3  2x2  2x2  2x2  2x  x  2x  x  2x  x  8x6
3. Alejandra; when Kyle used the Power of a Product
B' property in his first step, he forgot to put an exponent of
1
2 on a. Also, in his second step, (2)2 should be

, not 4.
35.  0
0
4
4
4
12
8
8 37. dilation by a scale factor of


1
2 5. 16b4 7. 6y2 9. 9p2q3
9
11.
2
2
cd
13. 4.21 105
4

39. MEET_IN_THE_LIBRARY 41. BRING_YOUR_BOOK 15. 3.762 103

17. about 1.28 s 19. b4 21. z10 23. 8c3
25. y z 27. 21b5c3 29. 24r7s5 31. 90a4b4
3 2
43. a  1, d  1, b  c  0 45. A 47. 5
6
9
11 33.


4
a2c2
35. 

37.


6
m4n9 8y3
39.
3
6
1 2x3y2
41.


7 43. 7
3b 3 x vw 5z


1 1
1


45. 4.32 47. 6.81
104 49. 6.754 103 108


3


1



3 51. 6.02 105 53. 6.2 1010 55. 1.681 107
5 5
49.
1
51. 
3

2


0 53. (2, 4) 57. 2 107 m 59. about 330,000 times
1 2 3



5


61. Definition of an exponent
5 7 8 1






63. Economics often involves large amounts of money.
3 3 3
5
Answers should include the following.
55. (5, 4, 1) 57. 14 59. 1 61. 5 63.

• The national debt in 2000 was five trillion, six hundred
2
1 seventy-four billion, two hundred million or 5.6742
65. 7.82 tons/in2 67. 5

69. 3 71. 300 73. 2 75. 4
2
77. 34 1012 dollars. The population was two hundred eighty-one
million or 2.81 108.
Pages 205–207 Lesson 4-8 • Divide the national debt by the population.
1. 2r  3s  4, r  4s  2 3. Tommy; a 2 1 matrix 5.6742 1012



$2.0193 104 or about $20,193 per person.
cannot be multiplied by a 2 2 matrix. 2.81 108
Selected Answers


1 3



42  
3 g 8


5.   7. (5, 2) 9. (3, 5) 65. B 67. (3, 3) 69. 2 2 71. 7 73. (2, 0, 4)
7 h 5
1 2
11. h  1, c  12 13. 43 7
5
  
x
y

2
9
75. Sample answer using (0, 4.9) and (28, 8.3):
y  0.12x  4.9 77. 7 79. 2x  2y 81. 4x  8
83. 5x  10y

  
3 5 2 x 9
15. 36 7
5
  
m
n

43
10
17. 1
4
7
0
3  y  11
3 z 1
Pages 231–232 Lesson 5-2
1. Sample answer: x5  x4  x3

  
3 5 6 r 21 3. x x x
19. 11 12 16  s  15 21. (3, 4) 23. (6, 1)
5 8 3 t 7 x x
2
x
2
x
2

25. 

, 4 27. (2, 2) 29. (0, 9) 31. 

,

33. 2010
1 3 1
3 2 3
35. The solution set is the empty set or infinite solutions. x x x
2
37. D 39. (6, 2, 5) 41. (0, 1, 3) 43. 4
7
5
9 x x x
45. (4, 2) 47. (6, 8) 49. {4, 10} 51. {2, 7}
5. yes, 3 7. 10a  2b 9. 6xy  18x 11. y2  3y  70
Pages 209–214 Chapter 4 Study Guide and Review 13. 4z2  1 15. 7.5x2  12.5x ft2 17. yes, 3 19. no
1. identity matrix 3. Scalar multiplication 5. determinant 21. yes, 7 23. 3y  3y2 25. 10m2  5m  15
R38 Selected Answers
 1
27. 7x2  8xy  4y2 29. 12a3  4ab

 s
8
31. 6x2y4  8x2y2  4xy5 33. 2a4  3a3b  4a4b4 1
35. 0.001x2  5x  500 37. p2  2p  24 39. b2  25 The seam is

inch.
8
41. 6x2  34x  48 43. a6  b2 45. x2  6xy  9y2 61. D 63. y4z4  y3z3  3y2z 65. a2  2ab  b2
1 67. y  x  2 69. 9 71. 4 73. 6
47. d2  2 

4 49. 27b3  27b2c  9bc2  c3
d
51.  12cd 
9c2 53.  2RW  W 2
7d2 R2 Page 238 Practice Quiz 1
55. The expression for how much an amount of money will x2
1. 6.53 108 3. 108x8y3 5.

6 7. 3t2  2t  8
grow to is a polynomial in terms of the interest rate. z
19
9. m2  3 


Answers should include the following. m4
• If an amount A grows by r percent for n years, the
Pages 242–244 Lesson 5-4
amount will be A(1  r)n after n years. When this
1. Sample answer: x2  2x  1 3. sometimes
expression is expanded, a polynomial results.
5. a(a  5  b) 7. (y  2)(y  4) 9. 3(b  4)(b  4)
• 8820(1  r)3, 8820r3  26,460r2  26,460r  8820 2y
• Evaluate one of the expressions when r  0.04. For 11. (h  20)(h2  20h  400) 13.

15. 2x(y3  5)
y4
example, 8820(1  r)3  8820(1.04)3 or $9921.30 to the 17. 2cd2(6d  4c  5c4d) 19. (2z  3)(4y  3)
nearest cent. The value given in the table is $9921 21. (x  1)(x  6) 23. (2a  1)(a  1) 25. (2c  3)(3c  2)
rounded to the nearest dollar. 27. 3(n  8)(n  1) 29. (x  6)2 31. prime
b2 33. (y2  z)(y2  z) 35. (z  5)(z2  5z  25)
57. B 59. 20r3t4 61.

2
4a 37. (p2  1)(p  1)(p  1) 39. (7a  2b)(c  d)(c  d)
63. 65. 41. (a  b)(5ax  4by  3cz) 43. (3x  2)(x  1)
y y x5 x4
45. 30 ft by 40 ft 47.

49.

51. x  2
x6 2x  2x  4
53. 16x  16 ft/s 55. (8pn  1)2 57. B 59. yes 61. no;
(2x  1)(x  3) 63. t2  2t  1 65. x2  2
2x  y  1
67. 4x2  3xy  3y2 69. [2] 71. 15 in. by 28 in. 73. no
O x O x 75. Associative Property () 77. irrational 79. rational
y   13 x  2 81. rational

Pages 247–249 Lesson 5-5

1. Sample answer: 64 3. Sometimes; it is true when x  0.
5. 2.668 7. 4 9. 3 11. x 13. 6ab2 15. about 3.01 mi
67. 2y3 69. 3a2 17. 12.124 19. 2.066 21. 7.830 23. 3.890 25. 4.647
1
Pages 236–238 Lesson 5-3 27. 59.161 29. 13 31. 18 33. 2 35.

37. 0.4
5
1. Sample answer:  x  5) (x  1) 3. Jorge;
(x2 39. x 41. 43. 8a445. c2
47. 4z2 6x2z2
Shelly is subtracting in the columns instead of adding. 49. 3p6q3 51. 3c3d4 53. p  q 55. z  4 57. not a
5. 5b  4  7a 7. 3a3  9a2  7a  6 9. x2  xy  y2 real number 59. 5 61. about 1.35 m 63. x  0 and
11. b3  b  1 13. 3b  5 15. 3ab  6b2 17. 2c2  3d  y  0, or y  0 and x  0 65. B 67. 7xy2(y  2xy3  4x2)
4d2 19. 2y2  4yz  8y3z4 21. b2  10b 23. n2  2n  3 8
69. (2x  5)(x  5) 71. 4x2  x  5 


39 x2
25. x3  5x2  11x  22 

27. x2 29. y2  y  1
3
x2 73. 1418
810 2320
2504 75. (1, 3) 77. x2  11x  24
31. a3  6a2  7a  7 


a1 79. a2  7a  18 81. x2  9y2
56
33. x4  3x3  2x2  6x  19 

35. g  5
x3 Pages 254–256 Lesson 5-6

Selected Answers
37. t4  2t3  4t2  5t  10 39. 3t2  2t  3 1 n
2 6 1. Sometimes;
n
 a only when a  1. 3. The product
41. 3d2  2d  3 

43. x3  x 

45. x  3  a
3d  2 2x  3 of two conjugates yields a difference of two squares. Each
1000
47. x  2 49. x2  x  3 51. $0.03x  4 

square produces a rational number and the difference of
x 4
53. 170 

170
2
55. x  x  6x  24 ft
3 2 two rational numbers is a rational number. 5. 2xyx
t 1 3
57. x2  3x  12 ft/s 59. Division of polynomials can be 7. 24 35 9. 2a2b23 11. 222 13. 2  5
3
used to solve for unknown quantities in geometric 15. 93 17. 32 19. 5x22 21. 3xy 2y
3
formulas that apply to manufacturing situations. Answers 3 1 4  6 a2b
23. 6y z7 25.

cdc 27.

29.


2 31. 367
should include the following. 3 2 b2
 
6
• 8x in. by 4x  s in. 33.

35. 33 37. 73  22
2
• The area of a rectangle is equal to the length times the 39. 25  52  56  23 41. 13  222 
width. That is, A  ᐉw. 28  73 1  3  
x2  1
43.

45.

47.

49. 6  162 yd,
• Substitute 32x2  x for A, 8x for ᐉ, and 4x  s for w. 13 2 x1
Solving for s involves dividing 32x2  x by 8x. 24  62 yd2 51. 0 ft/s 53. about 18.18 m 55. x and y
A  ᐉw are nonnegative. 57. B 59. 12z4 61. y  2
32x2  x  8x(4x  s)
32x2x
63.


x1
x4
65. 51 4
4 67. consistent and independent


 4x  s 1 5 13
8x 69. 5 71. 2, 4 73. {xx  6} 75.

77.

79.


4 6 24
1 3
4x 

 4x  s 81.


8 8

Selected Answers R39

 
3
2


100
Page 256 Practice Quiz 2 49. (x2  1) 3 51.


10
1. x2y(3x  y  1) 3. a(x  3)2 5. 6xy3 7. 2n  3
53. x  y  7, 30x  20y  160; (2, 5)
9. 1  7 y
30x  20y  160
Pages 260–262 Lesson 5-7 n
1. Sample answer: 64 3. In exponential form 
bm is equal (2, 5)


1

1 m



to (bm) n . By the Power of a Power Property, (bm) n b . n
x y 7
m
But, b n is also equal to b n by the Power of a Power
m



1

Property. This last expression is equal to b . Thus,

n m
1 5 7
bm  b . 5. 
x2 or x
m 3 3 2 1

n n






7. 6 3 x 3 y 3 9.

11. 2 O x

1

3
2 3 2 z(x  2y) 2 5
19. 3 21. 6







13. x 3 15. a b 2 3 17.


x  2y 55. 1  y 57. 11 59. 3  10x  8x2
1 1
c2 or c
5 5 2 1 1
23. 





25. 23 2 27. 2z 2 29. 2 31.

33.


5 9
1
1
1 Pages 273–275 Lesson 5-9
2 4

w 5


35. 81 37.

39.

41. y4 43. b 5 45.

w
47. t 4 1a. true 1b. true 3. Sample answer: 1  3i and 1  3i
3 3
7 11
5. 5ixy2 7. 1803 9. 6  3i 11.



i
3

5



a 12 y2  2y 2 6 4 17 17
49.
51.
53. 5  57. 
55. 1717 5x2y2
6a y4 13. 2i2 15. 3, 3 17. 10  3j amps 19. 9i
xyz
3

1
21. 10a2bi 23. 12 25. 75i 27. 1 29. i 31. 6
59.

61. 2 63. 26  5 65. 2  3 2 2
10 6
z 33. 4  5i 35. 6  7i 37. 8  4i 39.



i
17 17
67. 880 vibrations per second 69. about 336
2 1 1 22
71. The equation that determines the size of the region 41.



i 43. 20  15i 45. 


i
5 5 3 3
around a planet where the planet’s gravity is stronger than 47. (5  2i)x2  (1  i)x  7  i 49. 4i 51. 2i3
the Sun’s can be written in terms of a fractional exponent. 5 5 67 19
Answers should include the following. 53. 2i 10 55. 

i 57. 4, 3 59.

, 4 61.

,


2 3 11 11
• The radical form of the equation is 63. 13  18j volts
65. Case 1: i  0
rD

Mp 2



or r  D
Ms
5

5
M2p


2 . Multiply the fraction
Ms
Multiply each side by i to get i2  0  i or 1  0. This
is a contradiction.
M3 Case 2: i  0
under the radical by

3s .
Ms Since you are assuming i is negative in this case, you


M 2 3
p M must change the inequality symbol when you multiply
r  D

s
5


each side by i. The result is again i2  0  i or 1  0, a
M2s M3s
contradiction.
D  5
M2p M3s



M5s
Since both possible cases result in contradictions, the
order relation “” cannot be applied to the complex
numbers.

M2 3
5
p Ms
 D

67. C 69. 1, i, 1, i, 1, i, 1, i, 1 71. 12 73. 4
s5
M
23 32
5

1
1 2 1 2
75. y 3 77. 79.
2 1 2 1
D
5
M2p M3s


81. sofa: $1200, love seat: $600, coffee table: $250
Ms

DM 2 M3 5
83. y 85. 0
Selected Answers

p s
The simplified radical form is r 

.
Ms
• If Mp and Ms are constant, then r increases as D increases
because r is a linear function of D with positive slope. xy1
1
73. C 75. 362 77. 8 79.

x2 81. x  2 O x
2 x  2y  4
83. x  2x  1

Pages 265–267 Lesson 5-8

1. Since x is not under the radical, the equation is a linear
equation, not a radical equation. The solution is
3  1
x 

. 3. Sample answer: x   x  3  3 5. 9 Pages 276–280 Chapter 5 Study Guide and Review
2
1. scientific notation 3. FOIL method 5. extraneous
7. 15 9. 31 11. 0  b  4 13. 16 15. no solution 17. 9 1
19. 1 21. 20 23. no solution 25. x  1 27. x  11 solution 7. square root 9. principal root 11.

3 13. 8xy4
f
29. no solution 31. 3 33. 0  x  2 35. b  5 37. 3 15. 1.7 108 17. 9 102 19. 4x2  22x  34
3
39. 1152 lb 41. 34 ft 43. Since  x  2  0 and 21. x3y  x2y4 23. 4a4  24a2  36 25. 2x3  x 


x3
 2x  3  0, the left side of the equation is nonnegative. 27. x  4 29. 50(2x  1)(2x  1) 31. (5w2  3)(w  4)
Therefore, the left side of the equation cannot equal 1. 33. (s  8)(s2  8s  64) 35. 16 37. 8 39. x4  3
3
41. 2m2 43. 22 45. 53 47. 20  86 49. 9


6
Thus, the equation has no solution. 45. D 47. 5 7

R40 Selected Answers

 25
11. min.; 

13. $8.75 15a. 0; x  0; 0
3



  5
210 y5
5

8
4
51.

53. 81 55.

y 57. 3x  4x3 3 59. 343
7 15b. x 15c.
f(x)
61. 4 63. 5 65. 8 67. 8m6i 69. 72 71. 23  14i 73. i 2 20 f (x)
3  21i 1 5
75.

O
10 0 0 (0, 0) x
1 5 f (x )  5x 2
2 20
Chapter 6 Quadratic Functions
and Inequalities
Page 284 Chapter 6 Getting Started
1. y 3. y

y  2x  3 17a. 9; x  0; 0
17b. x f(x) 17c.
O x y  x2  4
2 5 f (x)
1 8
4
x 0 9
O
1 8
2 5 4 2 O 2 4x
5.  16x  48 7.
7x2  6x  1 9. (x  6)(x  5)
9x2 4
11. (x  8)(x  7) 13. prime 15. (x  11)2 17. 15
19. 65 21. 5i 23. 3i30  (0, 9) f (x )  x 2  9
Pages 290–293 Lesson 6-1
1. Sample answer: f(x)  3x2  5x  6; 3x2, 5x, 6
3a. up; min. 3b. down; max. 3c. down; max. 19a. 1; x  0; 0
3d. up; min. 5a. 0; x  1; 1 19b. x f(x) 19c. f (x)
5b. x f(x) 5c. f (x)
2 13
3 3 1 4
2 0 0 1
1 1 1 4
0 0 2 13
1 3
f (x )  3x 2  1 (0, 1)

O x O x
f (x)  x 2  2x
(1, 1)

7a. 3; x  4; 4 21a. 9; x  4.5; 4.5

7b. x f(x) 7c. 21b. x f(x) 21c.
6 9 f (x) 3 9 f (x)
5 12 4 11
2
11.25

Selected Answers
4 13 10 8 4 O x 4.5
3 12 5 11 O 4 8 12 x
2 9 4 6 9
4
8
8 f (x )  x 2  9x  9
f (x)  x 2  8x  3 12
(4, 13) 12 (4 12 , 1114 )
5 5
9a. 0; x  

; 

23a. 36; x  6; 6
3 3
9b. x f(x) 9c. 23b. x f(x) 23c.
3 3 f (x) 8 4 f (x)
4
2 8 7 1
6



5



25 6 0
3 3 4 2 O 2 x 5 1
1 7 4 4 4
0 0 4
f (x )  x 2  12x  36
2
8
f (x)  3x 2  10x
( 5 ,  25
3 3 ) 16 12 8 4 O x
12 (6, 0)

Selected Answers R41

 25a. 3; x  2, 2 • You can locate the vertex of the parabola on the graph of
25b. x f(x) 25c. the function. It occurs when x  40. Algebraically, this is
b
0 3 f (x) (2, 5) found by calculating x  

which, for this case, is
2a
1 3 4000
2 5 x 

or 40. Thus the ticket price should be set at
f (x )  2x 2  8x  3 2(50)
3 3 $40 each to achieve maximum profit.
4 3
57. C 59. 3.20 61. 3.38 63. 1.56 65. 1  3i 67. 23


O x 6 0 24
69. 4 71. [5 13 8] 73. 75. 5 77. 2
2
14 

8
3
Pages 297–299 Lesson 6-2
5 5
27a. 0; x  

; 

1a. The solution is the value that satisfies an equation.
4 4 1b. A root is a solution of an equation. 1c. A zero is the
27b. x f(x) 27c. x value of a function that makes the function equal to 0.
3 3 f (x) 1d. An x-intercept is the point at which a graph crosses the
2 2 x-axis. The solutions, or roots, of a quadratic equation are
5 25 the zeros of the related quadratic function. You can find the




f (x )  2x 2  5x
4 8
1 3 zeros of a quadratic function by finding the x-intercepts of
O its graph. 3. The x-intercepts of the related function are
0 0
x
the solutions to the equation. You can estimate the solutions
by stating the consecutive integers between which the
x-intercepts are located. 5. 2, 1 7. 7, 0 9. 7, 4
( 54 ,  258) 11. between 2 and 1, 3 13. 2, 7 15. 3 17. 0
19. no real solutions 21. 0, 4 23. between 1 and 0;
29a. 0; x  6; 6 1 1 1
between 2 and 3 25. 3, 6 27. 6 29. 

, 2

31. 2

, 3
2 2 2
29b. x 29c.
f(x) 33. between 0 and 1; between 3 and 4 35. between 3
8 8 (6, 9) f (x) and 2; between 2 and 3 37. no real solutions
8
7 8.75
39. Let x be the first number.
6 9
5 8.75
4 Then, 7  x is the other number.
4 8 x(7  x)  14
8 4 O x x2  7x  14  0
y Since the graph of the related
4
2 function does not intersect the
y  x  7x 14
f (x )  0.25x 2  3x x-axis, this equation has no real
O x solutions. Therefore no such
numbers exist. 41. 2, 14
8 1 1
31a. 

; x 

;

43. 3 s 45. about 35 mph
9 3 3
47. 4 and 2; The value of the
31b. x f(x) 31c. function changes from negative
1
7


f (x) to positive, therefore the value
9
8 of the function is zero between
0 


9 these two numbers. 49. A 51. 1 53. 3, 5 55. 1.33
Selected Answers

1


1
3
5 2 8
57. 4, x  3; 3 59. 4; x  6; 6
1 

f (x )  x 2  3 x  9 f (x)
9 f (x)
2
7
1

O
9 x 8
f (x)  1 x 2  3x  4
1 4
( 3
, 1 ) 4
O x
O
12 8 4 x
33. max.; 9 35. min.; 11 37. max.; 12
7 1 f (x)  x 2  6x  4 4
39. max.; 

41. min.; 11 43. min.; 10

45. 40 m
8 3 (3, 5) (6, 5)
47. The y-intercept is the initial height of the object.
49. 60 ft by 30 ft 51. $11.50 53. 5 in. by 4 in.
10 2
55. If a quadratic function can be used to model ticket price 61.



i 63. 24 65. 60 67. x(x  5)
13 13
versus profit, then by finding the x-coordinate of the vertex 69. (x  7)(x  4) 71. (3x  2)(x  2)
of the parabola you can determine the price per ticket that
should be charged to achieve maximum profit. Answers Pages 303–305 Lesson 6-3
should include the following. 1. Sample answer: If the product of two factors is zero, then
• If the price of a ticket is too low, then you won’t make at least one of the factors must be zero. 3. Kristin; the Zero
enough money to cover your costs, but if the ticket price Product Property applies only when one side of the
is too high fewer people will buy them. equation is 0. 5. {8, 2} 7. {3} 9. {3, 4}

R42 Selected Answers

11. 6x2  11x  4  0 13. D 15. {4, 7} 17. {9, 9} 55. D 57. x2  3x  2  0 59. 3x2  19x  6  0
1
61. between 4 and 3; between 0 and 1 63. 4, 1


19. {3, 7} 3
21. 0, 


4  23. {8}
1

25.

, 4
4  2

3
27. 

, 


3 2  2
65. (2, 5) 67. x  (257)  2 69. 37 71. 121

3 9
29.

,


4 4  31. {3, 1} 33. 0, 3, 3 35. x2  5x  14  0
37.  14x  48  0 39. 3x2  16x  5  0
x2
41. 10x2  23x  12  0 43. 14, 16 or 14, 16
45. B  D2  8D  16
Pages 317–319 Lesson 6-5
47. y  (x  p)(x  q)
y  x2  px  qx  pq 1a. Sample answer: 1b. Sample answer:
y  x2  (p  q)x  pq y y
a  1, b  (p  q), c  pq
b
axis of symmetry: x  


2a
(p  q)
x  


2(1)
pq
x 

O x O x
2
The axis of symmetry is the average of the x-intercepts.
Therefore the axis of symmetry is located halfway between
the x-intercepts. 49. 6 51. D 53. 5, 1 55. between
1 and 0; between 3 and 4 57. 32  23 1c. Sample answer:
59. 33  202 61. (3, 5) 63. 22 65. 33 y
67. 2i3

Page 305 Practice Quiz 1

1
1. 4; x  2; 2 3. 1

, 4
2
f (x) 5. 3x2  11x  4  0 O x

4
f (x)  3x 2 12x 4

O 4 8 12 x
3. b2  4ac must equal 0. 5a. 8 5b. 2 irrational
4 2  2 3  i3
5c.

7a. 3 7b. two complex 7c.


2 2
8 5  i2
(2, 8) 9. 3, 2 11.

13. No; the discriminant of
2
16t2  85t  120 is 455, indicating that the equation has
no real solutions. 15a. 240 15b. 2 irrational

1  i23
Pages 310–312 Lesson 6-4 15c. 8  2 15 17a. 23 17b. 2 complex 17c.


2
1. Completing the square allows you to rewrite one side of 1
19a. 49 19b. 2 rational 19c. 2,

21a. 24
a quadratic equation in the form of a perfect square. Once 3
in this form, the equation is solved by using the Square 21b. 2 irrational 21c. 1  6 23a. 0 23b. one rational
5 1  i15
Root Property. 3. Tia; before completing the square, you 23c. 

25a. 135 25b. 2 complex 25c.


2 4
must first check to see that the coefficient of the quadratic 
1  20.37 

Selected Answers
21
term is 1. If it is not, you must first divide the equation by 27a. 1.48 27b. 2 irrational 27c.

29. i

0.8 7

4  2
that coefficient. 5.
 3  7.

; x 


9
4
3 2
2
9. {4  5}

3  15 9 5  46
31.

33.

35.

37. 0, 

39. 2, 6
2 2 3
3
10


11.


4

3  33
 13. Earth: 4.5 s, Jupiter: 2.9 s 41. This means that the cables do not touch the floor of the
bridge, since the graph does not intersect the x-axis and the
5  
15. {2, 12} 17. {3  22} 19.


11
 3  21. {1.6, 0.2} roots are imaginary. 43. 1998 45a. k  6 45b. k  6
or k  6 45c. 6  k  6 47. D 49. 14, 4
23. about 8.56 s 25. 81; (x  9)2
49
4  7 2
27.

; x 


2 1  22
51.

53. 2, 7 55. a4b10 57. 4b2c2
31.

; x 


25 5 2 2
29. 1.44; (x  1.2)2 33. {12, 10}
16 4 59. y
35. {2  3} 37. {–3  2i}
1
 
39.

, 1 41.


2 3

2  10
  xy9 8
 
5  i23
43.

45. {0.7, 4}
6  
3
4
x

47.

 2 49.

,


1
1 x1 yx4 6
4
51. Sample answers: The golden rectangle is found in much 2
of ancient Greek architecture, such as the Parthenon, as
well as in modern architecture, such as in the windows of 6 4 O 2 4 6 8 x
the United Nations building. Many songs have their climax 4 xy  3
at a point occurring 61.8% of the way through the piece, 6
with 0.618 being about the reciprocal of the golden ratio.
The reciprocal of the golden ratio is also used in the design
of some violins. 53. 18 ft by 32 ft or 64 ft by 9 ft 61. no 63. yes; (2x  3)2 65. no

Selected Answers R43

 Pages 325–328 Lesson 6-6 35. y
1a. y  2(x  1)2  5 1b. y  2(x  1)2 y   1 x 2  5x  27
2 2
1c. y  2(x  3)2  3 1d. y  2(x  2)2  3
O x
1e. Sample answer: y  4(x  1)2  3 1f. Sample answer:
y  (x  1)2  3 1g. y  2(x  1)2  3 3. Sample
answer: y  2(x  2)2  1 5. (3, 1); x  3; up
7. y  3(x  3)2  38; (3, 38); x   3; down

9. y
37. Sample answer: the graph of y  0.4(x  3)2  1 is
narrower than the graph of y  0.2(x  3)2  1.
2 1
39. y  9(x  6)2  1 41. y  

(x  3)2 43. y 

x2  5
3 3
45. y  2x 47. 34,000 feet; 32.5 s after the aircraft begins
2
1
y  3 (x  1)2  3 its parabolic flight 49. d(t)  16t2  8t  50
51. Angle A; the graph of the equation for angle A is higher
O x than the other two since 3.27 is greater than 2.39 or 1.53.
53. y  ax2  bx  c
y  ax2 

x  c
b
a

11. y  4(x  2)2

1
13. y  

(x  2)2  3
2
15. (3, 0);  b
a
b 2
2a
b 2
y  a x2 

x 

 c  a


2a  
b2
x  3; down 17. (0, 6); x  0; up  b 2
y  a x 

 c 


2a
4a
19. y  (x  2)2  12; (2, 12); x  2; down b
The axis of symmetry is x  h or 

. 55. D
2a
21. y  3(x – 2)2  12; (2, 12); x  2; down 57. 12; 2 irrational 59. 23; 2 complex 61. {3  3i}
23. y  4(x  1)2  7; (1, 7); x  1; up 3
63. 2t2  2t 

65. n3  3n2  15n  21
t1

1 2
2
7
4
1
2 7
4  1
25. y  3 x 



; 

, 

; x  

; up
2 67a. Sample answer using (1994, 76,302) and (1997, 99,448):
y  7715x  15,307,408 67b. 161,167 69. no 71. no
27. 29.
y y
Page 328 Practice Quiz 2
9  55
1. {7  23} 3. 11; 2 complex 5.

 2 
2
7. y 

(x  2)2  5 9. y  (x  6)2; (6, 0), x  6; down
3

1 Pages 332–335 Lesson 6-7

y  4 (x  2)2  4
1. y  (x  3)2  1 3a. x  1, 5 3b. x  1 or x  5
O x 3c. 1  x  5
y  4(x  3)2  1
O x
5. 7.
y y
12 y  x 2  5x  6
31. y 8 12
Selected Answers

4
O
O x 8
4 2 2 4x
4
8 4
12
2 O 2 4 6x
20 y  x 2  16

y  x 2  6x  2
9. {x1  x  7} 11.  13. about 6.1 s
15. 17.
33. y y y  x 2  7x  8 y
y  4x 2  16x  11
12
O
8
x
4
O x
4 O 4 8 x y  x 2  4x

R44 Selected Answers

19. 21. 11a. 7; x  4; 4
2
y  x  7x  10 11b. x f(x) 11c.
y y
2 5 f (x)
20 3 8
4
4 9
12 5 8
O x 6 5 O 4 8 12 x
4
4
12 8 4 O 4x
4 f (x)  x 2  8x 7
2 8
y  x  6x  5
(4, 9)

23. 25.
13a. 3; x  2; 2
y 2 y
y  x  13x  36 13b. x f(x) 13c.
6 4 3 f (x)
3 0 f (x)  x 2 4x 3
2 2 1
1 0 (2, 1)
O 2 6 10 x O x 0 3 O x
4
y  2x 2  x  3
8

27. 2  x  6 29. x  7 or x  3 31. {x7  x  4}

33. {xx  6 or x  4} 35. {xx  7 or x  1} 89
15. min.; 

17. max.; 7 19. 2, 5 21. between 3 and
37. all reals 39. {xx  7} 41.  43. 0 to 10 ft or 24 16
2; between 38 and 37 23. 2, 8 25. {1}
to 34 ft 45. The width should be greater than 12 cm and
27. {11, 2} 29. 

, 

 31. x2  3x  70  0
1 3
the length should be greater than 18 cm 47. 6 3 2
49. y 33. 289; (x  17)2
49
7 2
35.
; x 




16 4 37. 3  25 39a. 24

y  x  4 2 39b. 2 complex 39c. 1  6i 41a. 73 41b. 2 irrational


7  73
41c.

43. y  5x 



; 

, 

;
7 2 13 7 13
6 2 4 2 4
7
x  

; up
O x 2
45. 47.
y  x2  4 y y

y  9x 2 18x  6

51. C 53. {xall reals, x  2} 55. {xx  9 or x  3} O x

57. {x1.2  x  0.4} 59. y  (x  1)2  8; (1, 8),
1
x  1; up 61. y 

(x  6)2; (6, 0), x  6; up O x
2

Selected Answers
5  i3
63.

65. 4a2b2  2a2b  4ab2  12a  7b
2
y  (x  2)2  2
67. xy3  y 


1
x
69. 21
13 22
48
71. x  0.08  0.002;
1
0.078  x  0.082 49. y 

(x  2)2  3
2
51. 53.
y y y  x 2  7x 11
25
Pages 336–340 Chapter 6 Study Guide and Review
1. f 3. a 5. i 7. c 9a. 20; x  3; 3 15
O x
9b. x f(x) 9c.
2
f (x) 5 y  x  5x 15
5 15
4 12 O 1 3 5 7x
24
3 11
2 12 10
1 15 2
f (x )  x  6x  20
(3, 11) 8
55. all reals 57. xx  

or x  3
1
2
8 4
 
O 4 8x 
3  26 
3  26
59. xx 

or x 


3 3

Selected Answers R45

 Chapter 7 Polynomial Functions 3. f (x)

Page 345 Chapter 7 Getting Started

1. between 0 and 1, between 4 and 5 3. between 5 and 4, O
3 1 x
between 0 and 1 5. 

, 

7. 3x  4 9. 19
2 7
11. 18b2  3b  6

Pages 350–352 Lesson 7-1

1. 4  4x0; x  x1 3. Sample answer given.
f (x) 5. f (x)
x f(x) 8
3 20
2 9 4
1 2
O x 0 5 4 2 O 2 4x
1 0 4
2 5
3 26 8

f (x )  x 4  7x 2  x  5
5. 6; 5 7. 21; 3 9. 2a9  6a3  12 11. 6a3  5a2  8a  45
13a. f(x) →  as x → , f(x) →  as x →  13b. even
13c. 0 15. 109 lumens 17. 3; 1 19. 4; 6 21. No, this is not
1 7. between 2 and 1, f (x)
a polynomial because the term

cannot be written in the
c between 1 and 0,
form xn, where n is a nonnegative integer. 23. 12; 18 between 0 and 1,
25. 1008; 36 27. 86; 56 29. 7; 4 31. 12a2  8a  20 and between 1 and 2
33. 12a6  4a3  5 35. 3x4  16x2  26 37. x6  x3 
2x2  4x  2 39a. f(x) →  as x → , f(x) →  as O x
x →  39b. odd 39c. 3 41a. f(x) →  as x → , f(x) →
 as x →  41b. even 41c. 0 43a. f(x) →  as x →
, f(x) →  as x →  43b. odd 43c. 1 45. 5.832 units f (x )  x 4  4x 2  2
1
47. f(x) →  as x → ; f(x) →  as x →  49.


2
1 3
51. f(x)

x3 

x2  2x 53. 4 55. 8 points 57. C
2 2
59. {x2  x  6} 61. x1  x 


4
5 9. Sample answer: rel. max. at
y f (x)
63. x  0, rel. min. at x  2
8
and at x  2
2
4

12 8 O x
4 2 O 2 4x
2
4
Selected Answers

y  1 (x  5)2  1
3 4
f (x )  x 4  8x 2  10

65. 4  32 67. 23,450(1  p); 23,450(1  p)3

69. y 11. rel. max. between x  15 and x  16, and no rel. min.;
f(x) →  as x → , f(x) →  as x → .
13a. x f(x) f (x )
5 25 4
O x
4 0
O
3 9 2 2 4x
2 8
4
1 3
y  x 2  6x  5 0 0 8
1 5
2 24 f (x)  x 3  4x 2
Pages 356–358 Lesson 7-2
1. There must be at least one real zero between two points
on a graph when one of the points lies below the x-axis and 13b. at x  4 and x  0 13c. Sample answer: rel. max.
the other point lies above the x-axis. at x  0, rel. min. at x  3
R46 Selected Answers
15a. x f(x) f (x ) 23b. between 0 and 1, between 1 and 2, between 2 and 3,
and between 4 and 5 23c. Sample answer: rel. max. at
2 18
x  2, rel. min. at x  0.5 and at x  4
1 2
25a. x f(x) f (x )
0 2
O x 4 77 24
1 0
3 30
2 2
2 7 16
3 2
1 2
4 18 8
0 3
f (x)  x 3  3x 2 2 1 2
4 2 O 2 4x
15b. at x  1, between 1 and 0, and between 2 and 3 2 55
15c. Sample answer: rel. max. at x  0, rel. min. at x  2
f (x)  x 5  4x 4  x 3  9x 2  3
17a. x f(x) f (x )
1 75 25b. between 4 and 3, between 2 and 1, between 1
0 16 4 and 0, between 0 and 1, and between 1 and 2 25c. Sample
1 3 answer: rel. max. at x  3 and at x  0, rel. min. at x 
4 2 O 2 4x
1 and at x  1 27. highest: 1982; lowest: 2000 29. 5
2 0
3 7 4 31. x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
4 0 B(x) 25 34 40 45 50 54 59 64 68 71 71
5 39 8 G(x) 26 33 39 44 49 53 56 59 61 61 60
3 2
f (x)  3x  20x  36x  16
y B (x )
17b. between 0 and 1, at x  2, and at x  4 70
17c. Sample answer: rel. max. at x  3, rel. min. at x  1 65
19a. 60
x f(x) f (x ) Average Height (in.)
55 G (x )
3 73 4
50
2 8
45
1 7 4 2 O 2 x
40
0 8 4 35
1 7
30
2 8 f (x)  x 4  8 8
25
3 73
20

19b. between 2 and 1 and between 1 and 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x

19c. Sample answer: no rel. max., rel. min. at x  0 Age (yrs)
21a. f (x )
x f(x) 8 33. 0 and between 5 and 6 35. 3.4 s
4 169
4 37. y 39. y
3 31
2 7

Selected Answers
1 5 4 2 O 2 4x
0 1 4
O x O x
1 1
8
2 1
3 43
f (x )  x 4  5x 2 2x  1

21b. between 3 and 2, between 1 and 0, between 0

41. D 43. 1.90; 1.23 45. 0; 1.22, 1.22 47. 24a3  4a2  2
and 1, and between 1 and 2 21c. Sample answer: rel. max.
49. 8a4  10a2  4 51. 2x4  11x2  16
at x  2 and at x  1.5, rel. min. at x  0
23a. f (x ) 53. 55.
x f(x)
y y
1 65 4
0 6
1 1 2 O 2 4 x
2 2 4
3 3
4 10 8 y  x 2  4x  6
O x
5 11 O x 2
y  x  2x
f (x)  x 4  9x 3  25x 2  24x  6

Selected Answers R47

 57. (3, 2) 59. (1, 3) 61. (x  5)(x  6) 39. 7.5 ft/s, 8 ft/s, 7.5 ft/s 41. By the Remainder Theorem,
63. (3a  1)(2a  5) 65. (t  3)(t2  3t  9) the remainder when f(x) is divided by x  1 is equivalent to
f(1), or a  b  c  d  e. Since a  b  c  d  e  0, the
remainder when f(x) is divided by x  1 is 0. Therefore,
Pages 362–364 Lesson 7-3 x  1 is a factor of f(x). 43. $16.70 45. No, he will still
1. Sample answer: 16x4  12x2  0; 4[4(x2)2  3x2]  0 owe $4.40. 47. D 49. (x2)2  8(x2)  4 51. not possible
3. Factor out an x and write the equation in quadratic form 53. Sample answer: rel. max. and x  1 and x  1.5,
so you have x[(x2)2  2(x2)  1]  0. Factor the trinomial and rel. min. at x  1
solve for x using the Zero Product Property. The solutions f (x ) 55. (4, 2) 57. A
are 1, 0, and 1. 5. 84(n2)2  62(n2) 7. 4, 1, 4, 1 9. 64 
9  57
8 59. S 61.


11. 2(x2)2  6(x2)  10 13. 11(n3)2  44(n3) 15. not 6
possible 17. 0, 4, 3 19. 3, 3, i3, i3 4
 9  9i3
9  9i3
21. 2, 2, 22, 22 23. 9,

,


2 2 4 2 O 2 4x
25. 81, 625 27. 225, 16 29. 1, 1, 4 31. w  4 cm, ᐉ 
4
8 cm, h  2 cm 33. 3 3 in. 35. h2  4, 3h  2, h  3
37. Write the equation in quadratic form, u2  9x  8  0,
where u a  3. Then factor and use the Zero Product f (x)  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  7x  4
Property to solve for a; 11, 4, 2, and 5. 39. D
41. x f(x) f (x )
2 21
Pages 375–377 Lesson 7-5
1 1
1. Sample answer: p(x)  x3  6x2  x  1; p(x) has either
0 5
2 or 0 positive real zeros, 1 negative real zero, and 2 or 0
1 3 imaginary zeros. 3. 6 5. 7, 0, and 3; 3 real 7. 2 or 0; 1;
2 1 8
O x 2 or 4 9. 2, 1  i, 1  i 11. 2  3i, 2  3i, 1 13. 

; 1
3 1 3
real 15. 0, 3i, 3i; 1 real, 2 imaginary 17. 2, 2, 2i, and
4 9
2i; 2 real, 2 imaginary 19. 2 or 0; 1; 2 or 0 21. 3 or 1; 0;
5 35
f (x)  x 3  4x 2  x  5 2 or 0 23. 4, 2, or 0; 1; 4, 2, or 0 25. 2, 2  3i, 2  3i
i i 3
1715 27. 2i, 2i,

, 

29. 

, 1  4i, 1  4i 31. 4  i,
43. 17; 27 45.

; 135 47. A′(1, 2), B′(3, 3), C′(1, 3) 2 2 2
3 4  i, 3 33. 3  2i, 3  2i, 1, 1 35. f(x)  x3  2x2 
54
49. x2  5x  4 51. x3  6x  20 


x3 19x  20 37. f(x)  x4  7x2  144 39. f(x)  x3  11x2 
23x  45
Page 364 Practice Quiz 1 41a. f (x ) 41b. f (x )
1. 2a3  6a2  5a  1
3. Sample answer: maximum 5. 3, 3, i3, i3
at x  2, minimum at x  0.5
f (x ) O x O x
8

4
Selected Answers

4 2 O 2 4x
41c. f (x )
4

8

f (x)  x 3  2x 2  4x  6 O x

Pages 368–370 Lesson 7-4

1. Sample answer: f(x)  x2  2x  3 3. dividend: x3 
6x  32; divisor: x  2; quotient: x2  2x  10; remainder: 43. 1 ft 45. radius  4 m, height  21 m 47. 24.1, 4.0,
12 5. 353, 1186 7. x  1, x  2 9. x  2, x2  2x  4 0, and 3.1
11. $2.894 billion 13. 9, 54 15. 14, 42 17. 19, 243
19. 450, 1559 21. x  1, x  2 23. x  4, x  1
1
25. x  3, x 

or 2x  1 27. x  7, x  4
2
29. x  1, x2  2x  3 31. x  2, x  2, x2  1
33. 3 35. 1, 4 37. 5 1 14 69 140 100
5 45 120 100
1 9 24 20 0 [30, 10] scl: 5 by [20, 20] scl: 5

R48 Selected Answers

49. Sample answer: f(x)  x3  6x2  5x  12 and g(x)  functions in the wrong order. 5. x2  x  1; x2  x  7;
2x3  12x2  10x  24; each have zeros at x  4, x  2, x2  3
x3  4x2  3x  12;

, x  4 7. {(2, 7)}; {(1, 0), (2, 10)}
and x  3. x4
3
51. If the equation models the level of a medication in a 9. x2  11; x2  10x  31 11. 11 13. p(x) 

x; c(x)  x  5
4
patient’s bloodstream, a doctor can use the roots of the 15. $33.74; price of CD when coupon is subtracted and then
equation to determine how often the patient should take x9
25% discount is taken 17. 2x; 18; x2  81;

, x  9
the medication to maintain the necessary concentration in x9
the body. Answers should include the following. 2x2
19. 2x  x  8; 2x  x  8; 2x  16x ;
, x  8
2 2 3 2

• A graph of this equation reveals that only the first 8x
x3  x2  1 x3  x2  2x  1
positive real root of the equation, 5, has meaning for this 21.

, x  1;

, x  1; x2  x,
x1 x1
situation, since the next positive real root occurs after the x3  x2  x  1
x  1;
x
, x  0 23. {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 1)};
medication level in the bloodstream has dropped below
0 mg. Thus according to this model, after 5 hours there is {(1, 0), (0, 1)} 25. {(0, 0), (8, 3), (3, 3)}; {(3, 6), (4, 4), (6, 6),
no significant amount of medicine left in the bloodstream. (7, 8)} 27. {(5, 1), (8, 9)}; {(2, 4)} 29. 8x  4; 8x  1
• The patient should not go more than 5 hours before 31. x2  2; x2  4x  4 33. 2x3  2x2  2x  2; 8x3  4x2 
taking their next dose of medication. 2x  1 35. 12 37. 39 39. 25 41. 2 43. 79 45. 226
53. C 55. 254, 915 57. min.; 13 59. min.; 7 47. P(x)  50x  1939 49. p(x)  0.70x; s(x)  1.0575x

 
3 2 29 8 51. $110.30 53. 373 K; 273 K 55. $700, $661.20, $621.78,
61. (6p  5)(2p  9) 63. 3 4 65. 8 9 $581.73, $541.04 57. Answers should include the following.
2 9 16 16 • Using the revenue and cost functions, a new function
1 5 1 1 that represents the profit is p(x)  r(c(x)).
67. 

, 1, 

, 5 69. 

, 

, 1, 3 • The benefit of combining two functions into one function
2 2 9 3
is that there are fewer steps to compute and it is less
confusing to the general population of people reading
Pages 380–382 Lesson 7-6
the formulas.
1. Sample answer: You limit the number of possible solutions. 1 1 3 3
q p 59. C 61. 1, 

, 

, 2, 3, 

, 

, 6 63. x3  4x2 
3. Luis; Lauren found numbers in the form

, not

as Luis 2 4 2 4
p q
17x  60 65. 6x3  13x2  9x  2 67. x3  9x2  31x  39
did according to the Rational Zero Theorem. 5. 1, 2,
 2

1 1 2

3
1 1 1 2 7 69. 10  2j 71. 1 73. 




, 

, 

, 

7. 2, 4, 7 9. 2, 2,

11. 10 cm 1 2 3 4
2 3 6 3 2
11 cm 13 cm 13. 1, 2, 3, 6 15. 1, 2, 3, 6,
1 1
9, 18 17. 1, 

, 

, 3, 9, 27 19. 1, 1, 2
1 5
75. 


16 3 2
2 1  4x2
77. y 

79. t 


5x
I
pr
3 9
1 1 Fr2
21. 0, 9 23. 0, 2, 2 25. 2, 4 27.

, 

, 2 81. m 


2 3 GM
1 1 1 3 4 5  i
3
29. 

,

,

,

31.

, 0,

33. 1, 2, 5, i, i
2 3 2 4 5 2
35. 2, 3  i3; 2 37. V  2h3  8h2  64h Pages 393–394 Lesson 7-8
1
39. V 

ᐉ3  3ᐉ2 41. ᐉ  30 in., w  30 in., h  21 in. 1. no 3. Sample answer: f(x)  2x, f 1(x)  0.5x; f[f 1(x)]
3  f 1[f(x)]  x 5. {(4, 2), (1, 3), (8, 2)}
43. The Rational Zero Theorem helps factor large numbers
7. f 1(x)  x 9. y  2x  10
by eliminating some possible zeros because it is not
practical to test all of them using synthetic substitution. f (x ) y y  1x  5
4 12 2
Answers should include the following.
f (x)  x
• The polynomial equation that represents the volume of 2 f 1(x )  x 8
the compartment is V  w3  3w2  40w.

Selected Answers
• Reasonable measures of the width of the compartment 4
4 2 O 2 4x
are, in inches, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 18, 21, 22, 28, 33,
36, 42, 44, 63, 66, 77, and 84. The solution shows that 2
O 4 8 12 x
w  14 in., ᐉ  22 in., and d  9 in. 1
4 4 y  2x 10
45. Sample answer x5  x4  27x3  41x2  106x  120
47. 4, 2  i, 2  i 49. 7, 5  2i, 5  2i 51. x  4,
11. no 13. 15.24 m/s2 15. {(8, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5)}
3x2  2 53. 3xy2x 55. 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm 17. {(2, 1), (2, 3), (4, 1), (6, 0)}
57. 4x2  8x  3 59. x5  7x4  8x3  106x2  85x  25
5 19. {(8, 2), (5, 6), (2, 8), (6, 5)}
61. x2  x  4 

1
x1 21. g1(x)  

x 23. g1(x)  x  4
2
g (x ) g (x )
4 4
Page 382 Practice Quiz 2
1. 930, 145 3. x4  4x3  7x2  22x  24  0
3
5. 

g1(x )   12 x
2 2 2
g (x )  x  4
x
Pages 386–389 Lesson 7-7 4 2 O 2 4 4 2 O 2 4x
1. Sometimes; sample answer: If f(x)  x  2, g(x)  x  8, 2 g1(x)  x2
4
then f ° g  x  6 and g ° f  x  6.
3. Danette; [g ° f ](x)  g[f(x)] means to evaluate the f g (x )  2x 4
function first and then the g function. Marquan evaluated the

Selected Answers R49

 1 1 8
25. y  

x 

27. f 1(x) 

x 9. 11.
2 2 5
y y
y f (x ) 8 4 y  x  2  1
4 4
3
  1x  1
1
y 2 2 6 2
2 y  2x  4 1
4
2 O 1 2 3 4 5 6x
4 2 O 2 4x 4 2 O 2 4x
2 2
2 2 f (x)  58 x
3
y  2x  1 4
4 4 2 O 2 4 6x

f 1(x)  85 x
13. Yes; sample answer: 15.
5 35 8 4
29. f 1(x) 

x 

31. f 1(x) 

x 

The advertised pump will y
4 4 7 7 reach a maximum height O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
f (x)1  54 x  35 f (x ) of 87.9 ft. 1
4 4
2
f (x ) f 1(x)  87 x 2 47 3
40 30 20 10 O x 4
10 5
4 2 O 2 4x 6
7 y  5x
20 2
f (x)  7x 8 4 8
30 4
D: x  0, R: y  0
f (x)  45 x  7
40
17. 19.
1 11
33. no 35. yes 37. yes 39. y 

x 

41. I(m)  320  y y
2 2 8 8
0.04m; $4500 43. It can be used to convert Celsius to 7 7
Fahrenheit. 6 6
5 5
45. Inverses are used to convert between two units of 4 4
measurement. Answers should include the following. y  1 x
3 2 3 y  x  7
• Even if it is not necessary, it is helpful to know the 2 2
imperial units when given the metric units because most 1 1
measurements in the U.S. are given in imperial units so it O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
is easier to understand the quantities using our system.
• To convert the speed of light from meters per second to D: x  0, R: y  0 D: x  7, R: y  0
miles per hour,
3.0 108 meters 3600 seconds 1 mile 21. 23.
f(x)







1 second 1 hour 1600 meters y y

675,000,000 mi/hr 8 8
7
47. B 49. g[h(x)]  6x  10; h[g(x)]  6x 51. 7, 2, 3 6 6
5
Selected Answers

25 y  5 x  4
53. 64 55. 3 57. 117 59. 7 61.

4 4
4
3
2 y  5x  3 2
1
O
Pages 397–399 Lesson 7-9 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x 4 2 2 4x
1. In order for it to be a square root function, only the
nonnegative range can be considered. 3. Sample answer: D: x  0.6, R: y  0 D: x  4, R: y  5
y  
2x  4
5. 7. 25. 27.
y y y y
8 8 8 8
7 7
6 6 y  23  4x  3 6 6
5 5
4 4
4 4 y  x  5
3 3 y  x  1  3
2 y  4x 2 2 2
1 1 O
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x 3 2 1 O x 4 2 2 x

D: x  0; R: y  0 D: x  1; R: y  3 D: x  0.75, R: y  3

R50 Selected Answers

29. 31. 27. 20, 20 29. x2  2x  3 31. 1; 0; 2 33. 3 or 1; 1; 0
y y or 2 35. 2 or 0; 2 or 0; 4, 2, or 0 37. 1, 1
8 8
1
7 7 39. 1, 2, 4, 3 41.

, 2 43. x2  1; x2  6x  11
2
6 6 45. 15x  5; 15x  25
5 5
4 4 x  3
3 3
47. x  4; x 4 49. f 1(x) 


y  6x  2  1 2
2 y  5x  8 2 f (x )
1 1
f (x )  2x  3
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x 2 1
f (x )  x 2 3
33. 317.29 mi
37. Square root functions are used in bridge design because 4 2 O 2 4x
the engineers must determine what diameter of steel cable 2
needs to be used to support a bridge based on its weight.
Answers should include the following. 4
• Sample answer: When the weight to be supported is less
than 8 tons.
• 13,608 tons
x5
39. D 41. no 43. 2x  2; 8; x2  2x  15;

, x  3 2x  1 1 3
x3 51. f 1(x) 

53. y1  

x 


8x3  12x2  18x  26 3 8x3  12x2  18x  28 3 2 2
45.


, x  

;


,
2x  3 2 2x  3 f (x ) y
4 4
3 3 3
x  

; 2x  3, x  

; 8x  12x  18x  27, x  


3 2
f (x)  3x2 1 y  (2x  3)2
2 2 2
2 2
47. 2x2  4x  16 49. a3  1
x
Pages 400–404 Chapter 7 Study Guide and Review 4 2 O 2 4x 4 2 O 2 4
1. f 3. a 5. e 7. 6; x  h  2 9. 21; 6x  6h  3 2 2
11. 20; x2  2xh  h2  x  h 1
f 1(x)  2x3
13a. h (x ) 13b. at x  3 y   12 x  32
x 13c. Sample answer:
8 4 O 4 8 rel. max. at x  1.4,
4 rel. min. at x  1.4 3
55. D: x 

, R: y  0 57.
5
8 y y
8 6
7 5
12
6 y  5x  3 4
5 3
4 2 y  x  2
h (x)  x 3  6x  9
3 1
15a. 15b. between 2 and 3 2
p (x ) O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
1
15c. Sample answer: x
2
4
rel. max. at x  1.6, O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
rel. min. at x  0.8

Selected Answers
8 4 O 4 8x
4
Chapter 8 Conic Sections
8
Page 411 Chapter 8 Getting Started
p (x )  x 5  x 4  2x 3  1 3
1. {4, 6} 3.

, 4
2
5a.
2 4 1
2 0 2
 
17a. r (x ) 17b. between 2 and 1,
between 0 and 1, and
between 1 and 2
5b. 5 5
3 3 3
5
5c.
3 9

1 3 5
4

17c. Sample answer: 7. y
rel. max. at x  1,
rel. min. at x  0.9
O x

O x
x y  3
r (x )  4x 3  x 2 11x  3
5
19.

, 3, 0 21. 4, 2  2i3 23. 2, 2 25. 4, 1
3

Selected Answers R51

 Pages 414–416 Lesson 8-1 Pages 423–425 Lesson 8-2
1. (3, 7), 3, 6

, x  3, y  7

3. When she added 9
1. Since the sum of the x-coordinates of the given points is 15 1
negative, the x-coordinate of the midpoint is negative. Since 16 16
to complete the square, she forgot to also subtract 9. The
the sum of the y-coordinates of the given points is positive,
standard form is y  (x  3)2  9  4 or y  (x  3)2  5.
the y-coordinate of the midpoint is positive. Therefore, the
midpoint is in Quadrant II. 3. Sample answer: (0, 0) and
(5, 2) 5. (2.5, 2.25) 7. 122 units 9. D 11. (4, 2)
5. (3, 4), 3, 3

, x  3, 7. 

, 

, 

, 

, x  

,
3 4 2 4 3 4
4 3 3 3 4 3

17 27
13.

,


2 2 15. (3.1, 2.7) 
1 5
17.

,


24 8 19. (7, 11) 1
y  4

, upward, 1 unit
7
y  

, downward,

unit
1
4 12 3
21. Sample answer: Draw several line segments across the y y
y  3x 2  8x  6
U.S. One should go from the northeast corner to the
southwest corner; another should go from the southeast O x
corner to the northwest corner; another should go across the
middle of the U.S. from east to west; and so on. Find the
O x
midpoints of these segments. Locate a point to represent all
of these midpoints.
25. 25 units 27. 3 17 units 29.  70.25 units 31. 1 unit
813
33.

units 35. 72   58 units, 10 units2 y  (x  3) 2  4
12

 units 39. about 0.9 h 41. The slope of the line

37. 130
2 y y
through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is

1 and the point-slope
x2  x1 1 1
y y 9. y 

(x  3)2  6 11. x 

y2  6
8 24
form of the equation of the line is y  y1 

2

1 (x  x1).
x2  x1 y 13. x  (y  7)2  29
x1  x2 y1  y2
Substitute
 2

,

into this equation. The
2
15. x  3y 

 11


5 2
6
1
12
y1  y2 y2  y1
left side is

 y1 or

. The right side is
2 2
y2  y1 x1  x2 y2  y1 x2  x1 y2  y1 y  1 ( x  3) 2  6
x2  x1 




 x1 



or

2
x2  x1 2  2

. Therefore, 8

x1  x2 y1  y2
the point with coordinates

2 

,

lies on the line
2
through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
O x
x x y y
The distance from 

1

2 ,

1

2
to (x1, y1) is
2 2


   
x1  x2 2
x1 

 y1 

or
2
y1  y2 2
2
17. (0, 0), 

, 0 , y  0,
1
19. (1, 4), 1, 3

, x  1,
1


 

x1  x2 2 y1  y2 2




. The distance from

2 2
x1  x2 y1  y2
2

,


2  1
2
x  

, right, 2 units
1
2
y  4

, downward, 2 units
to (x2, y2) is 2 2
y y


    
x2 

2 

x1  x2 2


 y2 

y1  y2 2


2
x2  x1 2


2



y2  y1 2
2



x1  x2 2 y1  y 2 2 y 2  2x
Selected Answers

or



. Therefore the point with

2 2
x1  x2 y1  y2 O x O

coordinates

,

is equidistant from (x1, y1) and
2 2
(x2, y2). 43. C 45. on the line with equation y  x
2(y  4)  (x  1)2
x
47. D  {xx  2}, 49. D  {xx  0},
R  {yy  0} R  {yy  1}
y y

21. (4, 8), (3, 8), y  8, x  5, left, 4 units

y
y  x  2 16
y  2x  1
14
12
10
O x O x 8
6
4
2 (y  8)2  4(x  4)
51. 1  13i 53. 4  3i 55. y  (x  3 2)2 O
57. y  3(x  1)2  2 59. y  3(x  3)2  17 4 321 1 2 3 4x

R52 Selected Answers

23. (24, 7), 23

, 7 , y  7, 25. (4, 2), 4, 2

, x  4, 53.
3 1 y
4 12
1 11 1
x  24

, right, 1 unit y  1

, upward,

unit
4 12 3
y y
24

x  y 2  14y  25 16 y x  1
O x
8

24 16 8 O 8x 55. 4 57. 9 59. 23 61. 43

y  3x 2  24x  50
8
O x

27. 

,

, 

,

, y 

, 29. (123, 18), 122

, 18 , y 

17 3 67 3 3 1
4 4 16 4 4 4 Pages 428–431 Lesson 8-3
69 1 3 1. Sample answer: (x  6)2  (y  2)2  16 3. Lucy; 36 is
x 

, left,

unit 18, x  123

, left, 3 units
16 4 4 the square of the radius, so the radius is 6 units.
y y 5. (x  1)2  (y  5)2  4 7. (x  3)2  (y  7)2  9
20
x  4y 2  6y  2
 units
9. (0, 14), 34
120 60 O 60 120x y
24 x 2  (y  14)2  34
20
O
x 16
40
x   1 y 2  12y  15
3 8
60

16 8 O 8 16x
2
31. 1 33. y  

35. 0.75 cm
3 8
1 1
37. x  

(y  6)2  8 39. y 

(x  1)2  7
24 16
y y 2 1 22 
14 8 11. 

,

,

unit 13. (2, 0), 23 units
3 2 3
12 6
y y
10 4 y  1 (x  1)2 7
8 2 16
6 x   1 (y  6)2 8
24 4 321 O1 2 3 4 5 6 x
4 2
2 4
O x O x
6
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
2 8 2 2
(x  23 )  (y  12 )  8
9

(x  2)2  y 2  12
1
41. x 

(y  3)2  4

Selected Answers
4
y
15. y
x  1 (y  3)2 4 Earth
4
Satellite
35,800
km
x
x 6400
O
km
42,200
km
1
43. about y  0.00046x2  325 45. y  

x2  6550
26,200
47. A parabolic reflector can be used to make a car
headlight more effective. Answers should include 1
17. (x  2)2  (y  1)2  4 19. (x  8)2  (y  7)2 


the following. 4
21. (x  1)2  y 




• Reflected rays are focused at that point. 1 2 1945
• The light from an unreflected bulb would shine in all 2 4
23. x  13  (y  42)2  1777
2
directions. With a parabolic reflector, most of the light can
be directed forward toward the road. 25. (x  4)2  (y  2)2  4 27. (x  5)2  (y  4)2  25
49. A 51. 10 units 29. (x  2.5)2  (y  2.8)2  1600
Selected Answers R53
 31. (0, 0), 12 units  units
41. (9, 9), 109
y y 2
16 2
x  y  144 2
18 x 2 y  18x  18y  53  0
16
8 14
12
16 8 O 8 16x 10
8
8 6
4
16 2
2O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x
2
33. (3, 7), 9 units
y 3
43. 

, 4 ,

units
3 17
(x  3)2  (y  7)2  81 4
2 2
 units
45. (1, 2), 14
2
y y
12108642 O2 4 6 8 x 4
2 2
4 O
6 6 42 2 4 6 8 10 x O x
2
8 4
10 6
12 8
14 10
16 12
x 2 y 2  3x  8y  20
x 2 y 2  2x  4y  9

47. 0, 

, 19

9
35. (3, 7), 52 units 2
 units
y (x  3)2  (y  7)2  50 y
2 O x
O
64 2 2 4 6 8 10 x
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 4x 2 4y 2  36y  5  0

37. 2, 3 , 29

 units 49. (x  1)2  (y  2)2  5 51. A 53. y  
16  (
x  3)2
y 55.
x 2 (y  3)2  4x  25
Selected Answers

O x [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 10] scl:1

57. (1, 0), 

, 0 , y  0, 59. (2, 4), 2, 3

,

11 3
12 4
1 1 1
x  1

, left,

unit x  2, y  4

, upward, 1 unit
12 3 4
39. (0, 3), 5 units y y
y y  x 2  4x
x 2 y 2  6y  16  0
x  3y 2  1

x O x
O

O x
61. (1, 2) 63. 4, 2, 1 65. 28 in. by 15 in. 67. 6
69. 25 71. 22
R54 Selected Answers
Page 431 Practice Quiz 1 29. (8, 2); 8  37, 2 ; 24; 18
1. 13 units y
16
 1

3. (0, 0), 1

, 0 , y  0,
2
5. (0, 4), 7 units
1 y 8
x  1

, right, 6 units 12
2
y 10 O
8 24 16 8 8x
6
8
y 2  6x 4
(x  8) 2 (y  2)2
2  1
144 81 16
O x 8642O 2 4 6 8x
2
4
x 2  (y  4)2  49 31. (0, 0); 6, 0 ; 6; 23
y

O x
Pages 437–440 Lesson 8-4
(x  2)2 (y  5)2
1. x  1, y  2 3. Sample answer:



 1
4 1 3x 2  9y 2  27
(y  4)2 (x  2)2
5.



 1
36 4
7. (0, 0): (0, 3); 62; 6
y 33. (0, 0); 0, 7 ; 8; 6
y

O x
O x

y2 x2
 1
18 9

9. (0, 0); (2, 0); 42; 4 16x 2  9y 2  144

y
35. (3, 1); (3, 5), (3, 3); 46; 42
y

O x

2 2
4x  8y  32

Selected Answers
O x
x2 y2 x2 y2
11. about



 1 13.



 1
1.32 1015 1.27 10 15 16 7
y2 (x  2)2 (y  4)2 (x  2)2
15.



 1 17.



 1
16 4 64 4
(x  5)2 (y  4)2 x2 y2
19.

  81  1 21.



 1 37. (2, 2); (2, 4), (2, 0); 27; 23
64

169 25
4
y2 y2 y
x2 x2
23. about

16 

16  1 25.



 1
2.02 10 2.00 10 20 4
27. (0, 0); 0, 5 ; 210
; 25
y

O x

O x

x2 y2 x2 y2
y2 x2 39.



 1 41. C 43. about

19 

19  1
 1 12 9 1.35 10 1.26 10
10 5
45. (x  4)2  (y  1)2  101 47. (x  4)2  (y  1)2  16
Selected Answers R55
 49. Married Americans
x2 y2 y 
11
2
2 x2
120 11.



 1 13.  

 1
4 12 25 6



118 4
(y  3)2
People (millions)

116 x2 y2 (x  2)2
15.



 1 17.



 1
114 25 36 49 4
x2 y2
112 19.



 1
16 9
110
21. (9, 0); 130
, 0 ; y  

x 7
108
9
106
2 2
104 y x  y 1
16 81 49
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 12
8
Years Since 1980
4
161284 O4 8 12 16x
4
51. Sample answer: 128,600,000 8
12
53. 55. 16
y y

y  12 x 23. (0, 4); 0, 41

 ; 25. 2, 0 ; 3, 0 ;
4 2
y  

x y  

x
5 2
O x O x y y
8
y  2x
6
x 2  2y 2  2
4
2
8 6 42 O2 4 6 8 x O x
2
57. y 4
6
8
y2 x2
16
 25  1
O x
y  2  2(x  1) 27. (0, 6); 0, 35 ; 29. (2, 0), (2, 8); (2, 1),
4
y  2x (2, 9); y  4  

(x  2)
3
y y
16 12

8 8
y 2  36  4x 2 (y  4)2 (x  2)2
Pages 445–448 Lesson 8-5
y2  49 1
x2 16 8 O 8 16x 16
1. sometimes 3. Sample answer:



 1 4
4 9 O
Selected Answers

x2 y2 8 4 4 x
5.



 1 12
1 15
4
7. 1, 6  25 ; 9. 4  25, 2 ;
1, 6  35 ; 4  35, 2 ; 31. (3, 3), (1, 3); 33. 1, 3  26 ;
25 5 1 
y  6  

(x  1) y  2  

(x  4) 13, 3 ; 1, 3  42 ;
5 2
3
y
16
y y  3  

(x  1) y  3  3(x  1)
O x 2
12 y y
8 6
4 x 4
O
2
1284 O4 12 16 20 x
4 8 6 42 O2 4 6 8 x
(y  6)2 (x  1)2 8 2
 1
20 25 12 4
16 6
8


(x  1)2 (y  3)2 y 2  3x 2  6y  6x  18  0
4  9 1

R56 Selected Answers

 x2 y2 y2 x2
35.



 1 37. 120 cm, 100 cm 11. 13.



 1, ellipse
1.1025 7.8975 4 2
y y
39. about 47.32 ft 41. C 10
43. 45. 8
6
y y
4
xy  2 2
xy  2 O x
O2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
2
x 4
O x O 6

x2 y2
15.



 1, hyperbola 17. y  (x  2)2  4, parabola
4 1
y y
(x  5)2 (y  2)2 (x  1)2 (y  4)2
47.



 1 49.



 1
16 1 25 9
51. 4, 2 53. 7
5
0
20 55. about 5,330,000 subscribers

per year 57. 2x  17y 59. 1, 2, 9 61. 5, 0, 2 O x O x

63. 0, 1, 0

Page 448 Practice Quiz 2 (x  4)2 y2

(y  1)2 (x  3)2
19. (x  2)2  (y  3)2  9, 21.



 1,
32 32
1.



 1
81 32 circle hyperbola

3. (1, 1); 1, 1  11

 ; 8; 25 y y
8
y 6
4
2
12 86 42 O x
2
4
O x 6
O x
8

x2 (y  1)2
23. x2  (y  4)2  5, circle 25.



 1, ellipse
4 3
(x  2)2 (y  2)2 y y
5.



 1
16 5

Selected Answers
Pages 450–452 Lesson 8-6 O x
1. Sample answer:   1  0 3. The standard form
2x2 2y2
of the equation is (x  2)2  (y  1)2  0. This is an
equation of a circle centered at (2, 1) with radius 0. In x
O
other words, (2, 1) is the only point that satisfies the
equation. (x  3)2 (y  1)2
27. y  (x  4)2  7, 29.



 1,
y2 x2 (x  1)2 (y  3)2 25 9
5.



 1, hyperbola 7.



 1, ellipse parabola ellipse
16 8 4 1
y y y y
8
12 8 4 O 4x
6
4 4
2
O
8
8642 2 4 6 8x
2
O x
4 12
6
O x
8 16

9. ellipse 31. hyperbola 33. circle 35. parabola 37. ellipse

Selected Answers R57

 39. parabola 41. b 43. c 45. The plane should be 35. y
vertical and contain the axis of the double cone.
(x  3)2 (y  6)2
47. D 49. 0  e  1, e  1 51.



 1
9 4
x7
53. x12 55.

4 57. (2, 6) 59. (0, 2)
y
Pages 458–460 Lesson 8-7
1a. (3, 4), (3, 4) O x

4x  3y  0
O
x
37. y 39. none 41. none

x 2  y 2  25

1b. (1, 4) O x
y

y  2x 2  2

43. Systems of equations can be used to represent the

locations and/or paths of objects on the screen. Answers
y 5x 2
should include the following.
O x • y  3x, x2  y2  2500
• The y-intercept of the graph of the equation y  3x is 0, so
the path of the spaceship contains the origin.
3. Sample answer: x2  y2  40, y  x2  x • 510  or about (15.81, 47.43)
, 1510
5. (4, 3), (3, 4) 7. (1, 5), (1, 5) (x  2)2 y2
45. B 47. Sample answer: x2  y2  36,



 1
9. y 16 4
x2 y2
49. Sample answer: x2  y2  81,



 1
4 100
51. impossible
(y  3)2 x2
53.



 1, ellipse
O x 9 4
y
Selected Answers

11. (2, 4), (1, 1) 13. 1  17

, 1  17 ,
1  17 , 1  17 15. 5, 5 , 5, 5 O x
17. (5, 0), (4, 6) 19. (8, 0) 21. no solution
23. (5, 5), (5, 1), (3, 3) 25. 

, 

, (1, 3) 27. 0.5 s
5 7 4
3 3 55. 7, 0 57. 7, 3 59. 

61a. 40
3

40  245 45  125
29.

,


5 5

31. No; the comet and Pluto 
61b. two real, irrational 61c. 
10 63. 2  9i


may not be at either point of intersection at the same time. 5
8 1
65.



i 67. 6 69. 51 71. y  3x  2
33. y 5 5

Pages 461–466 Chapter 8 Study Guide and Review

1. true 3. true 5. true 7. true 9. False; the midpoint
x x y y
formula is given by 
. 11. 

, 4
1 2 1 2 5
O x
,


2 2 2
13. 

, 

15. 290
17 43
40 40
 units

R58 Selected Answers

17. (1, 1); (1, 4); x  1; y  2; upward; 12 units 31. (0, 0); (0, 3); 10; 8
y y
8 x2  y2  1
16 25
4

(x  1)2  12(y  1)
8 O 8x
4
O x
8

19. (4, 2); (4, 4); x  4; y  0; downward; 8 units

33. (1, 2); 1  3, 2 ; 4; 2
y
y
O x

x 2  4y 2  2x  16y  13  0

O x

x 2  8x  8y  32  0

1
21. y  

x2  1
8
35. (0, 2); 0, 13
 ; y  

x 2
y 3
y2  x2  1
y   1x 2  1 4 9 y
8

O x

9
23. (x  4)2  y2 

25. (x  1)2  (y  2)2  4
16
4
37. (0, 4); (0, 5); y  

x
27. (5, 11); 7 units 3
y
y 16
(x  5)2  (y  11)2  49 21 12

Selected Answers
8
15 9y 2  16x 2  144
(5, 11) 16 128 8 12 16 x
9
8
3

18 12 6 O 3 6x 16

29. (3, 1); 5 units 39. y  (x  2)2  4; parabola

y y
8

4
(3, 1)

4 O 6x O x

x 2  y 2  6x  2y  15  0
x 2  4x  y  0
8

Selected Answers R59

 y2 (x  1)2 (x  7)2 (y  2)2
41.



 1; hyperbola 55.



 1; hyperbola
4 1 9 1
y

y2 (x  1)
2
y 57. odd; 3 59. {1, 4} 61. {0, 5}
 1 8 1 4
4 1 63.  65. 1

67. 1


9 15
O x 11
4 69. 


18
O x
4 8 12
4 (x  7)
2
(y  2)
2
 1
43. ellipse 45. circle 47. (6, 8), (12, 16) 9 1
8
49. y

O
x Pages 481–484 Lesson 9-2
1. Catalina: you need a common denominator, not a
common numerator, to subtract two rational expressions.
3a. Always; since a, b, and c are factors of abc, abc is always
1 1 1
a common denominator of





. 3b. Sometimes; if a,
a b c
b, and c have no common factors, then abc is the LCD of
1 1 1






. 3c. Sometimes; if a and b have no common
a b c
Chapter 9 Rational Expressions factors and c is a factor of ab, then ab is the LCD of





.
1 1 1
a b c
and Equations
3d. Sometimes; if a and c are factors of b, then b is the
1 1 1 1 1 1 bc
Page 471 Chapter 9 Getting Started LCD of





.3e. Always; since








1 5 1 1 a b c a b c abc
1.

3.

5. 16 7. 2

9. 1

ac ab bc  ac  ab
6 8 2 24



, the sum is always

. 5. 80a2b3c
abc abc abc
11. y 13. 12 15. 15 17. 15 2  x3 37 3a  10 13x2  4x  9
1 7.
2
9.

11.

13.

units
19. 6 21. 7

xy 42m (a  5)(a  4) 2x(x  1)(x  1)
2
y2 (x  4)2 15. 180x2yz 17. 36p3q4 19. x2(x  y)(x  y)
 1 2x  15y
4 1 31
21. (n  4)(n  3)(n  2) 23.

25.


12v 3y
O x y(y  9)
25b  7a3 110w  423 a3
27.
2
29.

31.

33.


25a b 90w a4 (y  3)(y  3)
8d  20 x2  6
35.


37.
2

(d  4)(d  4)(d  2) (x  2) (x  3)
2y2  y  4 a7
39.

41. 1 43.

45. 12 ohms
(y  1)(y  2) a2
Pages 476–478 Lesson 9-1 24 2md 2md
4 4(x  2) 47.

h 49.
2
2 or


1. Sample answer:

,

3. Never; solving the x4 (d  L) (d  L) (d2  L2)2
6 6(x  2)
Selected Answers

equation using cross products leads to 15  10, which is

1 6 3c
never true. 5.

7.


11. cd2x 13. D 9.


ab 5 20b 51. Subtraction of rational expressions can be used to
n2 s 1 a1 4bc
15. 

17.

19.

21.

23. 

25. 2p2 determine the distance between the lens and the film if the
7m 3 2 2a  1 27a
b3 4 w3 2(a  5) focal length of the lens and the distance between the lens
27.
2
2 29.

31. 1 33.

35.

and the object are known. Answers should include the
xy 3 w4 (a  2)(a  2)
2x  y 4 following.
37. 2p 39.

41.

43. a  b or b
2x  y 3 • To subtract rational expressions, first find a common
6827  m denominator. Then, write each fraction as an equivalent
45.

47. (2x  x  15) m2
2
13,129  a
fraction with the common denominator. Subtract the
49. A rational expression can be used to express the fraction
numerators and place the difference over the common
of a nut mixture that is peanuts. Answers should include
denominator. If possible, reduce the answer.
the following. 1 1 1
8x •





could be used to determine the distance
• The rational expression

is in simplest form because q 10 60
13  x
the numerator and the denominator have no common between the lens and the film if the focal length of the
factors. lens is 10 cm and the distance between the lens and the
8x object is 60 cm.
• Sample answer:

could be used to represent the
13  x  y
fraction that is peanuts if x pounds of peanuts and
y pounds of cashews were added to the original mixture.
a(a  2)
51. A 53.  17, 22 53. C 55.


a1
R60 Selected Answers
57. 59. 15. y  0 and 0  C  1 17. asymptotes: x  4, x  2
y y 19. asymptotes: x  1, hole: x  5 21. hole: x  1
(y  3)2  x  2 6
23. 25.
2 f (x ) f (x )
O
O x 8 2 8x 5
f (x ) 
x 1
2
x 26 y 2  1 x
 20
2
x y4 16 O x 8 4 O 4

3 4
61. f (x )  x
y 8
10
8
6
4 27. 29.
2 f (x ) f (x )
O
6 2 2 4 6x 5x 1
f (x )  f (x ) 
8 x 1 ( x  3)2
4
(x  2) (y  5)
2 2

 8 1 4
16 25

Page 484 Practice Quiz 1 8 4 O 4 8x

y2 O x
t2 4a  1 4
1.

3. 

5. (w  4)(3w  4) 7.


t3 32 ab
n  29
9.


(n  6)(n  1)
Pages 488–490 Lesson 9-3 31. 33.
1 f (x ) f (x )
1. Sample answer: f(x) 

3. x  2 and y  0
(x  5)(x  2)
2
are asymptotes of the graph. The y-intercept is 0.5 and there x 1
f (x ) 
x 1
is no x-intercept because y  0 is an asymptote.
5. asymptote: x  5; hole: x  1
7. f (x ) O x O x
4 x 1
f (x ) 
x 3
2

8 4 O 4 8x
2 6 35. 37.
f (x ) 
(x  2)(x  3)
f (x ) f (x )
4
x 1
f (x ) 

Selected Answers
x2  4
9. f (x )
4
O x O x
2

8 4 O 4 8x
2 x 5
f (x )  1
x 1
f (x ) 
4 ( x  2)( x  3)

11. 13.
f (x ) C 39. f (x )
1
10 f (x ) 
y (x  2)2
C  y  12
6
O
x
2
x 2
f (x )  16 8 O 8 16 y O x
x2  x  6
4

Selected Answers R61

 41. The graph is bell-shaped with a horizontal asymptote at 15. joint; 5 17. direct; 3 19. direct; 7 21. inverse; 2.5
f(x)  0. 23. V  kt 25. 118.5 km 27. 20 29. 64 31. 4 33. 9.6
43. Vf 45. 0.83
45. about 0.83
about m/s 35. 0.83 37.


1
39. 100.8 cm3 41. m  20sd 43. 1860 lb
m/s 6
20 k 1
m1  7 45. joint 47. I 

2 49. The sound will be heard

as
d 4
Vf  5
12 m1  7 intensely. 51. about 127,572 calls 53. no; d  0
55. A direct variation can be used to determine the total
4
O
cost when the cost per unit is known. Answers should
16 8 4 8 m1 include the following.
• Since the total cost T is the cost per unit u times the
number of units n or T  un, the relationship is a direct
variation. In this equation u is the constant of variation.
47. P (x ) 49. It represents her • Sample answer: The school store sells pencils for
8 original free-throw 20¢ each. John wants to buy 5 pencils. What is the total
6x
P (x )  10 4 x percentage of 60%. cost of the pencils? ($1.00)
x
57. C 59. asymptotes: x  4, x  3 61.


yx
m(m  1) 3
12 8 4 O 4x 63.

65. 0.4; 1.2 67. 

; 3 69. A
m5 5
4 71. P 73. C

8
Page 498 Practice Quiz 2
51. A rational function can be used to determine how much 1. 3. 49 5. 112
f (x )
each person owes if the cost of the gift is known and the
number of people sharing the cost is s. Answers should f (x )  xx 
4
1

include the following.

• c • Only the portion in the
100 first quadrant is significant O x
c  150 in the real world because
50 s
s0
there cannot be a negative
O number of people nor a
100 50 50 100 s negative amount of money
50 c  0 owed for the gift.
3x  16
53. B 55.


100 (x  3)(x  2)
Pages 501–504 Lesson 9-5
1. Sample answer:
57. (6, 2); 5 y 59. $65,892 P This graph is a rational function.
It has an asymptote at x  1.

(x  6)2  ( y  2)2 25

O d
Selected Answers

O x

3. The equation is a greatest integer function. The graph

61. {12, 10} 63. 4.5 65. 20 looks like a series of steps. 5. inverse variation or rational
Pages 495–498 Lesson 9-4 7. c
1a. inverse 1b. direct 3. Sample answers: wages and 9. identity or direct 11. absolute value
hours worked, total cost and number of pounds of apples; variation y
distances traveled and amount of gas remaining in the y
tank, distance of an object and the size it appears 5. direct;
0.5 7. 24 9. 8 11. 25.8 psi y x2
13. Depth (ft) Pressure (psi) P yx
0 0 O x
1 0.43 P  0.43d
O x
2 0.86
3 1.29 O d
4 1.72

13. absolute value 15. rational 17. quadratic 19. b 21. g

R62 Selected Answers

23. constant 25. square root 47. (5, 4); 5

, 4 ; y  4; x  4

; right; 3 units
3 1
y y 4 4
y

O x
y  9x
O x

y  1.5
O x

27. rational 29. absolute value 3x  y 2  8y  31

y y
2
1
y  xx  1
49. impossible 51. 

, 2 53. 1
1 17
55. 

57. 45x3y3
3 6
O x 59. 3(x  y)(x  y) 61. (t  5)(t  6)(2t  1)
y  2x

O x
Pages 509–511 Lesson 9-6
1 2
1. Sample answer:



 1 3. Jeff; when Dustin
31. C  4.5m 33. a line slanting to the right and passing 5 a2
through the origin multiplied by 3a, he forgot to multiply the 2 by 3a. 5. 2, 6
1
7. 6, 2 9. v  0 or v  1
6
11. 2 13. 6, 1
35. y
15. 1  a  0 17. 11 19. t  0 or t  3 21. 0  y  2
160 3  32 
23. 14 25.  27. 7 29.

31. 32 33. band,
2
Cost (cents)

120 80 members; chorale, 50 members 35. 24 cm 37. 5 mL

39. 6.15
80 41. If something has a general fee and cost per unit, rational
equations can be used to determine how many units a
40 person must buy in order for the actual unit price to be a
x given number. Answers should include the following.
0 500  5x
2 4 6 8 10 • To solve

 6, multiply each side of the equation
x
Ounces by x to eliminate the rational expression. Then subtract 5x
from each side. Therefore, 500  x. A person would need
to make 500 minutes of long distance minutes to make
37a. absolute value 37b. quadratic 37c. greatest integer
the actual unit price 6¢.
37d. square root 39. C 41. 22
• Since the cost is 5¢ per minute plus $5.00 per month, the
43. f (x ) actual cost per minute could never be 5¢ or less.
43. C 45. square root

Selected Answers
y

O x
8
f (x )  (
x  1)(x  3)

y  2x

O x
45. (8, 1); 8, 

; x  8; y  1

; up;

unit
7 1 1
8 8 2
y  51. 137
47. 36 49. 2130  53. {x0  x  4}
14
12
10
8
6 Pages 513–516 Chapter 9 Study Guide and Review
4 1( 1. false; point discontinuity 3. false; rational 5. true
2
y  1)  (x  8)2
2 4bc 2 7(x  4) 19
O 7.

9. (y  3)(y  6) 11.

13.

15.


33a n3 x5 3y
2 2 4 6 10 12 x
2 3
17. 


20b

Selected Answers R63

 19. 21. 21. D  {xx is all real 23. D  {xx is all real
f (x ) f (x ) numbers.}, R  {yy  0} numbers.}, R  {yy  0}
y y

O x O x
f (x )  x2 y  0.5(4)x
4
f (x )  x  2 y  2(3)x

O x O x
23. f (x )
25. D  {xx is all real numbers.}, R  {yy  0}
y
x
O x O
f (x )  (x  1)(5x  3)

y ( 15 )x
2 1
25. 1

27. 8 29. 80 31. absolute value 33. 1

35. 3
3 9
1
37. 1

1 x
2
27. growth 29. decay 31. decay 33. y  2


4
35. y  7(3)x 37. y  0.2(4)x 39. 54 or 625 41. 742
8
43. n2 
45. n  5 47. 1 49. 

51. n  3 53. 3
Chapter 10 Exponential and 3
Logarithmic Relations 55. 10 57. y  100(6.32)x 59. y  3.93(1.35)x
61. 2144.97 million; 281.42 million; No, the growth rate has
Page 521 Chapter 10 Getting Started slowed considerably. The population in 2000 was much
12x3 smaller than the equation predicts it would be.
1. x12 3. 

5. a  14 7. y  2 63. A(t)  1000(1.01)4t 65. s  4x 67. Sometimes; true
7y5z
1 when b  1, but false when b  1. 69. A
9. f 1(x)  

x 11. f 1(x)  x  1
2
f (x ) f (x ) 71.
f 1(x )  x  1
f (x )  2x

O x O x
1
f 1(x )   x
2 [5, 5] scl: 1 by [1, 9] scl: 1
f (x )   x  1

The graphs have the same shape. The graph of y  2x  3 is

Selected Answers

13. g[h(x)]  3x  2; h[g(x)]  3x  2 the graph of y  2x translated three units up. The
15. g[h(x)]  x2  8x  16; h[g(x)]  x2  4 asymptote for the graph of y  2x is the line y  0 and for
y  2x  3 is the line y  3. The graphs have the same
domain, all real numbers, but the range of y  2x is y  0
Pages 527–530 Lesson 10-1
and the range of y  2x  3 is y  3. The y-intercept of the
1. Sample answer: 0.8 3. c 5. b
graph of y  2x is 1 and for the graph of y  2x  3 is 4.
7. D  {xx is all real numbers.}, R  {yy  0}
y 73.

y2 ( 13 )x

[5, 5] scl: 1 by [1, 9] scl: 1

O x
x 2
The graphs have the same shape. The graph of y  


1
5
is the graph of y  

translated two units to the right. The
1 x 1 x
9. decay 11. y  3

13. 227 or 47 5
2
1 x 2
15. 332 or 272 17. x  0 19. y  65,000(6.20)x asymptote for the graph of y  

and for y  


1 x
is
5 5
R64 Selected Answers
the line y  0. The graphs have the same domain, all real 67b. The graph of y  log2 x  3 is the graph of y  log2 x
numbers, and range, y  0. The y-intercept of the graph of translated 3 units up. The graph of y  log2 x  4 is the
1 x 2 graph of y  log2 x translated 4 units down. The graph of
y  

is 1 and for the graph of y  


1 x
is 25. 75. For
5 5 log2 (x  1) is the graph of y  log2 x translated 1 unit to
h  0, the graph of y  2x is translated h units to the the right. The graph of log2 (x  2) is the graph of y  log2 x
right. For h  0, the graph of y  2x is translated h units translated 2 units to the left. 69. 101.4 or about 25 times as
to the left. For k  0, the graph of y  2x is translated great 71. 2 and 3; Sample answer: 5 is between 22 and 23.
k units up. For k  0, the graph of y  2x is translated 73. A logarithmic scale illustrates that values next to each
k units down. 77. 1, 6 79. 0  x  3 or x  6 other vary by a factor of 10. Answers should include the
81. greatest integer following.
y • Pin drop: 1 100; Whisper: 1 102; Normal conversation:
y  2
x  1 106; Kitchen noise: 1 1010; Jet engine: 1 1012
• Pin Whisper Normal Kitchen Jet
drop (4 feet) conversation noise engine
O x

0 2  10 11 4  10 11 6  10 11 8  10 11 1  10 12
• On the scale shown above, the sound of a pin drop and
the sound of normal conversation appear not to differ by
much at all, when in fact they do differ in terms of the
83. 10 01 85.


1 3
51 11
6
5 87. g[h(x)]  2x  6; loudness we perceive. The first scale shows this difference
more clearly.
h[g(x)]  2x  11 89. g[h(x)]  2x  2; h[g(x)]  2x  11 14 573 
75. D 77. b12 79. 3,

81.
4
5
6x  58 x3
Pages 535–538 Lesson 10-2 83.


85. x10 87. 8a6b3 89.
2
3
(x  3)(x  3)(x  7) yz
1. Sample answer: x  5y and y  log5 x 3. Scott; the value Page 538 Practice Quiz 1
of a logarithmic equation, 9, is the exponent of the 4 3
1. growth 3. log4 4096  6 5.

7.

9. x  26
equivalent exponential equation, and the base of the 3 5
logarithmic expression, 3, is the base of the exponential Page 544–546 Lesson 10-3
1 1. properties of exponents 3. Umeko; Clemente incorrectly
equation. Thus, x  39 or 19,683. 5. log7

 2
49 applied the product and quotient properties of logarithms.

1
1
7. 36 2  6 9. 3 11. 1 13. 1000 15.

, 1 17. 3 log7 6  log7 3  log7 (6  3) or log7 18
2
1 Product Property of Logarithms
19. 107.5 21. log8 512  3 23. log5

 3 log7 18  log7 2  log7 (18 2) or log7 9
125
1 1
2

25. log100 10 

27. 53  125 29. 41 

31. 8 3  4 Quotient Property of Logarithms
2 4 B
1 5. 2.6310 7. 6 9. 3 11. pH  6.1  log10

13. 1.3652
33. 4 35.

37. 5 39. 7 41. n  5 43. 3 45. 1018.8 C
2
15. 0.2519 17. 2.4307 19. 0.4307 21. 2 23. 4 25. 14
47. 81 49. 0  y  8 51. 7 53. x  24 55. 4 57. 2 x3
59. 5 61. a  3 27. 2 29.  31. 10 33.

35. False; log2 (22  23) 
4
63. log5 25  2 log5 5 Original equation log2 12, log2 22  log2 23  2  3 or 5, and log2 12  5, since
log5 52  2 log5 51 25  52 and 5  51 25  12. 37. 2 39. about 0.4214 kilocalories per gram
2  2(1) Inverse Property of Exponents 41. 3 43. About 95 decibels; L  10 log10R, where L is the
and Logarithms loudness of the sound in decibels and R is the relative
22⻫ Simplify. intensity of the sound. Since the crowd increased by a

Selected Answers
65. log7 [log3 (log2 8)]  0 Original equation factor of 3, we assume that the intensity also increases by a
log7 [log3 (log2 23)]  0 8  23 factor of 3. Thus, we need to find the loudness of 3R.
log7 (log3 3)  0 Inverse Property of L  10 log10 3R
Exponents and Logarithms L  10 (log103  log10R)
log7 (log3 31)  0 3  31 L  10 log103  10 log10R
log7 1  0 Inverse Property of L
10(0.4771)  90
Exponents and Logarithms L
4.771  90 or about 95
log7 70  0 1  70 45. 7.5
00⻫ Inverse Property of 47. Let bx  m and by  n. Then logb m  x and logb n  y.
Exponents and Logarithms x m

b
y 


67a. b n
y y  log2(x  2) m
bx  y 

Quotient Property
y  log2x  3 n
m Property of Equality for
logb bx  y  logb


n Logarithmic Equations
y  log2(x  1)
m Inverse Property of Exponents
O x x  y  logb


n and Logarithms
m Replace x with logb m and
logb m  logb n  logb


y  log2x  4 n y with logb n.
49. A 51. 4 53. 2x 55. 8

Selected Answers R65

 3b 5 5 log 0.047
57. odd; 3 59.

61.

63. 1 65. x 

67.

 1.7065 69. 5 71. inverse; 4 73. direct; 7
a 3x 3 log 6
75. 3.32 77. 1.43 79. 13.43
Pages 549–551 Lesson 10-4
1. 10; common logarithms 3. A calculator is not Page 559 Practice Quiz 2
programmed to find base 2 logarithms. 5. 1.3617 log 5
1.

; 1.1610 3. 3 5. 1.3863
log 5 log 4
7. 1.7325 9. 4.9824 11. 11.5665 13.

; 0.8271
log 7
log 9 Pages 563–565 Lesson 10-6
15.

; 3.1699 17. 0.6990 19. 0.8573 21. 0.0969
log 2 1. y  a(1  r)t, where r  0 represents exponential growth
23. 11 25. 2.1 27. {xx  2.0860} 29. {aa  1.1590} and r  0 represents exponential decay 3. Sample answer:
31. 0.4341 33. 4.7820 35. 1.1909 37. {nn  1.0178} money in a bank 5. about 33.5 watts 7. y  212,000e0.025t
log 13 9. C 11. at most $108,484.93 13. No; the bone is only
39. 3.7162 41. 0.5873 43. 7.6377 45.


3.7004
log 2 about 21,000 years old, and dinosaurs died out 63,000,000
log 3 2 log 1.6
47.


0.5646 49.


0.6781 51. between years ago. 15. about 0.0347 17. $12,565 billion
log 7 log 4
0.000000001 and 0.000001 mole per liter 53. Sirius 19. after the year 2182 21. Never; theoretically, the amount
55. Vega 57. about 3.75 yr or 3 yr 9 mo left will always be half of the previous amount.
59. Comparisons between substances of different acidities 23. about 19.5 yr 25. ln y  3 27. 4x2  e8 29. p  3.3219
0.5(0.08p) 0.5(0.08p) p
are more easily distinguished on a logarithmic scale. 31.



33.

35. ellipse 37. circle
6 4 150
Answers should include the following.
Sample Answer: 39. 8 107
• Tomatoes: 6.3 105 mole per liter
Milk: 3.98 107 mole per liter Pages 566–570 Chapter 10 Study Guide and Review
Eggs: 1.58 108 mole per liter 1. true 3. false; common logarithm 5. true
• Those measurements correspond to pH measurements of 7. false; logarithmic function 9. false; exponential function
1 x
5 and 4, indicating a weak acid and a stronger acid. On 11. growth 13. y  7

15. 1 17. x  6 or
5
the logarithmic scale we can see the difference in these 1 1
x  6 19. log5

 2 21. 43  64 23. 62 


acids, whereas on a normal scale, these hydrogen ion 25 36
concentrations would appear nearly the same. For 3 1
25. 5 27. 2 29.

31.

 y  3 33. 4, 3 35. 1.7712
2 3
someone who has to watch the acidity of the foods they
eat, this could be the difference between an enjoyable 37. 3 39. 6 41. 15 43. 5.7279 45. x  7.3059
meal and heartburn. log 11 log 1000
47. x  5.8983 49.

; 1.7297 51.

; 2.3059
61. C 63. 1.6938 65. 64 67. 62 69. (d  2)(3d  4) log 4 log 20
71. prime 73. 32  x 75. log5 45  x 77. logb x  y 53. ex  7.4 55. 7x 57. x  1.1632 59. 0  x  49.4711
61. 74.2066 63. 5.05 days 65. about 3.6%
Pages 557–559 Lesson 10-5
1. the number e 3. Elsu; Colby tried to write each side as a Chapter 11 Sequences and Series
power of 10. Since the base of the natural logarithmic
function is e, he should have written each side as a power Page 577 Chapter 11 Getting Started
of e; 10ln 4x  4x. 5. 0.0334 7. 2.3026 9. e0  1 11. 5x 1
1. 6 3. 5 5.


2
13. 1.0986 15. 0  x  403.4288 17. 90.0171
7. 9.
19. about 15,066 ft 21. 148.4132 23. 1.6487 25. 2.3026
y y
27. 3.5066 29. about 49.5 cm 31. 2  ln 6x 33. ex  5.2 56
35. y 37. 45 39. 0.6931 41. x  0.4700 43. 0.5973 48
45. x  0.9730 47. 49.4711 49. 14.3891 51. 45.0086
Selected Answers

40
100 ln 2 110 32
53. 1 55. t 

57. t 

59. about 55 yr
r r 24
61. about 21 min 16
63. The number e is used in the formula for continuously 8
O
compounded interest, A  Pert. Although no banks actually 2 4 6 x
pay interest compounded continually, the equation is so 8
O x
accurate in computing the amount of money for quarterly
compounding, or daily compounding, that it is often used
for this purpose. Answers should include the following.
• If you know the annual interest rate r and the principal P,
1 3
the value of the account after t years is calculated by 11. 17 13.

15.


32 5
multiplying P times e raised to the r times t power. Use a
Pages 580–582 Lesson 11-1
calculator to find the value of ert.
1. The differences between the terms are not constant.
• If you know the value A you wish the account to achieve,
3. Sample answer: 1, 4, 9, 14, … 5. 3, 5, 7, 9
the principal P, and the annual interest rate r, the time t
7. 14, 12, 10, 8, 6 9. 112 11. 15 13. 56, 68, 80
needed to achieve this value is found by first taking the
7 11 13
natural logarithm of A minus the natural logarithm of P. 15. 30, 37, 44, 51 17. 6, 10, 14, 18 19.

, 3,

,


3 3 3
Then, divide this quantity by r. 21. 5.5, 5.1, 4.7, 4.3 23. 2, 15, 28, 41, 54
65. 1946, 1981, 2015; It takes between 34 and 35 years for 4 2 1
25. 6, 2, 2, 6, 10 27.

, 1,

,

, 0 29. 28 31. 94
the population to double. 3 3 3

R66 Selected Answers

 26
33. 335 35.

37. 27 39. 61 41. 37.5 in. 43. 30th Page 592 Practice Quiz 1
3
1. 46 3. 187 5. 1
45. 82nd 47. an  7n  25
49. 13, 17, 21 Pages 596–598 Lesson 11-4
1
1. Sample answer: 4  2  1 


2
3. Sample answer: The first term is a1  2. Divide the
second term by the first to find that the common ratio is
r  6. Therefore, the nth term of the series is given by 2  6n  1.
There are five terms, so the series can be written as
5
 2  6n  1. 5. 39,063 7. 165 9. 129 11.


1093
9
n1
51. Yes; it corresponds to n  100. 53. 4, 2 728
13. 3 15. 728 17. 1111 19. 244 21. 2101 23.


55. 7, 11, 15, 19, 23 3
57. Arithmetic sequences can be used to model the numbers 5461
25. 1040.984 27. 6564 29. 1,747,625 31. 3641 33.


16
of shingles in the rows on a section of roof. Answers should 387
include the following. 35. 2555 37.

39. 3,145,725 41. 243 43. 2 45. 80
4
• One additional shingle is needed in each successive row. 47. about 7.13 in. 49. If the number of people that each
• One method is to successively add 1 to the terms of the person sends the joke to is constant, then the total number
sequence: a8  9  1 or 10, a9  10  1 or 11, a10  11  of people who have seen the joke is the sum of a geometric
1 or 12, a11  12  1 or 13, a12  13  1 or 14, a13  14  series. Answers should include the following.
1 or 15, a14  15  1 or 16, a15  16  1 or 17. Another • The common ratio would change from 3 to 4.
method is to use the formula for the nth term: a15  3  • Increase the number of days that the joke circulates so
(15  1)1 or 17. that it is inconvenient to find and add all the terms of the
59. B 61. 0.4055 63. 146.4132 65. 2, 5, 8, 11 series.
1 3
67. 11, 15, 19, 23, 27 51. C 53. 3.99987793 55. 

,

, 9 57. 232
4 2
59. Drive-In Movie Screens
1000
Pages 586–587 Lesson 11-2
1. In a series, the terms are added. In a sequence, they are 900
Screens

4
800
not. 3. Sample answer:  (3n  4) 5. 230 7. 552
n1 700
9. 260 11. 95 13. 6, 0, 6 15. 344 17. 1501 19. 9 600
21. 104 23. 714 25. 14 27. 10 rows 29. 721 31. 162 0
33. 108 35. 195 37. 315,150 39. 1,001,000 41. 17, 26, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
35 43. 12, 9, 6 45. 265 ft 47. False; for example, 7  Years Since 1995
10  13  16  46, but 7  10  13  16  19  22  25  2
28  140. 49. C 51. 5555 53. 6683 55. 135 61. Sample answer: 294 63. 2 65.

67. 0.6
3
9 
3  89 2
57. 

59.

61. 26 21 63. 16 65.

Pages 602–604 Lesson 11-5
2 2 27  n
1. Sample answer:  


1
3. Beth; the common ratio for
2
n1

 3
4 4
Pages 590–592 Lesson 11-3 the infinite geometric series is 

. Since 

 1, the
3
1a. Geometric; the terms have a common ratio of 2.
a

Selected Answers
1b. Arithmetic; the terms have a common difference of 3. series does not have a sum and the formula S 


1
does
1r
3. Marika; Lori divided in the wrong order when finding r. 3 73
15 not apply. 5. does not exist 7.

9. 100 11.


5. 2, 4 7.

9. 4 11. 3, 9 13. 15, 5 15. 54, 81 4 99
64
54
20 40
17.

,

19. 2.16, 2.592 21. 2, 6, 18, 54, 162 13. 96 cm 15. does not exist 17. 45 19. 16 21.


27 81 5
2 3
23. 243, 81, 27, 9, 3 25.


3
27. 729 29. 243 31. 1 23. does not exist 25. 1 27.

29.

31. 2
16 3 2
33. 78,125 35. 8748 37. 655.36 lb 39. an  36


1 n1 33. 40  202  20  … 35. 900 ft 37. 75, 30, 12
3 1 7 64 1 82 427 229
41. an  2(5)n  1 43. 18, 36, 72 45. 16, 8, 4, 2 39. 8, 3

, 1

, 

41.

43.

45.

47.


5 25 125 9 99 999 990
47. 8 days 49. False; the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, …, for
49. The total distance that a ball bounces, both up and
example, is neither arithmetic nor geometric.
down, can be found by adding the sums of two infinite
51. The heights of the bounces of a ball and the heights
geometric series. Answers should include the following.
from which a bouncing ball falls each form geometric a (1  rn) a
sequences. Answers should include the following. • an  a1  r n  1, Sn 

1

, or S 


1
1r 1r
• 3, 1.8, 1.08, 0.648, 0.3888 • The total distance the ball falls is given by the infinite
• The common ratios are the same, but the first terms are geometric series 3  3(0.6)  3(0.6)2  … . The sum of
different. The sequence of heights from which the ball 3
this series is

or 7.5. The total distance the ball
falls is the sequence of heights of the bounces with the 1  0.6
term 3 inserted at the beginning. bounces up is given by the infinite geometric series
61 1.8(0.6)  1.8(0.6)2  1.8(0.6)3  … . The sum of this
53. C 55. 203 57. 12, 16, 20 59. 127 61.


81
Selected Answers R67
 series is

1.8(0.6)

or 2.7. Thus, the total distance the ball 1(1  1) 1(2) 12(1  1)2
1  0.6 57. yes 59. True;



or 1. 61. True;


2 2 4
travels is 7.5  2.7 or 10.2 feet. 1(4)


or 1.
8744 x  7 4
51. C 53.

55. 3 57. x  5 59.


81 (x  3)(x  1) Page 617 Practice Quiz 2
61. (x  2)2  (y  4)2  36
1 3 7
63. 

,

,

65. x2  36  0 1. 1,328,600 3. 24 5. 1, 5, 13, 29, 61 7. 5, 13, 41
2 2 2 9. a6  12a5  60a4  160a3  240a2  192a  64
67. x2  10x  24  0 69. The number of visitors was
1 Pages 619–621 Lesson 11-8
decreasing. 71. 3 73.

75. 4
2 1. Sample answers: formulas for the sums of powers of the
first n positive integers and statements that expressions
Pages 608–610 Lesson 11-6
involving exponents of n are divisible by certain numbers
1. an  an  1  d; an  r  an  1 3. Sometimes; if f(x)  x2
3. Sample answer: 3n  1
and x1  2, then x2  22 or 4, so x2  x1. But, if x1  1, then
5. Step 1: When n  1, the left side of the given equation is
x2  1, so x2  x1. 5. 3, 2, 0, 3, 7 7. 1, 2, 5, 14, 41
1 1 1
9. 1, 3, 1 11. bn  1.05bn  1  10 13. 6, 3, 0, 3, 6

. The right side is 1 

or

, so the equation is true for
2 2 2
15. 2, 1, 1, 4, 8 17. 9, 14, 24, 44, 84 19. 1, 5, 4, 9, 13 n  1.
7 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1
21.

,

,

,

,

23. 67 25. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, … Step 2: Assume



2 

3  … 

k  1 

k for some
2 4 6 8 10 2 2 2 2 2
27. $99,921.21, $99,841.95, $99,762.21, $99,681.99, $99,601.29, positive integer k.
$99,520.11, $99,438.44, $99,356.28 29. tn  tn  1  n 1 1 1
Step 3:



2 

3  … 

k 

1 1 1 1


k 1  1 


k 


k 1
31. 16, 142, 1276 33. 7, 16, 43 35. 3, 13, 333 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
5 37 1445
37.

,

,

39. $75.78 1


k 1 


k 1
2 2 2 2 2
1
41. Under certain conditions, the Fibonacci sequence can be 1


k 1
2
used to model the number of shoots on a plant. Answers The last expression is the right side of the equation
should include the following. to be proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the equation is
• The 13th term of the sequence is 233, so there are 233 true for n  k  1.
shoots on the plant during the 13th month. 1 1 1 1 1
• The Fibonacci sequence is not arithmetic because the Therefore,



2 

3  … 

n  1 

n for all positive
2 2 2 2 2
differences 0, 1, 1, 2, … of the terms are not constant. integers n.
The Fibonacci sequence is not geometric because the 7. Step 1: 51  3  8, which is divisible by 4. The statement
ratios 1, 2,

, … of the terms are not constant.
3 is true for n  1.
2 Step 2: Assume that 5k  3 is divisible by 4 for some
1
43. C 45.

47. 5208 49. 3x  7 units 51. 5040 positive integer k. This means that 5k  3  4r for some
6
53. 20 55. 210 positive integer r.
Step 3: 5k  3  4r
5k  4r  3
Pages 615–617 Lesson 11-7
5k  1  20r  15
1. 1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1 3. Sample answer: (5x  y)4
5k  1  3  20r  12
5. 17,160 7. p5  5p4q  10p3q2  10p2q3  5pq4  q5
5k  1  3  4(5r  3)
9. x4  12x3y  54x2y2  108xy3  81y4 11. 1,088,640a6b4
Since r is a positive integer, 5r  3 is a positive
13. 362,880 15. 72 17. 495 19. a3  3a2b  3ab2  b3
integer. Thus, 5k  1  3 is divisible by 4, so the
21. r8  8r7s  28r6s2  56r5s3  70r4s4  56r3s5  28r2s6 
statement is true for n  k  1.
8rs7  s8 23. x5  15x4  90x3  270x2  405x  243
Therefore, 5n  3 is divisible by 4 for all positive integers n.
25. 16b4  32b3x  24b2x2  8bx3  x4 27. 243x5  810x4y 
a5 5a4
9. Sample answer: n  3
Selected Answers

1080x3y2  720x2y3  240xy4  32y5 29.



 5a3  11. Step 1: When n  1, the left side of the given equation is
32 8
20a2  40a  32 31. 27x3  54x2  36x  8 cm3 33. 45 1. The right side is 1[2(1)  1] or 1, so the equation is true
63 for n  1.
35. 924x6y6 37. 5670a4 39. 145,152x6y3 41. 

x5
8 Step 2: Assume 1  5  9  …  (4k  3)  k(2k  1) for
43. The coefficients in a binomial expansion give the some positive integer k.
numbers of sequences of births resulting in given numbers Step 3: 1  5  9  …  (4k  3)  [4(k  1)  3]
of boys and girls. Answers should include the following.  k(2k  1)  [4(k  1)  3]
• (b  g)5  b5  5b4g  10b3g2  10b2g3  5bg4  g5;  2k2  k  4k  4  3
There is one sequence of births with all five boys, five  2k2  3k  1
sequences with four boys and one girl, ten sequences  (k  1)(2k  1)
with three boys and two girls, ten sequences with two  (k  1)[2(k  1)  1]
boys and three girls, five sequences with one boy and The last expression is the right side of the equation to be
four girls, and one sequence with all five girls. proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the equation is true for
• The number of sequences of births that have exactly k n  k  1.
girls in a family of n children is the coefficient of bn  kgk Therefore, 1  5  9  …  (4n  3)  n(2n  1) for all
in the expansion of (b  g)n. According to the Binomial positive integers n.
n!
Theorem, this coefficient is

. 13. Step 1: When n  1, the left side of the given equation is
(n  k)!k!
12(1  1)2
log 5 log 8 13 or 1. The right side is

or 1, so the equation is
45. C 47. 3, 5, 9, 17, 33 49.

; 2.3219 51.

; 4
log 2 log 5 true for n  1.
1.2920 53. asymptotes: x  4, x  1 k2(k  1)2
55. hyperbola Step 2: Assume 13  23  33  …  k3 

for some
4
R68 Selected Answers
positive integer k. 12k  1  10  132r  110
Step 3: 13  23  33  …  k3  (k  1)3 12k  1  10  11(12r  10)
k2(k  1)2 Since r is a positive integer, 12r  10 is a positive


 (k  1)3
4 integer. Thus, 12k  1  10 is divisible by 11, so the
k (k  1)  4(k  1)
2 2 3 statement is true for n  k  1.




4 Therefore, 12n  10 is divisible by 11 for all positive
2 2
(k  1) k  4(k  1) integers n.



21. Step 1: There are 6 bricks in the top row, and 12  5(1) 
4
(k  1) (k  4k  4)
2 2 6, so the formula is true for n  1.



Step 2: Assume that there are k2  5k bricks in the top k
4
(k   2)
1)2(k 2 rows for some positive integer k.


Step 3: Since each row has 2 more bricks than the one
4
2 2 above, the numbers of bricks in the rows form an arithmetic
(k  1) (k  1)  1



sequence. The number of bricks in the (k  1)st row is 6 
4
[(k  1)  1](2) or 2k  6. Then the number of bricks in the
The last expression is the right side of the equation
top k  1 rows is k2  5k  (2k  6) or k2  7k  6.
to be proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the equation is
k2  7k  6  (k  1)2  5(k  1), which is the formula to
true for n  k  1.
n2(n  1)2 be proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the formula is true for
Therefore, 13  23  33  …  n3 

for all
4 n  k  1.
positive integers n.
1 Therefore, the number of bricks in the top n rows is n2  5n
15. Step 1: When n  1, the left side of the given equation is

.
3 for all positive integers n.
The right side is

1 

or

, so the equation is true for n  1.
1 1 1
2 3 3 23. Step 1: When n  1, the left side of the given equation
1 1 1 1 1 1

Step 2: Assume



2 

3  … 

k 

1 

k for some
3 3 3 3 2 3 1
is a1. The right side is

[2a1  (1  1)d] or a1, so the
2
positive integer k. equation is true for n  1.
Step 2: Assume a1  (a1  d)  (a1  2d)  … 
1
3 3
1
3
1
3
1
Step 3:



2 

3  … 

k 

1 1



1 

k 

3k  1 2 3
1
 1


3k  1 k
1 1 1 [a1  (k  1)d] 

[2a1  (k  1)d] for some positive integer k.




k 

2
2 23 3k  1 Step 3: a1  (a1  d)  (a1  2d)  …  [a1  (k  1)d] 
3 k  1 32 [a1  (k  1  1)d]



2  3k 1 k
3k  1  1 

[2a1  (k  1)d]  [a1  (k  1  1)d]


2
2  3k  1 k
1 3k  1  1 

[2a1  (k  1)d]  a1  kd




2


3k  1  2
k[2a1  (k  1)d]  2(a1  kd)





1


1 

2
1



3k  1 2
k  2a  (k2  k)d  2a  2kd
The last expression is the right side of the equation 




1 1

to be proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the equation is 2

true for n  k  1. (k  1)2a  (k2  k  2k)d





1

Therefore,



2 

3  … 

n 

1 

n for all positive

1 1 1 1 1 1 2
3 3 3 3 2 3
integers n. (k  1)2a  k(k  1)d




1
2
17. Step 1:  1  7, which is divisible by 7. The statement
81
k1
is true for n  1. 

(2a1  kd)
2

Selected Answers
Step 2: Assume that 8k  1 is divisible by 7 for some
k1
positive integer k. This means that 8k  1  7r for some 

[2a1  (k  1  1)d]
2
whole number r.
The last expression is the right side of the formula to
Step 3: 8k  1  7r
be proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the formula is
8k  7r  1
true for n  k  1.
8k  1  56r  8
Therefore, a1  (a1  d)  (a1  2d)  …  [a1  (n  1)d] 
8k  1  1  56r  7 n


[2a1  (n  1)d] for all positive integers n.
8k  1  1  7(8r  1) 2
Since r is a whole number, 8r  1 is a whole number. 25. Sample answer: n  3 27. Sample answer: n  2
Thus, 8k  1  1 is divisible by 7, so the statement is 29. Sample answer: n  11 31. Write 7n as (6  1)n. Then
true for n  k  1. use the Binomial Theorem.
Therefore, 8n  1 is divisible by 7 for all positive integers n. 7n  1  (6  1)n  1
n(n  1)
 6n  n  6n  1 

6n  2  …  n  6  1  1
2
19. Step 1: 121  10  22, which is divisible by 11. The n(n  1)
statement is true for n  1.  6n  n  6n  1 

6n  2  …  n  6
2
Step 2: Assume that 12k  10 is divisible by 11 for some Since each term in the last expression is divisible by 6, the
positive integer k. This means that 12k  10  11r for some whole expression is divisible by 6. Thus, 7n  1 is divisible
positive integer r. by 6. 33. C 35. x6  6x5y  15x4y2  20x3y3  15x2y4 
Step 3: 12k  10  11r 6xy5  y6 37. 256x8  1024x7y  1792x6y2  1792x5y3 
12k  11r  10 1120x4y4  448x3y5  112x2y6  16xy7  y8 39. 2, 14, 782
12k  1  132r  120 41. 0, 1
Selected Answers R69
 Pages 622–626 Chapter 11 Study Guide and Review many ways can the first, second, and third prizes be
1. partial sum 3. sigma notation 5. Binomial Theorem awarded? 3. Sometimes; the statement is only true when
7. arithmetic series 9. 38 11. 11 13. 3, 1, 5 15. 6, 3, r  1. 5. 120 7. 6 9. permutation; 5040 11. 84
0, 3 17. 2322 19. 220 21. 32 23. 3 13. 9 15. 665,280 17. 70 19. 210 21. 1260
25. 6, 12 27. 4, 2, 1,


1
29. 1452 31.


14,197
33. 72 23. combination; 28 25. permutation; 120
2 16 27. permutation; 3360 29. combination; 455 31. 60
16
35. 

37. 3, 2, 2, 18, 82 39. 1, 3, 4, 7, 11 41. 10, 33. 111,540 35. 80,089,128
13
37. C(n  1, r)  C(n  1, r  1)
66, 458 43. 1, 4, 31 45. x4  8x3  24x2  32x  16
(n  1)! (n  1)!
47. 160x3y3 





(n  1  r)!r! [n  1  (r  1)]!(r  1)!
49. Step 1: When n  1, the left side of the given equation (n  1)! (n  1)!





is 1. The right side is 21  1 or 1, so the equation is true for (n  r  1)!r! (n  r)!(r  1)!
n  1. (n  1)! nr (n  1)! r









Step 2: Assume 1  2  4  …  2k  1  2k  1 for some (n  r  1)!r! n  r (n  r)!(r  1)! r
positive integer k. (n  1)!(n  r) (n  1)!r





Step 3: 1  2  4  …  2k  1  2(k  1)  1  2k  1  2k (n  r)!r! (n  r)!r!
 2  2k  1 (n  1)!(n  r  r)




 2k  1  1 (n  r)!r!
(n  1)!n
The last expression is the right side of the equation 


(n  r)!r!
to be proved, where n  k  1. Thus, the equation is n!
true for n  k  1. 


(n  r)!r!
Therefore, 1  2  4  …  2n  1  2n  1 for all positive  C(n, r)
integers n. 39. D 41. 24 43. 120 45. 80 47. Sample answer: n  2
(y  4)2 (x  4)2
49. x  0.8047 51. 20 days 53.



 1
Chapter 12 Probability and Statistics 9 4
55. –4; 128 57. {2, 5} 59. 82 61. 45 63. (0, 2)
Page 631 Chapter 12 Getting Started 6 3 1
1 1 2 65. 

67. {7, 15} 69.

71.


1.

3.

5.

7 5 5
6 2 3
7.
Pages 647–650 Lesson 12-3
1. Sample answer: The event July comes before June has a
probability of 0. The event June comes before July has a
20 25 30 35 40
probability of 1. 3. There are 6  6 or 36 possible outcomes
9. for the two dice. Only 1 outcome, 1 and 1, results in a sum
1
of 2, so P(2) 

. There are 2 outcomes, 1 and 2 as well as
36
2 1 2
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2 and 1, that result in a sum of 3, so P(3) 

or

. 5.


36 18 7
11. 3 13. 13 15. a3  3a2b  3ab2  b3 7. 8:1 9. 2:7 11.


10 1
13.

15.


1 2 6
17.

19.


11 8 10 25 55
17. m  5m n  10m3n2  10m2n3  5mn4  n5
5 4
28 11 6 24
21.

23.

25.

27.

29. 0 31. 0.007
55 115 115 115
Pages 634–637 Lesson 12-1 3
1. HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT 3. The 33. 0.109 35. 3:5 37. 5:3 39. 1:4 41. 3:1 43.


10
available colors for the car could be different from those for 4 1 3 1 9
45.

47.

49.

51. 2:23 53. 1:4 55.

57.


the truck. 5. dependent 7. 256 9. D 11. independent 9 9 5 20 20
9 1
13. dependent 15. 16 17. 30 19. 1024 21. 10,080 59.

61.

63. Probability and odds are good tools for
Selected Answers

20 120
23. 362,880 25. 27,216 27. 800 assessing risk. Answers should include the following.
29. The maximum number of license plates is a product s 1
• P(struck by lightning) 



, so Odds 
with factors of 26s and 10s, depending on how many letters sf 750,000
are used and how many digits are used. Answers should 1:(750,000  1) or 1:749,999. P(surviving a lightning
include the following. s 3
strike) 



, so Odds  3:(4  3) or 3:1.
• There are 26 choices for the first letter, 26 for the second, sf 4
and 26 for the third. There are 10 choices for the first • In this case, success is being struck by lightning or
number, 10 for the second, and 10 for the third. By the surviving the lightning strike. Failure is not being struck
Fundamental Counting Principle, there are 263  103 or by lightning or not surviving the lightning strike.
1
17,576,000 possible license plates. 65. D 67. experimental; about 0.307 69. theoretical;


17
• Replace positions containing numbers with letters. 71. permutation; 1260 73. 16 75. direct variation
1 x 6 1 9
31. C 33. 20 mi 35. 28x6y2 37. 7 39.

41. 

77. (4, 4) 79.

81.

83.


2 x  5y 35 4 20
1
43. 1, 2 45. y  (x  3)2  2 47. y  

x2  8 49. 3 Page 650 Practice Quiz 1
2
13
1 1
51.


7 4 
1
3
53. no inverse exists
2 1
55. y 

x 


3 3
1. 24 3. 18,720 5. 56 7. combination; 20,358,520 9.


102

57. 30 59. 720 61. 15 63. 1

Pages 654–657 Lesson 12-4
Pages 641–643 Lesson 12-2 1. Sample answer: putting on your socks, and then your
1. Sample answer: There are six people in a contest. How shoes 3. Mario; the probabilities of rolling a 4 and rolling

R70 Selected Answers

 1 1 4 1 21 1 1 1 9 11 3 17
a 2 are both

. 5.


7.

9.

11. dependent;

33.

35.

37.

39.

41.

43.
5
45.


6 4 663 4 220 8 4 780 130 780 27
1 25 1 5 1 10 2
13.

15.


17.

19.

21.

23.

25. 0 27.


12 36 6 6 49 21 15 47. Subtracting P(A and B) from each side and adding
2 25 1 P(A or B) to each side results in the equation P(A or B) 
29.

31. independent;

33. dependent;


15 81 21
81
P(A)  P(B)  P(A and B). This is the equation for the
35. dependent;

probability of inclusive events. If A and B are mutually
2401
37. First Spin exclusive, then P(A and B)  0, so the equation simplifies to
Blue Yellow Red P(A or B)  P(A)  P(B), which is the equation for the
1 1 1 probability of mutually exclusive events. Therefore, the







3 3 3
1 1
Blue BB BY BR equation is correct in either case. 49. C 51.

53.


216 216
1 1 1 1









3 9 9 9 55. 4:1 57. 2:5 59. 254 61. (8, 10) 63. (x  1)2(x  1)
Second Yellow YB YY YR (x2  1) 65. min: (0.42, 0.62); max: (1.58, 1.38)
Spin 1



1



1



1


67. y (1, 3), (1, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5);
3 9 9 9
max: f(3, 5)  23; min:
Red RB RY RR
1 1 1 1 f(1, 1)  3









3 9 9 9 69. direct variation
71. 35.4, 34, no mode, 72
1 19 6327 x
39.

41.

43.

45. about 4.87% 47. no O 73. 63.75, 65, 50 and 65, 30
3 1,160,054 20,825
75. 12.98, 12.9, no mode, 4.7
49. Sample answer: As the number of trials increases, the
results become more reliable. However, you cannot be
absolutely certain that there are no black marbles in the bag
without looking at all of the marbles. 51. Probability can
be used to analyze the chances of a player making 0, 1, or Pages 666–670 Lesson 12-6
2 free throws when he or she goes to the foul line to shoot 1. Sample answer: {10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10}

2 free throws. Answers should include the following.
• One of the decimals in the table could be used as the
value of p, the probability that a player makes a given
free throw. The probability that a player misses both free
throws is (1  p)(1  p) or (1  p)2. The probability that a
player makes both free throws is p  p or p2. Since the sum
of the probabilities of all the possible outcomes is 1, the
probability that a player makes exactly 1 of the 2 free
throws is 1  (1  p)2  p2 or 2p(1  p).
• The result of the first free throw could affect the player’s
confidence on the second free throw. For example, if the
player makes the first free throw, the probability of he or
she making the second free throw might increase. Or, if
the player misses the first free throw, the probability that
he or she makes the second free throw might decrease.
3 • mean, 73.9; median, 76.5; mode, 94
53. C 55.

57. 1440 ways 59. 36 61. x, x  4
340
65. 153 67. b 69. (1, 2)


n 
n
1
3.  
(x  
ix) 2 5. 8.3, 2.9 7. $7300.50, $5335.25
i=1
9. 2500, 50 11. 3.1, 1.7 13. 37,691.2, 194.1 15. 82.9, 9.1
17. 77.7; 32; 19 19. Mean; it is highest. 21. $1047.88,
$1049.50, $695 23. Mean or median; they are nearly equal
and are more representative of the prices than the mode.
25. Mode; it is lowest. 27. 19.3 29. 19.5 31. 59.8, 7.7
33. 100% 35. Sample answer: The first graph might be
used by a sales manager to show a salesperson that he or
she does not deserve a big raise. It appears that sales are
steady but not increasing fast enough to warrant a big raise.
37. A: 2.5, 2.5, 0.7, 0.8; B: 2.5, 2.5, 1.1, 1.0
39. The statistic(s) that best represent a set of test scores
depends on the distribution of the particular set of scores.
Answers should include the following.
• The mode is not representative at all because it is the
highest score. The median is more representative than

Selected Answers
63. y
5 11 the mean because it is influenced less than the mean by
71. (2, 4) 73.

75.

the two very low scores of 34 and 19.
6 12
5 • Each measure is increased by 5.
77. 1


12 4 1 13
41. D 43. 1.9 45. inclusive;

47.

49.


13 169 204
O x
9
51. (0, 9); 0, 106
 ; 

53. 17 55. 12 cm3 57. (1, 5)
5
59. 136 61. 380 63. 396
y  x2  4
Page 670 Practice Quiz 2
3 2 1 3
1.

3.

5.

7.

9. 23.6, 4.9
20 9 6 4
Pages 660–663 Lesson 12-5
1. Sample answer: mutually exclusive events: tossing a coin Pages 673–675 Lesson 12-7
and rolling a die; inclusive events: drawing a 7 and a 1. Sample answer:
diamond from a standard deck of cards 3. The events are
not mutually exclusive, so the chance of rain is less
1 1 2 4 5
than 100%. 5.

7.

9.

11. inclusive;

13.
6

3 2 3 13
25 35 3 38
15.

17.

19.

21.

23. mutually
42 143 143 143
7 21 4 55 188
exclusive;

25. inclusive;

27.

29.

31.

The use of cassettes since CDs were introduced.
9 34 13 221 663

Selected Answers R71

 3. Since 99% of the data is within 3 standard deviations would be called since almost everyone has a phone.
of the mean, 1% of the data is more than 3 standard 15. about 8% 17. about 4% 19. about 3% 21. about 4%
deviations from the mean. By symmetry, half of this, or 23. about 3% 25. about 2% 27. about 983 29. A political
0.5%, is more than 3 standard deviations above the mean. candidate can use the statistics from an opinion poll to
5. 68% 7. 95% 9. 250 11. 81.5% 13. normally analyze his or her standing and to help plan the rest of the
distributed 15. 68% 17. 0.5% 19. 50% 21. 95% campaign. Answers should include the following.
23. 815 25. 16% 27. The mean would increase by 25; the • The candidate could decide to skip areas where he or she
standard deviation would not change; and the graph would is way ahead or way behind, and concentrate on areas
be translated 25 units to the right. 29. A 31. 17.5, 4.2 where the polls indicate the race is close.
2 4 1 • about 3.5%
33.

35.

37. 3, 2, 4 39.

, 1 41. 0.76 h 43. 56c5d3
13 13 4 • The margin of error indicates that with a probability of
Pages 678–680 Lesson 12-8 0.95 the percent of the Florida population that favored
1. Sample answer: In a 5-card hand, what is the probability Bush was between 43.5% and 50.5%. The margin of error
that at least 2 cards are hearts? 3a. Each trial has more for Gore was also about 3.5%, so with probability 0.95 the
than two possible outcomes. 3b. The number of trials is percent that favored Gore was between 40.5% and 47.5%.
1 Therefore, it was possible that the percent of the Florida
not fixed. 3c. The trials are not independent. 5.


8 population that favored Bush was less than the percent
1 27,648 1 1 11
7.

9.

11. about 0.37 13.

15.

17.

that favored Gore.
28,561 28,561 16 4 16 5
125 23 1 135 53 105 31. C 33.


35. 95% 37. 97.5%
19.

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.

32
3888 648 1024 512 512 512
319 7 Pages 687–692 Chapter 12 Study Guide and Review
31.

33. about 0.44 35. about 0.32 37.
3
2 1. c 3. a 5. d 7. f 9. 5040 codes 11. 4 13. 1:3 15. 7:5
512
1 1
39. Getting a right answer and a wrong answer are the 17. 2:3 19. independent;

21. dependent;


36 7
outcomes of a binomial experiment. The probability is far 2 7
greater that guessing will result in a low grade than in a 23. mutually exclusive;

25. inclusive;

27. 341.0, 18.5
3 13
high grade. Answers should include the following. 1 1 14,437,500
29. 3400 31. 800 33.

35.

37.


• Use (r  w)5  r5  5r4w  10r3w2  10r2w3  5rw4  w5 32 2,176,782,336 2,176,782,336
39. 460 mothers
and the chart on page 48 to determine the probabilities of
each combination of right and wrong.
Chapter 13 Trigonometric Functions
• P(5 right): r5  



or about 0.098%;
1 5 1
4 1024 Page 699 Chapter 13 Getting Started
15
P(4 right, 1 wrong):

or about 1.5%; 1. 10 3. 16.7 5. x  7, y  72 7. x  43, y  8
1024
 
1 3 3 2
4 4
45
P(3 right, 2 wrong): 10r3w2  10





or about
512 9. f 1(x) x3 11. f 1(x)  
x4

 
1 2 3 3 135
8.8%; P(3 wrong, 2 right): 10r2w3  10





or
4 4 512
f (x )  x  3 f (x )  x 2  4
f (x ) f (x )
about 26.4%; P(4 wrong, 1 right): 5rw  5
4
 


1 3 4


4 4





405
1024

3 5
or about 39.6%; P(5 wrong): w5 



or
4
243
1024
about 23.7%.
41. B 43. normal distribution 45. 10 O x O x
47. Mean; it is highest.
49. y
xy4
f 1(x )  x  3
Selected Answers

f 1(x )  
 x  4
x
Pages 706–708 Lesson 13-1
O
1. Trigonometry is the study of the relationships between
the angles and sides of a right triangle. 3. Given only the
measures of the angles of a right triangle, you cannot find
 ; cos

6
;
85
the measures of its sides. 5. sin


11 11
51. 0.1 53. 0.039 55. 0.041
 ; csc


85
tan


 ; sec
 1
1
; cot


1185 
685
Pages 684–685 Lesson 12-9 6 85 6 85
1. Sample answer: If a sample is not random, the results of 32
7. cos 23° 

; x
34.8 9. B  45°, a  6, c
8.5
a survey may not be valid. 3. The margin of sampling x
4
error decreases when the size of the sample n increases. As 11. a
16.6, A
67°, B
23° 13. 1660 ft 15. sin


;
11
p(1  p)
n increases,

decreases. 5. No; these students  ; tan


105  ; csc

11
; sec


4105 ;
11105
n cos


probably study more than average. 7. about 4% 9. The 11 105 4 105
probability is 0.95 that the percent of Americans ages 12 
cot


105 7 ; cos

3
; tan


17. sin

7 ;
and older who listen to the radio every day is between 72% 4 4 4 3
and 82% 11. No; you would tend to point toward the
csc


 ; sec

4
; cot


47 
37 5 ;
19. sin


middle of the page. 13. Yes; a wide variety of people 7 3 7 5

R72 Selected Answers

 25 1 5 ; 19. y 21. y
cos

; tan


; csc
 5; sec


5 2 2
x 17.8
cot
 2 21. tan 30° 

, x
5.8 23. sin 54° 

, 235˚
10 x
15
x
22.0 25. cos x° 

, x
65 O x O x
36
opp 790˚
27a. sin 30° 

sine ratio
hyp
x
sin 30° 

Replace opp with x and hyp with 2x.
2x
1 23. y 25. y
sin 30° 

Simplify.
2
adj
27b. cos 30° 

cosine ratio 
hyp

3x
cos 30° 

Replace adj with 3x and
2x hyp with 2x. O x O x
3
cos 30° 
Simplify.
150˚
2
opp
27c. sin 60° 

sine ratio
hyp
2

11
79

3x and 27.

29. 

31.

33.

35. 150°

3x
sin 60° 

Replace opp with 3 12 3 90
2x hyp with 2x. 1620
37. 45° 39. 1305° 41.


515.7°
3

sin 60° 
Simplify.

2 43. Sample answer: 585°, 135° 45. Sample answer: 345°,
29. B  74°, a
3.9, b
13.5 31. B  56°, b
14.8, c
17.9 375° 47. Sample answer: 8°, 352° 49. Sample answer:
33. A  60°, a
19.1, c  22 35. A  72°, b
1.3, c
4.1 11
5
3
13

, 

51. Sample answer:

, 

37. A
63°, B
27°, a
11.5 39. A
49°, B
41º, a  8, 4 4 4 4
13
3

c
10.6 41. about 300 ft 43. about 6° 45. 93.53 units2
47. The sine and cosine ratios of acute angles of right
triangles each have the longest measure of the triangle, the
hypotenuse, as their denominator. A fraction whose
denominator is greater than its numerator is less than 1.
The tangent ratio of an acute angle of a right triangle does
opp
not involve the measure of the hypotenuse,

. If the
adj
measure of the opposite side is greater than the measure of
the adjacent side, the tangent ratio is greater than 1. If the
measure of the opposite side is less than the measure of the
adjacent side, the tangent ratio is less than 1. 49. C 51.
No; band members may be more likely to like the same
kinds of music. 53.
3
55.
1
5 57. {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} 59.
8 16
20 qt 61. 12 m2
Pages 712–715 Lesson 13-2
53. Sample answer:

, 

55. 2689° per second;
2 2
47 radians per second 57. about 188.5 m2 59. about
640.88 in2 61. Student answers should include the following.
• An angle with a measure of more than 180° gives an
indication of motion in a circular path that ended at a point
more than halfway around the circle from where it started.
• Negative angles convey the same meaning as positive
angles, but in an opposite direction. The standard
convention is that negative angles represent rotations in a
clockwise direction.
• Rates over 360° per minute indicate that an object is
rotating or revolving more than one revolution per minute.
63. D 65. A  22°, a
5.9, c
15.9 67. c  0.8, A  30°,
B  60° 69. about 7.07% 71. combination, 35
73. [g ° h](x)  4x2  6x  23, [h ° g](x)  8x2  34x  44
75. 1418.2 or about 1418; the number of sports radio

35 
10 
10

Selected Answers
1. reals stations in 2008 77.
79.
81.

5 2 4
3. y 5. y
Page 715 Practice Quiz 1
1. B  42°, a
13.3, c
17.9
290˚ 300˚ 3. y

O x O x
70˚

O x
60˚

7. y 9. 

11. 135° 13. 1140°

18
15. 785°, 295° 17. 21 h
19

5.

7. 210° 9. 305°; 415°

18
O x Pages 722–724 Lesson 13-3
45˚ r 0
1. False; sec 0° 

or 1 and tan 0° 

or 0.
r r
3. To find the value of a trigonometric function of
, where

is greater than 90°, find the value of the trigonometric
function for
, then use the quadrant in which the terminal

Selected Answers R73

 side of
lies to determine the sign of the trigonometric  , tan
 3, csc
 

10  , cot


10 1
function value of
. 5. sin
 0, cos
 1, tan
 0, cos
 

10 3 3
csc
 undefined, sec
 1, cot
 undefined 53. about 173.2 ft 55. 9 meters 57. II
7. 55° 9. 60º 59. Answers should include the following.
x
y y • The cosine of any angle is defined as

, where x is the
r
x-coordinate of any point on the terminal ray of the angle
235˚
'
and r is the distance from the origin to that point. This
means that for angles with terminal sides to the left of the
O x O x y-axis, the cosine is negative, and those with terminal sides

' to the right of the y-axis, the cosine is positive. Therefore
240˚
the cosine function can be used to model real-world data
that oscillate between being positive and negative.
• If we knew the length of the cable we could find the
23 6 , cos


3 , vertical distance from the top of the tower to the rider.
11. 1 13. 

3
15. sin
 
3 3
Then if we knew the height of the tower we could subtract
tan
 2, csc
 
, sec
 3
6 24
17. sin


, from it the vertical distance calculated previously. This will
2 25 leave the height of the rider from the ground.
7 24 25 25 7
cos


, tan


, csc


, sec


, cot



25 7 24 7 24 2
5 
61.

, 

2
5 
3
x
63. 300° 65. sin 28° 

, 5.6
12

889 
589 8
19. sin
 
89
, cos

89
, tan
 

, 5
67. sin x° 

, 23 69. (7, 2) 71. (5, 4) 73. 15.1
5 13

89 
89 5 75. 32.9° 77. 39.6°
csc
 
8
, sec

5
, cot
 

21. sin
 1,
8
Pages 729–732 Lesson 13-4
cos
 0, tan
 undefined, csc
 1, 1. Sometimes; only when A is acute, a  b sin A or a  b
sec
 undefined, cot
 0 23. sin
 
,
2 and when A is obtuse, a  b.
2
2 , tan
 1, csc
  2, sec
 2, 3. Gabe; m
C
180°  (64°  28.6°)
cos

  sin 64° _____
______ sin B
87.4°
2 
cot
 1 15 8 1
8 sin 64° Area 

ab sin C
sin B  ________
2
25. 45° 27. 30° 15

1
(15)(8) sin 87.4°
B
28.6° 2
y y

59.9 m2
5. 6.4 cm2 7. B  80°, a
32.0, b
32.6 9. no solution
315˚ 11. one; B
24°, C
101°, c
12.0 13. 5.5 m

' 15. 19.5 yd2 17. 62.4 cm2 19. 14.6 mi2 21. C  73°,
O

'
x O x a
55.6, b
48.2 23. B
46°, C
69°, c
5.1
210˚ 25. A
40°, B
65°, b
2.8 27. A  20°, a
22.1,
c
39.8 29. one; B
36°, C
45°, c
1.8 31. no
33. one; B
18°, C
101°, c
25.8 35. two; B
85°,
C
15°, c
2.4; B
95°, C
5°, c
0.8 37. two;


B
65°, C
68°, c
84.9; B
115°, C
18°, c
28.3
29.

31.


4 7 39. 7.5 mi from Ranger B, 10.9 mi from Ranger A
Selected Answers

y y 41. 107 mph 43. Answers should include the following.

• If the height of the triangle is not given, but the measure
5 13 of two sides and their included angle are given, then the
4 7
formula for the area of a triangle using the sine function
should be used.
O x O
' x

' • You might use this formula to find the area of a
triangular piece of land, since it might be easier to measure
two sides and use surveying equipment to measure the
included angle than to measure the perpendicular distance
3 from one vertex to its opposite side.
33. 

2
35. 3 37. undefined 39. 3 1
• The area of ABC is

ah.
2
3
41. undefined 43.
45. 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, 0.2, 0, and C
2
0.2; or about 11.5°, 0°, 11.5°, 0°, 11.5°, 0°, and 11.5°
4 4
47. sin
 

, tan
 

, csc
 

, sec


,
5 5 b a
5 3 4 3
3 
22 2 h
cot
 

49. cos
 

3
, tan
 

4
, csc
 3,
4
32 
310 h
sin B 
c
or h  c sin B
sec
 

4
, cot
 22 51. sin
 
A c B
10

R74 Selected Answers

 1 1
• Area 

ah or Area 

a(c sin B) 2 ; cos


2 1
2 2
3 different points. 5. sin

7. 


45. B  78°, a
50.1, c
56.1 47.
49. 660°, 60° 2 2 2
3
17
7
55 4 3 15 8
51.

, 

53.

55. 5.6 57. 39.4° 9. 2 s 11. sin


; cos
 

13. sin


; cos



6 6 221 5 5 17 17
Pages 735–738 Lesson 13-5 3 ; cos
 
1

15. sin

17. 


1
19. 1 21. 1
1. Mateo; the angle given is not between the two sides; 2 2 2
therefore the Law of Sines should be used. 1
23.

25.


1  3
27. 33 29. 6 31. 2
33.

s
1
3. Sample answer: 4 2 440

2
1 3
35.

,

 , 
1
,

2 
3 , (1, 0), 
1
, 

2 2
3 ,
1
, 

3
 2 2 2 2
y x
15 9 37.

39. 

41. 3 43. sine: D  {all reals}, R  {1 
x y
y  1}; cosine: D  {all reals}, R  {1  y  1} 45. A
47. cosines; c
12.4, B
59°, A
76° 49. 27.0 in2
51. 6800 53. 5000 55. 250 57. does not exist 59. 8
13 5
61. 2x  9 63. 2y  7 

65. 110° 67. 80° 69. 89°
y3
5. sines; B  70°, a
9.6, b  14 7. cosines; A
23°,
B
67°, C  90° 9. 94.3° 11. cosines; A
48°, B
63°,
C
70° 13. sines; B
102°, C
44°, b
21.0
15. A  80°, a
10.9, c
5.4 17. cosines; A
30°,
B
110°, C
40° 19. sines; C
77°, b
31.7, c
31.6 Pages 749–751 Lesson 13-7
21. no 23. cosines; A
52°, C
109°, b
21.0 1. Restricted domains are denoted with a capital letter.
25. cosines; A
24°, B
125°, C
31° 27. sines; 3. They are inverses of each other. 5.   Arccos 0.5 7. 0°
B
49°, C
91°, c
9.3 29. about 100.1° 31. 4.4 cm, 9.

3.14 11. 0.75 13. 0.58 15.   Arcsin 
9.0 cm 33. 91.6° 17. y  Arccos x 19. Arccos y  45° 21. 60° 23. 45°
35. Answers should include the following. 25. 45° 27. 2.09 29. 0.52 31. 0.5 33. 0.60 35. 0.8
• The Law of Cosines can be used when you know all 37. 0.5 39. 0.5 41. 0.71 43. 0.96 45. 60° south of west
three sides of a triangle or when you know two sides and
47. No; with this point on the terminal side of the throwing
the included angle. It can even be used with two sides and
angle
, the measure of
is found by solving the equation
the nonincluded angle. This set of conditions leaves a 17 17
quadratic equation to be solved. It may have one, two, or tan


. Thus
 tan1

or about 43.4°, which is
18 18
no solution just like the SSA case with the Law of Sines. greater than the 40° requirement. 49. 31° 51. Suppose
• Given the latitude of a point on the surface of Earth, you P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) lie on the line y  mx  b. Then
can use the radius of the Earth and the orbiting height of a y y
m

2

1 . The tangent of the angle
the line makes with
satellite in geosynchronous orbit to create a triangle. This x2  x1
opp y y
triangle will have two known sides and the measure of the 2
the positive x-axis is equal to the ratio

or

1 . Thus
adj x2  x1
included angle. Find the third side using the Law of
tan
 m.
Cosines and then use the Law of Sines to determine the
y
angles of the triangle. Subtract 90 degrees from the angle
with its vertex on Earth’s surface to find the angle at which Q (x 2, y 2)
to aim the receiver dish.
y2  y1
37. A 39. Sample answer: 100.2° 41. one; B
46°, P (x 1, y 1)


12 5 12
C
79°, c
9.6 43. sin


, cos


, tan


, O x2  x1 x
13 13 5

Selected Answers
13 13 5
csc


, sec


, cot


45. sin

6 ,
12 5 12 4
y  mx  b
 , tan


10
cos


 , csc


15  , sec


26 ,
210
4 5 3 5

cot



15 47. {xx  0.6931} 49. 405°, 315°
53. 37°
3 55.
19
5

51. 540°, 180° 53.

, 

6 6

1
2 3 1 2 

3
x 0

2


2
1 


2 2
1
2 2
Page 738 Practice Quiz 2
3   ; tan
 
3
;
213

13
1. sin

; cos
 
y


















13 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

csc


 ; sec
 

13  ; cot
 
2

13 3. 27.7 m2
57. From a right triangle perspective, if an acute angle
has
3 2 3

a given sine, say x, then the complementary angle



2
5. cosines; c
15.9, C
59°, B
43° has that same value as its cosine. This can be verified by
looking at a right triangle. Therefore, the sum of the angle
Pages 742–745 Lesson 13-6

whose sine is x and the angle whose cosine is x should be

.

1. The terminal side of the angle
in standard position 2
must intersect the unit circle at P(x, y). 3. Sample answer: 59. 1 61. sines; B
69°, C
81°, c
6.1 or B
111°,
The graphs have the same shape, but cross the x-axis at C
39°, c
3.9 63. 46, 39 65. 11, 109

Selected Answers R75

 Pages 752–756 Chapter 13 Study Guide and Review y
1. false, coterminal 3. true 5. true 7. false, an angle that 5 y  4 sin 2

has its terminal side on an axis where x or y is equal to zero 4
9. false, terminal 11. B  65°, a
2.5, b
5.4 3
13. A  7°, a
0.7, c
5.6 15. A
76°, B
14°, b
1.0, 2
7
1
c
4.1 17. 

19. 720° 21. 320°, 400°
6

15
8 15 8 O

23.

; 

25. sin
 

, cos


, tan
 
1

5
, 1 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
4 4 17 17
17 17 15 2
csc
 

, sec


, cot
 

27. 3 3
8 15 8
4
23
29.
3
31. two; B
53°, C
87°, c
12.4; B
127°, 5

C
13°, c
3.0 33. no 35. one; A  51°, a  70.2,

c  89.7 37. sines; C  105°, a
28.3, c
38.6
39. cosines; A
34°, B
81°, c
6.4 41. cosines; B
26°,
2 2

C
125°, a
8.3 43.

1
45. 
47. 3 49. 1.05 11. amplitude: does not exist; period: 120° or


2 2 3
y
51. 0 2
1.5
1
0.5

Chapter 14 Trigonometric Graphs and O
60˚ 30˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚
Identities 1
1
Page 761 Chapter 14 Getting Started 1.5 y  2 sec 3

2 2 1 3 2
1.

3. 0 5. 

7. 

9. 

11. 1 13. not
2 2 2 2
1
defined 15.

17. 5x(3x  1) 19. prime
2
3
21. (2x  1)(x  2) 23. 8, 3 25. 8, 5 27. 4, 


2

13. 12 months; Sample answer: The pattern in the

Pages 766–768 Lesson 14-1 population will repeat itself every 12 months.
1. Sample answer: Amplitude is half the difference between
the maximum and minimum values of a graph; y  tan

has no maximum or minimum value. 3. Jamile; The 15. amplitude: 3; period: 360° or 2

amplitude is 3 and the period is 3

. 5. amplitude: 2; y
period: 360° or 2

5
y y  3 sin

4
5 3
4 y  2 sin
2
3 1
2
270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

1
2
O

Selected Answers

270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 3

2 4
3 5
4
5

17. amplitude: does not exist; period: 360° or 2

7. amplitude : does not exist; period: 180° or

y
y
5
2
4
1.5
3
1
2
0.5
1
270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O

90˚ 180˚ 270˚
270˚180˚90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

1
2
1
y  4 tan
1.5 y  2 csc
3
2
4
5
9. amplitude: 4; period: 180° or

R76 Selected Answers

 1
19. amplitude:

; period: 360° or 2
27. amplitude: 6; period: 540° or 3

5
y y
2
1 10 y  6 sin 3

0.8 8
1
0.6 y  5 sin
6
0.4 4
0.2 2

270˚ 180˚ 90˚

O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚
270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

0.4 4
0.6 6
0.8 8
1 10

29. amplitude: does not exist; period: 720° or 4

21. amplitude: 1; period 90° or

10

2
y 8
5 6
4 4
3 y  sin 4
2
2
540˚360˚180˚
O
180˚ 360˚ 540˚

1
1
4
270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚
y  3 csc 2
6
2 8
3 10
4
5

31. amplitude: does not exist; period: 180° or

y
10
2
8
23. amplitude: does not exist; period: 120° or

6
3
y 4
5 2
4
270˚180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

3
y  sec 3
2 4
1 6
2y  tan

8
60˚ 30˚
O
30˚ 60˚
10
2
3

Selected Answers
4
5 33. y
5
4
3 3
y  5 sin 4

2
1
25. amplitude: does not exist; period: 540° or 3

y 135˚ 90˚ 45˚

O
45˚ 90˚ 135˚

10 2
8 3
6 4
4 5
2

810˚ 540˚270˚
O
270˚ 540˚ 810˚

4 3 1
y 

sin 4
35.

7 37. Sample answer: The amplitudes
6 5 10
1 are the same. As the frequency increases, the period
y  4 tan 3
8
10 decreases.

39. y  2 sin

t

5

Selected Answers R77

 2 13
41. about 1.9 ft 43. A 45. 90° 47. 45° 49.

51.

9. 5; y  5; no amplitude; 360°
2 16
y
53. y
10
15
8
13 yx 2
6
11 4
9
y  3x 2 2
7
5 270˚180˚90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

3
4
1 6
O x 8
8 4 4 8 y  sec
 5 10
3
5

11. 0.25; y  0.25; 1; 360°

55. y y
15 1.5
13 y  sin
 0.25
11 1
9
7 0.5
5 y  2x 2
3
2
y  2(x  1) 1 O

90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
0.5
O x
8 4 4 8
3 1
5
1.5

Pages 774–776 Lesson 14-2 13. 6; no amplitude; 60°; 45°

1. vertical shift: 15; amplitude: 3; period: 180°; phase shift: y
45° 3. Sample answer: y  sin (
 45°) 5. no amplitude; 1
180°; 60°
y 45˚
O
45˚

5 2
4 3
3 4
2 5
1 6
7 y  2 cot (3
 135˚)  6
Selected Answers

270˚180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚
8
2 9
3 10
11
y  tan (
 60˚) 4
5

15. 2;

; 4
; 


7. no amplitude; 2
; 

3 6
3
y
y
4 1

(
y  sec
 3 ) 3
2 O

1 3 2   2 3
1
3  1O  3

   2
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
4 
2
[ 1(
y  3 cos 2
 6 )]  2
R78 Selected Answers


17. h  4  cos

t or h  4  cos 90°t 27. 5; y  5; 1; 360°

2
y
19. 1; 360°; 90° 2
1
y
5 270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

4 2
3 y  cos (
 90˚) 3
2 4
1 5
O
6
270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 7
2 8 y  cos
 5
3
4
5

1 1 1

29.

; y 

;

; 360°
21. 1; 2
;

2 2 2
4 y
y
5
5
4 1 1
4 y  2 sin
 2
 3
3 (
y  sin
 4 ) 2
2
1
1

O 270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚


3      3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
3
4
4
5
5

31.
23. no amplitude; 180°; 22.5° y
y 18
5 16
4 14
3 12
2 10 
1 8 (
y  5  tan
 4 )
6
135˚ 90˚ 45˚
O
45˚ 90˚ 135˚
4
2 2
3 1 O

Selected Answers
y  4 tan (
 22.5˚) 3     3
4   
4 2 4 4 2 4
5

translation

units left and 5 units up

4

25. 1; y  1; 1; 360° 33. 1; 2; 120°; 45°

y y
5 5 y  2 sin [3(
 45˚)]  1
4 4
3 3
2 2
1
1

O O
270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚
2 2
3 3
y  sin
 1
4 4
5 5

Selected Answers R79

 35. 3.5; does not exist; 720°; 60° 49. Sample answer: You can use changes in amplitude and
y period along with vertical and horizontal shifts to show an
8 animal population’s starting point and display changes to
6 that population over a period of time. Answers should
4 include the following information.
2 • The equation shows a rabbit population that begins at
1200, increases to a maximum of 1450 then decreases to a
270˚180˚90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

minimum of 950 over a period of 4 years.
4 • Relative to y  a cos bx, y  a cos bx  k would have a
6 vertical shift of k units, while y  a cos [b(x  h)] has a
8
horizontal shift of h units.
10 [1 (
y  3 csc 2
 60˚  3.5)]
12

51. D 53. amplitude: 1; period: 720° or 4

y
1 5
37. 1;

; 180°; 75°
4 4
y

3 y  sin 2
5 2
4 1
y  4 cos (2
 150˚)  1 1
3
2 270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚

1 2
O
3
270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 4
2 5
3
4
5

5a  13
55. 0.75 57. 0.83 59. 35 61. 0.66 63.


(a  2)(a  3)

3y2  10y  5 1 3
39. 3; 2;
; 

65.

67. 1 69.

71.

73. 1
4 2(y  5)(y  3) 2 3
y
8 
7 [(
y  3  2 sin 2
 4 )]
6 Pages 779–781 Lesson 14-3
5 1. Sample answer: The sine function is negative in the
4 third and fourth quadrants. Therefore, the terminal side
3 of the angle must lie in one of those two quadrants.
2
1
O
3. Sample answer: Simplifying a trigonometric expression

3      3
means writing the expression as a numerical value or in
2 2 2 2 2
Selected Answers

terms of a single trigonometric function, if possible.

5 1
5. 

7. 2 9. tan2
11. csc
13.

15. 5
41. 4 2
1
3 21.
3
23. 
47
y y  3  2 cos

5
17.

19.
2 7
25. cot
27. cos

1
4 4
5 y  3  2 cos (
 ) 29. 2 31. cot2
33. 1 35. csc2
37. about 11.5°
4 I tan
cos

3 39. about 9.4° 41. No; 

simplifies to
R2
E
2 I sin
I 2R
E 

. 43. P  I R 


2 .
1 R2 1  tan2 2
ft

3   
O   3

 45. Sample answer: You can use equations to find the
2 2 2 2
2
3 height and the horizontal distance of a baseball after it has
4 been hit. The equations involve using the initial angle the
5 ball makes with the ground with the sine function. Answers
should include the following information.
• Both equations are quadratic in nature with a leading
The graphs are identical. 43. c 45. 300; 14.5 yr negative coefficient. Thus, both are inverted parabolas

which model the path of a baseball.
47. h  9  6 sin 

(t  1.5)
9 • model rockets, hitting a golf ball, kicking a rock

R80 Selected Answers

47. A 49. 12; y  12; no amplitude; 180° 5. tan2
cos2
 1  cos2

y sin2



cos2
 sin2

cos2

20
sin2
 sin2

1  tan2

15 7.

 tan2

csc

sec2

10

 tan2

csc2

1



5 cos2

  tan2

1



sin2

270˚ 180˚ 90˚
O
90˚ 180˚ 270˚
1


 sin2
 tan2

5 cos2

y  tan
 12
tan2
 tan2

sec
 1 tan

9.




2
tan
sec
 1
51. amplitude: 1; period: 120° or

sec
 1 tan
sec
 1
3






y tan
sec
 1 sec
 1
sec
 1 tan
 (sec
 1)
5




4 tan
sec2
 1
sec
 1 tan
 (sec
 1)
3




y  cos 3
tan
tan2

2
sec
 1 sec
 1
1




tan
tan

135˚ 90˚ 45˚
O
45˚ 90˚ 135˚

11. cos2
 tan2
cos2
 1
2 sin2

cos2


 cos2
 1
3
2 cos

4
cos2
 sin2
 1
5 11
13. 1  sec2
sin2
 sec2

1
1 

 sin2
 sec2

53. 93 55. Symmetric () 57. Multiplication () cos

2

1  tan2
 sec2

sec2
 sec2

Page 781 Practice Quiz 1 1  cos

15.

 (csc
 cot
)2
3 1  cos

1.

, 720° or 4

4 1  cos

y

 csc2
 2 cot
csc
 cot2

1  cos

5 1  cos
1 cos
1 cos2





 2 






4 1  cos
sin

2 sin
sin

2 sin

3 1
3 y  4 sin 2
1  cos
1 2 cos
cos2

2








1  cos
sin2
sin2
sin2

1 1  cos
1 2 cos
 cos
2






O
1  cos
sin2

270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚
2 1  cos
(1  cos
)(1  cos
)






3 1  cos
1  cos2

Selected Answers
4 1  cos
(1  cos
)(1  cos
)






5 1  cos
(1  cos
)(1  cos
)
1  cos
1  cos






1  cos
1  cos

3 5 cot
 csc

3. 

5.

17. cot
csc



5 2 sin
 tan

cos
1





sin
sin

Pages 784–785 Lesson 14-4 cot
csc
  sin

1. sin
tan
 sec
 cos
sin



cos

1 1
sin
tan


 cos
sec


cos



1
cos
cos

sin

sin
tan

1





cos2

Multiply by the LCD, cos
. cot
csc
 sin
cos
 sin

cos
cos




cos

1  cos2

sin
tan


Subtract.
cos
cos
 1
sin2



sin
tan


1  cos2
 sin2
sin

cos
cot
csc
 
sin
(cos
 1)



sin
cos

sin
tan
 sin


Factor.
cos
cos
 1 cos

sin
cot
csc





sin
tan
 sin
tan

 tan
sin
sin
(cos
 1)
cos
cos
1
3. Sample answer: sin2
 1  cos2
; it is not an identity cot
csc





sin
sin

because sin2
 1  cos2
. cot
csc
 cot
csc

Selected Answers R81

 sec
sin

19.



 cot
37.
sin
cos

1



cos
sin

 

 cot

sin
cos

1 sin2





 cot

sin
cos
sin
cos

1  sin2



 cot
[360, 360] scl: 90 by [5, 5] scl: 1
sin
cos

cos2
is not


 cot

sin
cos

cos
39.


 cot

sin

cot
 cot

1  sin
cot2

21.




sin
csc
 1
1  sin
cot2
csc
 1







sin
csc
 1 csc
 1 [360, 360] scl: 90 by [5, 5] scl: 1
1  sin
cot2
(csc
 1)




may be
sin
csc2
 1
1  sin
cot2
(csc
 1) 41.





sin
cot2

1  sin



 csc
 1
sin

1  sin
1 sin








sin
sin
sin

1  sin
1  sin






sin
sin

[360, 360] scl: 90 by [5, 5] scl: 1
1 1
23.



1 may be
sec2
csc2

cos2
 sin2
 1 5
43.
45.


193 47. 1: 360°; 30°
2 12
11 y
5
25. 1  tan4
 2 sec2
 sec4
4
(1  tan2
)(1  tan2
)  sec2
(2  sec2
) 3 y  cos (
 30˚)
[1  (sec2
 1)](sec2
)  (2  sec2
)(sec2
) 2
(2  sec2
)(sec2
)  (2  sec2
)(sec2
) 1

1  cos
sin
270˚ 180˚ 90˚

O

27.



90˚ 180˚ 270˚
sin
1  cos
2
1  cos
1  cos
sin
3







sin
1  cos
1  cos
4
1  cos2
sin





5
sin
(1  cos
) 1  cos

sin2
sin






sin
(1  cos
) 1  cos

sin
sin
49. 3; 2

; 


Selected Answers



2
1  cos
1  cos

y
5 
29. tan
sin
cos
csc2
 1
4 (
y  3 cos
 2 )
sin
1


 sin
 cos


1 3
cos
sin2

2
11
sin2

1
v2
v2


tan2 cos2




31. 2 sec2
  O
1 
3      3
2g

2 2 2 2 2
2 cos

v2 sin2
cos2
3

2





g cos2
4
1
5
v2 sin2


2g

6 6  22
51.
53.


4
33. Sample answer: Consider a right triangle ABC with 4
right angle at C. If an angle, say A, has a sine of x, then
angle B must have a cosine of x. Since A and B are both in a
Pages 788–790 Lesson 14-5
right triangle and neither is the right angle, their sum must

1. sin (  )  sin   sin 
be

. 35. D
2 sin  cos   cos  sin  ≠ sin   sin 

R82 Selected Answers

 sec2

3. Sometimes; sample answer: The cosine sin2
 tan2
 sin2



6  2 csc

2
function can equal 1. 5.

3
7.
1 1
4 2 sin2
 tan2
 sin2





1 cos2
sin2

9. 


2
sin2

11. sin 


 cos
sin2
 tan2
 sin2



cos2

2


sin2
 tan2
 sin2
 tan2

sin
cos

 cos
sin

 cos

2 2 sec

sin
· 0  cos
· 1  cos
53.

 csc

tan

cos
 cos
1 sin





 csc

5  
3
13.

15.

17.

 
2  6  6  2
 cos
cos

1  53 4 4 1 cos





 csc

6  2 2 2 2 6 cos
sin

19.

21. 

23.

25.

1
4 2 2 4

 csc

6  2 sin

27.

csc
 csc

4 4 3 4
29. cos (90° 
)  cos 90° cos
 sin 90° sin
55. 4 57. 2 sec
59. sin
 

, cos
 

, tan


,
5 5 3
 0  1 sin
5 5
csc
 

, sec
 

, cot



3
61. 360 63. 56
 sin
4 3 4
 5 5 6
31. sin (90° 
)  cos
65. about 228 mi 67. 


2
69. 

71. 


5 2
sin 90° cos
 cos 90° sin
 cos

6 
2
1 · cos
 0 · sin
 cos
73.

2
cos
 0  cos
Pages 794 –797 Lesson 14-6
x
cos
 cos
1. Sample answer: If x is in the third quadrant, then

is
2
33. cos (

)  cos
between 90° and 135°. Use the half-angle formula for cosine
cos
cos
 sin
sin
 cos
knowing that the value is negative. 3. Sample answer: The
1 · cos
 0 · sin
 cos
identity used for cos 2
depends on whether you know the
cos
 cos
value of sin
, cos
or both values.
35. sin (

)  sin
45  , 
1
,

30 6 37  1
sin
cos
 [cos
sin
]  sin
5.

, 

7. 

, 

,
9 9 6 6 8 8
0 · cos
 [1 · sin
]  sin
8 
 27 8 
 27 2 
 3
0  [sin
]  sin


, 

9.


4 4 2
sin
 sin
11. cos2 2x  4 sin2 x cos2 x  1

37. sin 


 cos 


cos2 2x  sin2 2x  1

3 6




11
 sin
cos

 cos
sin

 cos
cos

 sin
sin


3 3 6 6  
120 119 526 26 42 7 6 3
1 3 3 1 13. 

,

,

,

15.

, 

,

, 




sin


cos


cos


sin
169 16 9 26 26 9 9 3 3
2 2 2 2
355 23 8 
 55 8 
 55
1 1


sin


sin
17. 

,

,

, 


2 2 32 32 4 4
 sin
35  21
17 15  42 7   
18  122
19.

, 

,

,

21. 

,

,

,
1  tan  tan  18 18 6 6 9 9 6
39. cos (  ) 


sec  sec   
18  122 45  
1 6 30 2
 3
sin  sin  

23.

, 

,

,


25. 


1




cos  cos 
6 6 9 9 6 2
cos (  )   2 
 2 2 
 2
1





1 27. 

29.


cos  cos  2 2

Selected Answers
sin  sin  31. sin 2x  2 cot x sin2 x
1




cos  cos  cos x
cos  cos  2 sin x cos x  2

 sin2 x
cos (  )   

sin x
1





1 cos  cos 
cos  cos  2 sin x cos x  2 sin x cos x
cos  cos   sin  sin  33. sin4 x  cos4 x  2 sin2 x  1
cos (  ) 


1 (sin2 x  cos2 x)( sin2 x  cos2 x)  2 sin2 x  1
(sin2 x  cos2 x)  1  2 sin2 x  1
cos (  )  cos (  )
[sin x  (1  sin2 x)]  1  2 sin2 x  1
2
41. Destructive; the resulting graph has a smaller amplitude
sin2 x  1  sin2 x  2 sin2 x  1
than the two initial graphs. 43. 0.4179 E 45. 0.5564 E
2 sin2 x  1  2 sin2 x  1
47. Sample answer: To determine communication
x 1  cos x
interference, you need to determine the sine or cosine of the 35. tan2




2 1  cos x
sum or difference of two angles. Answers should include x
sin2
2

the following information.  1  cos x



• Interference occurs when waves pass through the same cos2
x
1  cos x
2
space at the same time. When the combined waves have
a greater amplitude, constructive interference results and  
1  cos x 2

2

1  cos x
when the combined waves have a smaller amplitude,  


 cos x
 
1
2 
1  cos x 2
destructive interference results. 


49. C 1  cos x 1  cos x
sec2





51. sin2
 tan2
 (1  cos2
) 

1  cos x 1  cos x
2 csc

Selected Answers R83
 1 3 3
37. 46.3° 39. 2  3 41.

tan
43. The maxima occur 43. y 



sin (
t)
2 2
4

3

at x  

and 

. The minima occur at x  0, 

and y
2 2 3 3
2
. 45. The graph of f(x) crosses the x-axis at the points 4 y  2  2 sin ( t )
specified in Exercise 43. 47. Sample answer: The sound 3.5
waves associated with music can be modeled using 3
2.5
trigonometric functions. Answers should include the
2
following information.
1.5
• In moving from one harmonic to the next, the number of 1
vibrations that appear as sine waves increase by 1. 0.5
• The period of the function as you move from the nth
O t
harmonic to the (n  1)th harmonic decreases from 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2
2
1


to

.
n n1
6  2 3 1
49. B 51.

53. 

55.

24 7  
10 310
4 2 2 45. (4.964, 0.598) 47. D 49.

,

,

,


57. cos
(cos
 cot
)  cot
cos
(sin
 1) 25 25 10 10
cos

cos
(cos
 cot
) 

cos
sin
 cot
cos
51.

 ,
7
,

511 3 33

,


 3
53. 

55. b  11.0, c  12.2,
sin
18 18 6 6 2
cos
(cos
 cot
)  cos2
 cot
cos
m
C  78
cos
(cos
 cot
)  cos
(cos
 cot
)
5
59. 102.5 or about 316 times greater 61. 1, 1 63.

, 2
1 2
65. 0, 

Pages 805–808 Chapter 14 Study Guide and Review
2
1
1. h 3. d 5. e 7. g 9. amplitude:

; period: 360° or 2π
2
Page 797 Practice Quiz 2 y
1. sin
sec
 tan
5
1 4
sin


 tan

cos
3 1
sin
y   2 cos



 tan
2
cos
1

tan
 tan

sin
(cos
 1) 270˚ 180˚ 90˚
3. sin
 tan


90˚ 180˚ 270˚
cos
2
sin
cos
 sin
3
sin
 tan




cos

4
sin
cos
sin

sin
 tan




5
cos
cos

sin
 tan
 sin
 tan

3

11. amplitude: 1; period: 720° or 4π

5. cos 


 sin
y
2
3
3
5
cos

cos
 sin

sin
 sin

2 2 4
1
0  (1  sin
)  sin
3 y  sin 2

2
sin
 sin

1
2 
Selected Answers

3  3
7.

9.

O

2 2 270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚
2
Pages 802–804 Lesson 14-7 3
1
1. Sample answer: If sec
 0 then

 0. Since no 4
1 cos
5
value of
makes

 0, there are no solutions.
cos

3. Sample answer: sin
 2 5. 135°, 225° 7.

6
9. 0  k
11. 60°  k  360°, 300°  k  360° 13. amplitude: does not exist; period: 540° or 3π

5

13.

 2k
,

 2k
,

 2k
or 30°  k  360°, y
6 6 2 1 2
y csc
5
150°  k  360°, 90°  k  360° 15. 60°, 300° 17. 210°, 330° 2 3
4

5
3
7
11

5

19.

,

,

21.

,

23.

 2k

,

 2k
3
6 6 2 6 6 3 3
2
4

5
2
25.

 2k
,

 2k
27.

 2k
,

 2k
1
3 3 3 3
29. 45°  k  180° 31. 270°  k  360° 33. 0°  k  180°, O


3
360˚ 270˚ 180˚ 90˚1 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
60°  k  180° 35. 0  2k
,

 2k
,

 2k
or 0°  2
2 2
k  360°, 90°  k  360°, 270°  k  360° 37. 0  k
or 0°  3

5
4
k  180° 39. 0  2k
,

 2k
,

 2k
, or 0°  k  360°, 5
3 3
352
60°  k  360°, 300°  k  360° 41. S 

or S  352 cot

tan

R84 Selected Answers
 1
15. 1,

, 180°, 60° 25.

 csc
 cot

sin

2 1  cos

y sin


1

cos




1  cos
sin
sin

5
sin
1  csc

4




1  cos
sin

3
1 sin


1  cos
1  cos

2 y  2 sin [2(
 60˚)]  1




1  cos
sin
1  cos

1
sin


1  cos2




O
1  cos
sin
(1  cos
)
270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚
2 sin


sin2




3 1  cos
sin
(1  cos
)
4 sin


sin




5 1  cos
1  cos

27. sec
(sec
 cos
)  tan2





 cos
 tan2

1 1
cos
cos

1
π


 1  tan2

cos2

17. 1, does not exist, 4π, 


4
sec2
 1  tan2

y
10 tan2
 tan2

8
6 6  2
29.

2  6
31.

33.


  2
6
4 4 4 4
2 35. sin (30 
)  cos (60 
)
O
sin 30° cos
 cos 30° sin
 cos 60° cos
 sin 60° sin

3 2   2 3
4 1 3 1 3


cos

sin


cos

sin

6 2 2 2 2
8 37. cos
 cos (π 
)
10 cos
 cos π cos
 sin π sin

 cos
 1  cos
 0  sin

[1 (
y  3 sec 2
 4 )]  1 cos
 cos

39.

,

,

 , 

120 119 526 
26  , 

120 119 26
41. 

,

,


526
169 169 26 26 169 169 26 26
4 π 5π
19. 

21. sin2
23. sec
43. 0° 45.

 2kπ,

 2kπ
3 6 6

Selected Answers

Selected Answers R85

 Photo Credits
About the Cover: Alexander Calder (1898–1976) was one of America’s most acclaimed sculptors. Renowned for his
invention of the mobile, or movable sculpture, Calder also created sculptures called stabiles, or immovable sculptures.
The cover photograph illustrates his Grand Stabile Rouge, located in Paris. One of Calder’s last great public works, this
sculpture is reminiscent of another of his stabiles, Flamingo, in Chicago. Both stabiles feature large red arches that
resemble parabolas.
Cover Vanni Archive/CORBIS; x D & K Tapparel/Getty
Images; xi Telegraph Colour Library/Getty Images; xii DEX
Images Inc./CORBIS Stock Market; xiii AFP/CORBIS; xiv
CORBIS; xix Jenny Hager/ImageState; xv Brownie
Harris/CORBIS Stock Market; xvi Ray F. Hillstrom Jr.; xvii
Kunio Owaki/CORBIS Stock Market; xviii Jane Burton/
Bruce Coleman; xx Food & Drug Administration/SPL/Photo
Researchers; xxi R. Ian Lloyd/Masterfile; xxii Getty Images;
2 David De Lossy/Getty Images; 2–3 Bryan Peterson/Getty
Images; 4 Johnny Stockshooter/International Stock;
4–5 Orion/International Stock; 6 Mark Harmel/Getty Images;
14 Amy C. Etra/PhotoEdit; 16 Archivo Iconografico,
S.A./CORBIS; 19 Aaron Haupt; 20 SuperStock; 23 Michael
Newman/PhotoEdit; 26 Pictor; 28 Robert Yager/Getty
Images; 31 E.L. Shay; 38 Lawrence Migdale; 40 Index
Stock/Ewing Galloway; 43 PhotoDisc; 44 Rudi Von
Briel/PhotoEdit; 54–55 Jack Dykinga/Getty Images;
56 William J. Weber; 61 Bettmann/CORBIS; 64 D & K
Tapparel/Getty Images; 67 Lynn M. Stone; 72 (l)SuperStock,
(r)Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS; 80 VCG/Getty Images;
82 John Evans; 85 Matt Meadows; 94 David Ball/CORBIS
Stock Market; 99 Getty Images; 108 PhotoDisc;
108–109 NASA/TSADO/Tom Stack & Assotes; 111 Dave
Starrett/Masterfile; 114 Telegraph Colour Library/Getty
Images; 121 Will Hart/PhotoEdit; 124 NASA; 126 Doug
Martin; 129 AFP/CORBIS; 131 Caroline Penn/CORBIS;
138 S. Carmona/CORBIS; 140 M. Angelo/CORBIS;
143 Andy Lyons/Allsport; 152 CORBIS; 152–153 William
Sallaz/DUOMO; 157 Bettman/CORBIS; 161 Tui De
Roy/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 165 PhotoDisc; 169 Andy Lyons
STF/Allsport; 172 Mark Tomalty/Masterfile; 175 Mark
Richards/PhotoEdit; 180 Michael Denora/Getty Images;
187 Jonathan Blair/CORBIS; 190 FDR Library; 193 DEX
Images Inc./CORBIS Stock Market; 195 Jose Luis Pelaez
Inc./CORBIS Stock Market; 197 Volker Steger/SPL/Photo
Researchers; 203 Ken Eward/Science Source/Photo
Researchers; 218 www.comstock.com; 218–219 Rafael
Marcia/Photo Researchers; 220–221 Carl Purcell/Words and
Pictures/PictureQuest; 225 AFP/CORBIS; 227 K.G.
Murti/Visuals Unlimited; 229 David Umberger/Purdue
University Photo; 243 Steve Rayer/CORBIS; 249 Roger
Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 255 Roy Ooms/Masterfile;
259 AFP/CORBIS; 262 Victoria & Albert Museum,
London/Art Resource, NY; 267 Lori Adamski Peek/Getty
Images; 274 Kaluzny/Thatcher/Getty Images; 284 Allsport
Concepts/Getty Images; 284–285 Ed Pritchard/Getty
Images; 291 Aidan O’Rourke; 292 Getty Images;
298 SuperStock; 304 Matthew McVay/Stock Boston;
306 DUOMO/CORBIS; 311 CORBIS; 313 Jeff Kaufman/
Getty Images; 318 Bruce Hands/Getty Images; 327 NASA;
Photo Credits
329 Nick Wilson/Allsport; 331 Todd Rosenberg/Allsport;
334 Aaron Haupt; 344–345 Guy Grenier/Masterfile;
346 Brownie Harris/CORBIS Stock Market; 351 Martha
Swope/Timepix; 355 VCG/Getty Images; 357 Michael
Newman/PhotoEdit; 363 Gregg Mancuso/Stock Boston;
365 Boden/Ledingham/Masterfile; 372 National Library of
Medicine/Mark Marten/Photo Researchers; 376 VCG/Getty
Images; 381 Bob Krist/CORBIS; 383 Ed Bock/CORBIS Stock
Market; 388 SuperStock; 392 Matt Meadows; 394 SuperStock;
395 Raymond Gehman/CORBIS; 396 Frank Rossotto/
R86 Photo Credits
Stocktreck/CORBIS Stock Market; 398 Getty Images;
408 Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS; 408–409 Jose Fuste
Raga/eStock Photo; 410 Photographers Library LTD/eStock
Photo; 410–411 James Hackett/eStock Photo; 424 James
Rooney; 426 SuperStock; 432 Matt Meadows; 435 Ray F.
Hillstrom Jr.; 439 James P. Blair/CORBIS; 443 CORBIS;
446 Bob Krist/Getty Images; 459 (l)Space Telescope Science
Institute/NASA/SPL/Photo Researchers, (r)Michael
Newman/PhotoEdit; 470–471 David Fleetham/Getty
Images; 477 AFP/CORBIS; 483 Pascal Rondeau/
Allsport; 487 Aaron Haupt; 489 Bettmann/CORBIS;
494 JPL/TSADO/Tom Stack & Associates; 496 Geoff Butler;
497 Lynn M. Stone/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 499 Picture
Press/CORBIS; 503 Kunio Owaki/CORBIS Stock Market;
505 (b)Phil Schermeister/CORBIS, (t)Bruce Ayres/Getty
Images; 507 Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS; 511 Keith
Wood/Getty Images; 520–521 Michael S. Yamashita/
CORBIS; 522 Aaron Haupt; 525 Ariel Skelley/CORBIS Stock
Market; 529 Jeff Zaruba/CORBIS Stock Market; 536 (l)Mark
Jones/Minden Pictures, (r)Jane Burton/Bruce Coleman, Inc.;
537 David Weintraub/Photo Researchers; 542 SuperStock;
545 Bettman/CORBIS; 558 Jim Craigmyle/Masterfile;
561 Richard T. Nowitz/Photo Researchers; 564 Karl
Weatherly/CORBIS; 574 Amanda Kaye; 574–575 Bryan Barr;
576–577 Christine Osborne/CORBIS; 579 SuperStock;
583 Michele Wigginton; 584 Michelle Bridwell/PhotoEdit;
595 Hank Morgan/Photo Researchers; 599 IN THE
BLEACHERS ©1997 Steve Moore. Reprinted with permission
of Universal Press Syndicate. All rights reserved; 603 Jenny
Hager/ImageState; 609 Jeff Greenberg/Visuals Unlimited;
612 SPL/Photo Researchers; 630 Steve Liss/Timepix;
630–631 Greg Mathieson/Timepix; 632 D.F. Harris; 635
©1979 United Feature Syndicate, Inc.; 636 (l)Mitch
Kezar/Getty Images, (r)Jim Erickson/CORBIS Stock Market;
638 Mark C. Burnett/Photo Researchers; 642 Matt Meadows;
644 CORBIS; 648 Food & Drug Administration/SPL/Photo
Researchers; 651 Chris Trotman/DUOMO; 656 Charles
Gupton/CORBIS Stock Market; 660 The Born Loser reprinted
by permission of Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc.;
662 Bob Daemmrich/Stock Boston; 667 Greg Fiume/
New Sport/CORBIS; 668 SuperStock; 671 AFP/CORBIS;
675 Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers; 677 Gregg
Forwerck/SportsChrome USA; 679 Steve Chenn/CORBIS;
683 Aaron Haupt; 685 HMS Images/Getty Images;
686 Aaron Haupt; 696 Photofest; 696–697 Ed and Chris
Kumler; 698–699 Bill Ross/CORBIS; 705 John P. Kelly/
Getty Images; 707 SuperStock; 709 L. Clarke/CORBIS;
713 Ray Juno/CORBIS Stock Market; 716 Aaron Haupt;
717 courtesy Skycoaster of Florida; 721 Reuters NewMedia
Inc./CORBIS; 723 Otto Greule/Allsport; 729 Peter
Miller/Photo Researchers; 731 SuperStock; 735 Roy
Ooms/Masterfile; 737 John T. Carbone/Photonica;
744 R. Ian Lloyd/Masterfile; 746 Doug Plummer/
Photonica; 748 SuperStock; 750 Steven E. Sutton/DUOMO;
760–761 Boden/Ledingham/Masterfile; 766 Larry Hamill;
773 Ben Edwards/Getty Images; 780 James Schot/Martha’s
Vineyard Preservation Trust; 789 Cosmo Condina/Getty
Images; 795 SuperStock; 799 SuperStock; 803 (l)Getty
Images, (r)Frank Wiewandt/Image Finders.
Index
A Locating Foci, 437 Apothem, 716
Absolute value equations, 28, 53 Midpoint and Distance Formulas
Applications. See also Cross-
graphing, 299 in Three Dimensions, 417–418
Curriculum Connections; More
solving, 28–32, 39, 49 Multiplying Binomials, 230

Index
About
Parabolas, 421
Absolute value functions, 90, 91, acidity, 550
Rational Functions, 487
92, 104, 115, 247, 272, 370, 499, activities, 510
Simulations, 681
502, 503, 515, 599, 831, 848 advertising, 459, 668
Special Sequences, 607
aeronautics, 732
Absolute value inequalities, 40–46, Testing Hypotheses, 686
aerospace, 425, 429, 587
86, 829 Algebraic expressions, 828 aerospace engineering, 266
graphing, 97, 335 evaluating, 7, 8, 9, 18, 27, 30, 53, agriculture, 565, 863, 865, 871
multi-step, 42 109 airports, 122
solving, 50 fraction bar, 7 altitude, 557
Addition simplifying, 14, 15, 16, 27, 48, 53, amusement parks, 380
Associative Property, 15, 162, 166, 62 ancient cultures, 72
828 verbal expressions, 20, 24, 115 animal control, 528
Commutative Property, 15, 162 animals, 319, 827
Algebra tiles. See also Modeling
complex numbers, 270, 272 archery, 298
binomials, 230
Distributive Property, 221 architecture, 497, 503, 749
complete the square, 308
functions, 383, 403 art, 490, 865, 872
modeling binomials, 230
matrices, 160 astronomy, 226, 238, 262, 310,
polynomials, 240
polynomials, 229, 277 438, 439, 440, 445–447, 459, 478,
probabilities, 658–663, 689–690 Algorithms, division, 233–234 498, 550, 712, 862, 869
properties, 25 auto maintenance, 517
Alternative hypothesis, 686
radicals, 252, 253 automobiles, 380
rational expressions, 480, 514 Alternative method, 580, 590, 652 automotive engineering, 255
signs for, 46 auto safety, 489
Alternative representations, 726
solving inequality, 34 aviation, 450, 706, 737, 790, 795,
Amortization, 605 869
Addition Property of Equality, 21 schedule, 605 babysitting, 39
Addition Property of Inequality, 33 baking, 16, 127
Amplitude, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767,
ballooning, 341
771, 774, 775, 776, 781, 785, 805,
Additive identity, 15, 32, 162, 828 band boosters, 15
806, 859
banking, 9, 538, 608
Additive inverses, 13, 15, 16, 18,
“And” compound inequalities, 40 baseball, 88, 333, 722, 779, 827
153, 828
basketball, 17, 95, 143, 490, 874
Angles, 709–716, 734, 753
Algebra Activity boating, 298, 768
coterminal, 711, 738
Adding Radicals, 252 bowling, 25
depression, 705
Area Diagrams, 651 bridge construction, 705
elevation, 705
Arithmetic Sequences, 580 bridges, 424
finding, 721
Completing the Square, 308 building design, 550
general, 754
Conic Sections, 453–454 bulbs, 745
inclination, 779
Distributive Property, 13 business, 26, 79, 80, 89, 97, 158,
measurement, 709, 711, 712, 745,
Factoring Trinomials, 240 165, 174, 181, 194, 237, 256, 334,
748, 753
Fractals, 611 352, 565, 570, 670
quadrantal, 718
Graphing Equations in Three cable cars, 874
reference, 718–719, 722, 776
Variables, 136–137 cable TV, 356
trigonometric function of
Head versus Height, 83 caffeine, 560
general, 717–724
Inverses of Functions, 392 camera supplies, 174
vertex, 192
Investigating Ellipses, 432 card games, 642, 649
vertices, 113, 192
Investigating Exponential car expenses, 26
Functions, 522 Angles formulas carousels, 723
Investigating Polygons and differences, 786–790, 807 car rental, 51
Patterns, 19 sum, 786–790, 807 cars, 679, 713
Investigating Regular Polygons car sales, 38
Angular velocity, 714
using Trigonometry, 716 cartography, 637
Antinodes, 791 charity, 823
Index R87
 child’s play, 602 gardening, 607, 802 paleontology, 561, 563
clocks, 602, 617 gardens, 484 paper, 144
clubs, 872 genealogy, 648 parking, 93
coffee, 31 genetics, 648 parties, 620
coins, 571 golf, 809, 822, 823 part-time jobs, 37, 126
communications, 423, 559, 767, government, 61, 88, 641 passwords, 635
789, 869, 874 gymnastics, 180 personal finance, 231, 369
Index

community service, 299 health, 45, 84, 95, 267, 425, 452, pets, 341
computers, 563, 582 503, 597, 824, 863, 873 photography, 244, 304, 431, 447,
construction, 266, 292, 586, 643, highway safety, 319 451, 657, 819, 870
821, 862, 865, 867 hobbies, 62 photos, 113
contest, 46 hockey, 84 physics, 767
cooking, 142 home security, 636 pilot training, 206
crafts, 863, 865 hotels, 157 pool, 363
cryptography, 199, 200 housing, 81, 82, 121 population, 227, 529, 558, 562,
cycling, 510 hurricanes, 126 570, 862, 863, 864, 866, 868, 871
deliveries, 36 insurance, 94 population growth, 388, 563
dentistry, 227 interior design, 193, 438 pricing, 193
design, 363, 627, 868 Internet, 80 produce, 172
diet, 549 intramurals, 616 production, 133
dining, 143 inventory, 121 puzzles, 620
dining out, 157 investing, 192 quality control, 673
diving, 304, 327 investments, 140 radio, 430, 731
drama, 98 kennel, 312 radioactivity, 587
driving, 827 landscaping, 180, 243, 334, 412, real estate, 415, 563
earthquake, 797 430, 597 recreation, 88, 105, 165, 604, 627
earthquakes, 458, 545, 547, 871 laughter, 497 retail, 377
ecology, 79, 207 law enforcement, 254, 298, 335, 866 retail sales, 215
economics, 66, 114, 261, 564, 610, lawn care, 327 rides, 867, 874, 875
684 life expectancy, 865 rockets, 458, 875
education, 328, 648, 660, 667, 863, light, 803 roller coasters, 398
864, 866, 870, 873 lighting, 780 rumors, 558
elections, 655 loans, 609 running, 188
electricity, 18, 122, 273, 274, 483, 517 lotteries, 642, 648 safety, 84, 868
electronics, 389, 780 mail, 45, 503 salaries, 591
employment, 357, 863, 868 manufacturing, 31, 132, 147, 149, sales, 77, 99, 868
energy, 869 424, 674, 868, 870 satellites, 869
engineering, 369 marriage, 440, 824 savings, 556, 557
entertainment, 73, 237, 399, 581, measurement, 863 school, 634
598, 635, 713 media, 684 schools, 26, 37, 51, 74, 98, 135,
e-sales, 231 medicine, 10, 84, 237, 376, 488, 206, 615, 641, 661, 662, 668, 674,
exercise, 121, 707, 864 544, 563, 592 823, 825
extreme spots, 296 meteorology, 675 school shopping, 17
family, 26 mirrors, 459 school trip, 26
farming, 134 models, 867 scrapbooks, 166
figure skating, 638 money, 10, 27, 529, 551, 824, 826 sculpting, 376
finance, 61, 85, 173, 388 movies, 641 shadows, 819
financial planning, 405 movie screens, 310 shopping, 39, 62, 98, 125, 149,
firefighting, 398 music, 775 387, 685
fish, 248 navigation, 507, 723, 732 skiing, 120
flagpoles, 821 newspapers, 291 skycoasting, 723
flooring, 44 noise ordinance, 537 skydiving, 281
food, 30, 632, 674 nuclear power, 426 slope, 744
football, 318, 668 number games, 394 soft drinks, 827
footprints, 180 nursing, 9 sound, 535, 542, 545
forestry, 731 nutrition, 94 space, 563
fountains, 326, 750 oceanography, 201, 249 space exploration, 124
framing, 311 optics, 248, 750 speed limits, 45, 873
fund-raising, 67, 173, 334 ownership, 564 speed skating, 663
furniture, 275 packaging, 26, 134, 363 sports, 164, 171, 248, 255, 358,
games, 193, 616, 825, 872 pagers, 448 425, 451, 678, 872
R88 Index
 stamps, 144 modeling, 580 Test-Taking Tips, 23, 52, 76, 106, 117,
state fair, 37 nth term, 579, 591, 851 151, 176, 217, 234, 282, 302, 342,
statistics, 511 407, 468, 473, 519, 562, 572, 588,
Arithmetic series, 583–587, 620, 628, 633, 695, 702, 758, 783, 811
structural design, 446
623, 851 See also Preparing for
surveying, 707, 737, 819, 874
sum, 583, 584, 586, 592 Standardized Tests
surveys, 873
swimming, 495 Assessment Associative Property
taxes, 67, 386

Index
Practice Chapter Test, 51, 105, Addition, 15, 162, 166, 828
telecommunications, 497 149, 215, 281, 341, 405, 467, 517, Multiplication, 15, 171
telephones, 80 571, 627, 693, 757, 809
television, 83, 875 Asymptotes, 491, 530
Practice Quiz, 18, 74, 95, 122, 135,
temperature, 388 determining, 471
174, 194, 238, 256, 328, 364, 382,
tennis, 298 hyperbola, 846, 848
431, 448, 484, 498, 538, 559, 592,
test grades, 38 vertical, 617, 763
617, 650, 670, 715, 738, 781, 797
theatre, 84 Prerequisite Skills, 5, 10, 18, 27, Augmented matrices, 208
thinking, 564 32, 39, 55, 62, 67, 74, 80, 86, 95,
tides, 775, 875 Axis
109, 115, 122, 127, 135, 153, 158,
tourism, 292 conjugate, 442
166, 174, 181, 188, 194, 201, 221,
toys, 586 minor, 434
228, 232, 238, 244, 249, 256, 262, symmetry, 287–288, 290, 291, 299,
transportation, 88, 93, 228, 487, 267, 285, 293, 299, 305, 312, 319, 339, 839
636 328, 345, 352, 358, 364, 370, 377, transverse, 442
travel, 69, 73, 113, 143, 249, 415, 382, 389, 394, 411, 416, 425, 431,
707, 750, 862, 870 440, 448, 452, 471, 478, 484, 490,
tunnels, 467 498, 504, 521, 530, 538, 546, 551,
B
utilities, 656 559, 577, 582, 587, 592, 598, 604, Bar graphs, 824
vending, 674 610, 617, 631, 637, 643, 657, 663, Base e equations, 555, 569
water, 451 670, 675, 680, 699, 708, 715, 724,
water supply, 496 732, 738, 745, 761, 768, 776, 781, Base e inequalities, 556
weather, 60, 72, 156, 597, 823, 862, 785, 790, 797, 814–827 Base e logarithms, 554–559
867, 868, 871, 874, 875 Standardized Test Practice, 10, 17, inverse property, 555
weekly pay, 103 23, 24, 27, 31, 39, 46, 51, 67, 74, 76,
White House, 439 Base formula, 548, 549
78, 80, 86, 95, 99, 105, 115, 117,
woodworking, 416, 730 120, 122, 127, 134, 144, 149, 158, Bias, 682
work, 16, 496, 509 166, 173, 176, 179, 181, 187, 194,
world cultures, 586 Biased sample, 682
201, 207, 215, 228, 232, 236, 238,
world records, 536 243, 244, 249, 255, 267, 281, 292, Binomials, 229, 366, 368, 382
writing, 649 299, 302, 303, 305, 312, 319, 327, expansions, 631, 676
Arcsine function, 747 335, 341, 352, 358, 364, 370, 374, experiments, 676–681, 677,
375, 377, 382, 389, 394, 399, 405, 691–692
Area 413, 414, 416, 425, 431, 439, 447,
circles, 9, 415, 502 Binomial Theorem, 612–617,
452, 459, 467, 473, 476, 478, 484, 625–626
diagrams, 651 490, 498, 503, 511, 517, 530, 537,
hexagons, 707 factorial form, 614
546, 559, 562, 563, 564, 582, 587,
parallelograms, 477 588, 591, 592, 598, 603, 610, 616, Bivariate data, 81
polygons, 187 621, 627, 634, 636, 642, 649, 657,
rectangles, 255, 334 Boundary, 96
662, 669, 675, 685, 693, 706, 708,
trapezoids, 8, 67, 865 Bounded region, 129–130
724, 732, 737, 745, 757, 768, 776,
triangles, 32, 184, 185, 186, 187,
781, 784, 785, 790, 796, 804, 809
231, 281, 866 Box-and-whisker plots, 631,
Extended Response, 53, 107, 151,
826–827
Area tiles. See Algebra tiles; 217, 343, 407, 469, 519, 551, 573,
Modeling 621, 629, 695, 714, 759, 811 Break-even point analysis, 110, 111
Grid In, 680, 751
Arithmetic expressions,
simplifying, 6
Multiple Choice, 52, 106, 150, C
216, 342, 406, 468, 518, 572, 628,
633, 694, 702, 758, 783, 810 Calculator. See Graphing calcuator;
Arithmetic means, 580, 582, 590,
Graphing Calculator Investigation
592, 622, 623, 851 Open Ended, See Extended
Response Career Choices
Arithmetic operations, 383–384
Short Response/Grid In, 53, 107, archaeologist, 187
Arithmetic sequences, 578–582, 151, 217, 343, 407, 469, 519, 573, atmospheric scientist, 126
579, 583, 622–623, 768, 851 629, 695, 759, 811 chemist, 511

Index R89
 cost analyst, 237
designer, 363
electrical engineering, 274
finance, 85
forester, 446
interior design, 193
landscape architect, 334
Index
paleontologist, 561
physician, 685
real estate agent, 609
sound technician, 542
surveyor, 707
travel agent, 496
veterinary medicine, 131
Cartesian coordinate plane, 56
Center
circles, 426, 845
ellipses, 434
Central tendency measures of, 664,
822–823
Change of Base Formula, 548, 569
Checking solutions, 13, 22, 24, 25,
29, 30, 31, 34, 39, 46, 49, 51, 62,
110, 115, 117, 197, 207, 263, 264,
294, 302, 309, 314, 315, 325, 361,
362, 367, 379, 481, 506, 509, 516,
526, 527, 528, 530, 533, 534, 535,
536, 538, 542, 543, 544, 546, 548,
551, 555, 559, 580, 604, 621, 643,
657, 801, 849, 850
Circles, 426–431, 450, 451, 460, 463,
467, 565, 617
area, 9, 415, 502
center, 426, 845
circumference, 496, 710
connecting points, 352
eccentricity, 440
equations, 426, 846
graphing, 428, 429
radius, 845
sectors, 713
unit, 710, 740, 742, 743
Circular functions, 739–745, 756, 761
Circular permutation, 642
Circumference, 496, 710
Closure Property, 18
Coefficients, 222, 448
integral, 376
leading, 379
least, 389
Column matrix, 155, 156
Combinations, 638–643, 640, 641,
650, 688, 715
Combined variation, 497
Common difference, 578
R90 Index
Common logarithms, 547–553, 559,
617
Common Misconception, 7, 12, 29,
118, 130, 289, 308, 523, 659, 703,
782. See also Find the Error
Common ratio, 588, 603
Communication, 633
compare and contrast, 178, 673,
742
copy, 60
decide, 71, 242, 273, 590
define, 297, 706, 712, 774
describe, 8, 156, 163, 185, 192,
317, 350, 362, 397, 445, 535, 619,
683, 749, 779, 784, 788
determine, 8, 24, 171, 226, 247,
254, 273, 310, 332, 386, 393, 445,
476, 495, 641, 722, 729, 788
disprove, 14
draw, 660
evaluate, 92
examine, 332
explain, 14, 30, 37, 65, 78, 98, 112,
142, 156, 171, 185, 198, 236, 247,
260, 265, 297, 310, 317, 325, 350,
356, 362, 375, 380, 393, 397, 414,
450, 476, 549, 563, 580, 586, 596,
602, 619, 634, 673, 678, 722, 736,
749, 766, 779, 784, 794, 802
graph, 458
identify, 78, 231–232, 290, 414,
423, 437, 527, 615, 774
list, 615, 634
make, 119
name, 65, 544, 549, 557, 712
show, 185, 265, 641
sketch, 458
state, 78, 125, 290, 356, 368, 375,
509, 608, 742
tell, 125, 350, 802
verify, 647
write, 30, 37, 43, 98, 163, 178, 192,
198, 205, 303, 325, 368, 428, 450,
563, 608, 647, 654
Commutative Property
Addition, 15, 162
Multiplication, 15, 32, 166, 170, 828
Comparison
quantitative, 117, 120
real numbers, 5, 814
Completing the square, 306–312,
328, 338, 352, 411, 490, 587, 840
Complex conjugates, 273, 374–375
Complex fractions, 475, 481
Complex numbers, 270–275, 280, 370
addition, 270, 272
division, 272–273
multiplication, 272–273
subtraction, 270, 272
Complex roots, 315
Composition, functions, 384–386,
530, 532
Compound event, 658
Compound inequalities, 40–46, 50
and, 40
or, 41
Concept Summary, 47, 48, 49, 57, 69,
92, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 112,
146, 162, 171, 177, 178, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 239, 246, 251,
260, 265, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
317, 323, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340,
349, 371, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404,
422, 449, 450, 461, 462, 463, 464,
465, 466, 499, 513, 514, 515, 516,
566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 622, 623,
624, 625, 626, 634, 664, 687, 688,
689, 690, 691, 692, 735, 747, 752,
753, 754, 755, 756, 772, 805, 806,
807, 808
Conditional probability, 653
Cones, surface areas, 22, 266
Congruent angles, 817
Conic sections, 419, 449–452,
453–454, 465–466, 869
Conjectures, 19, 32, 83, 119, 240,
252, 432, 437, 489, 522, 558, 585,
607, 681, 686, 716
Conjugate axis, 442
Conjugates, 253
Conjunctions, 42
Constant functions, 90, 92, 115, 370,
499, 502, 515, 831
Constants, 104, 222, 530
variation, 492
Constraints, 129
Constructed Response, See
Preparing for Standardized Tests
Continuous functions, 62, 524
Continuously compounded
interest, 556
Continuous probability
distribution, 671
Convergent series, 599, 622
Coordinate matrix, 175
Coordinate plane, 110
Coordinates, finding, 721
Coordinate system, 56
3 matrices, 182, 183
2 matrices, 182
Corollary, 372
Corresponding elements, 156
Cosecant function, 701
Cosine function, 701, 706, 707, 740,
747, 767, 770, 771
definition, 739
value, 747
Cotangent function, 701
Coterminal angles, 711, 712, 738
Counterexamples, 14, 16, 32, 92,
185, 242, 580, 619, 620, 621, 643,
666, 706, 794, 853
Counting Principle, 632–637, 644,
687–688
Cramer’s Rule, 189–194, 207, 213,
724, 835
solving systems of equations, 670
three variables, 191
two variables, 189
Critical Thinking, 10, 17, 27, 31, 38,
45, 62, 66, 73, 80, 85, 94, 99, 114,
121, 127, 133, 143, 157, 166, 172,
173, 181, 187, 193, 200, 207, 227,
232, 237, 243, 249, 255, 262, 267,
275, 292, 298, 304, 311, 319, 327,
334, 357, 364, 369, 376, 377, 380,
389, 394, 398, 416, 425, 430, 439,
446, 452, 459, 477, 483, 489, 497,
503, 511, 529, 537, 545, 546, 550,
558, 582, 587, 592, 598, 603, 610,
616, 621, 635, 642, 649, 656, 662,
669, 675, 679, 685, 708, 714, 723,
732, 737, 744, 750, 767, 776, 780,
785, 789, 796, 804
Cross-Curriculum Connections. See
also Applications; More About
anthropology, 563
biology, 62, 227, 262, 350, 497, 529,
545, 564, 570, 621, 744, 767, 872
chemistry, 203, 205, 206, 312, 460,
496, 511, 570
geography, 58, 85, 187, 415, 451,
647, 796, 825
geology, 67, 581, 708, 757
history, 489
literature, 656, 724
physical science, 779
physics, 66, 237, 267, 292, 318,
370, 393, 510, 546, 557, 604, 743,
751, 774, 784, 788, 789, 796, 802,
866, 867, 870, 874
physiology, 357, 672
science, 80, 83
spelling, 656
zoology, 775
Cross products, 181
Cube root equation, 264
Cubes, volumes, 615
Curve Fitting, 300, 359, 539
Cylinders, surface areas, 25, 862
D Differences
Dashed boundary, 96–97
Data
analyzing, 522, 681, 716
box-and-whisker plots, 631,
826–827
collecting, 522, 681, 716
distribution, 672
graphs of polynomial functions,
353, 357
modeling real-world, 359
organizing, 154, 159
scatter plots, 81–86, 87, 95, 99,
103, 598, 831
skew, 856
stem-and-leaf plots, 667, 825
Decay
exponential, 524, 525, 528,
560–565, 561, 567, 570, 849
rate of, 560
Decimals, 838, 850
approximations for irrational
numbers, 247
repeating, 601, 602, 603, 852
Degrees, 222, 724, 753, 757, 802, 803
converting radian measures
between, 711
measurement, 711
polynomials, 229, 346, 350, 400,
837, 842
Denominators
monomials, 480
polynomials, 475, 480
Dependent events, 633–634, 635,
653, 654, 655, 687, 689, 854, 855
Dependent variable, 59
Depressed polynomial, 366
Depression, angle of, 705
Descartes, René, 372
Descartes’ Rule of Signs, 372–373,
379
Determinants, 182–188, 212
evaluating
using diagonals, 835
using expansion by minors, 835
finding value, 186, 835
second-order, 182
third-order, 182, 183
3
2
value, 185, 194
Deviation, mean, 669
Diagonals, 19, 182, 183, 184, 201, 642
in decagon, 776
evaluating determinants, 186, 835
Index
rewriting as sums, 221
squares, 816
Dilations, 175, 176, 177
Dimensional analysis, 225, 708
Dimensions, 155
Directrix, 419
Direct substitution, 366, 368
Direct variation, 492–493, 495, 496,
499, 502, 515, 559, 650, 848
Discrete function, 62
Discrete probability distributions,
671
Discriminant, 328
quadratic formula, 313–319, 339
Disjunctions, 42
Distance Formulas, 413–414, 415,
416, 417–418, 425, 441, 461–462,
467
Distributions
continuous probability, 671
discrete probability, 671
normal, 671–675, 680
probability, 646
skewed, 671
Distributive Property, 12, 13, 14, 15,
17, 32, 162, 166
Addition, 221
Multiplication, 170, 171, 228, 828
Divisibility, 619
Division
algorithm, 233–234
complex numbers, 272–273
functions, 384, 403
polynomials, 233, 277, 364,
365–366
properties of equality, 21
rational expressions, 474, 513
simplifying expressions, 223
solving inequality, 35
synthetic, 345, 745, 837
Division Property of Equality, 21
Division Property of Inequality, 34
Domain, 56, 57, 58, 61, 93, 94, 95, 99,
100, 101, 104, 181, 397, 398, 416,
523, 527, 528, 530, 830, 831, 844, 849
range, 67
Index R91
 Double-angle formulas, 791–798, 808
Double root, 302
Doubling time, 558
E for nth term, 579, 589
Index
Eccentricity, 440, 452
Elements, 155
Elements, 155
corresponding, 156
Elevation, angle of, 705
Elimination, 146, 149, 153, 504
simplifying rational expressions,
473
solving systems of equations,
118–119, 120, 122, 135, 166,
832
Ellipses, 432, 433–440, 450, 451, 452,
460, 464, 467, 565, 617
center, 846
equations, 433–435, 643
graphing, 435–437
major axes, 846
minor axes, 846
writing equations, 846
Empty set, 29
End behavior, 349
Endpoints, 418
Energy, 530
Enrichment. See Critical Thinking;
Extending the Lesson
Equal matrices, 209
Equate complex numbers, 271
Equations, 23. See also Quadratic
equations; Systems of equations
absolute value, 28–32, 39, 49,
299
circles, 426
complex solutions, 309
cube root, 264
ellipses, 433–435
equivalent exponential, 565, 850
exponential, 526, 548, 570
solving, with logarithms, 548
writing equivalent, 570
forms, 75–80
graphing, 471
hyperbolas, 441–443
imaginary solutions, 271
irrational roots, 307
linear, 63–67, 75–80, 86, 101, 102,
109, 189, 191, 452, 830
logarithmic, 533, 543, 546, 551,
565, 570, 850
R92 Index
matrix, 202–203, 358, 370, 834,
836
solving, 205, 834, 836
writing, 202–203, 836
midline, 771, 774, 775, 781
multi-step, 22, 201
one-step, 21
parabolas, 419–420
polynomial, 360–364, 401, 837
prediction, 81–82, 83, 84, 95, 99,
598
quadratic, 604
radical, 263–269, 280, 362
rational roots, 306, 505–509, 516
regression, 87
rounding, 776
solving, 20–27, 25, 48–49, 153,
157, 174, 535, 536, 538, 544, 546,
549, 550, 557, 558, 559, 565, 568,
569, 570, 577, 582, 604, 621, 637,
643, 657, 708, 747, 768, 828, 829,
839, 849, 850, 862
involving matrices, 155–156,
202
with inverses, 746
using Properties of
Logarithms, 543
with rational numbers, 471
trigonometric, 799–804, 808
two-variable matrix, 202
Equilateral triangles, 869
Equivalent exponential equations,
565, 850
Equivalent expressions, 555
Error, 692
measurement, 704, 738
sampling, 682–686, 714
Error Analysis. See Find The Error;
Common Misconceptions
Estimating, 225, 296
Events, 632
compound, 658
dependent, 633–634, 634, 635,
653, 654, 655, 687, 689, 854, 855
inclusive, 659, 660, 661, 670, 689,
690, 855
independent, 632–633, 634, 651,
652, 654, 687, 689, 854, 855
multiple, 640
mutually exclusive, 658–659, 661,
670, 689, 690, 855
odds, 854
Excluded values, 472
Exclusive events, mutually,
658–659, 661, 670, 689, 690, 855
Expansion by minors, 182, 183, 186,
201
evaluating determinants, 186, 835
Expansions, binomials, 631, 676
Expected value, 681
Experimental probability, 649
Exponential decay, 524, 525, 528,
560–565, 561, 567, 570, 849
Exponential equations, 526
solving, with logarithms, 548
writing equivalent, 570
Exponential form, 257, 532, 535,
536, 568, 849
Exponential functions, 520,
566–567
graphing, 523
property of equality, 526
property of inequality, 527
solving, 526
writing, 525, 528
Exponential growth, 524, 525, 528,
560–565, 562, 567, 570, 849
Exponential inequalities, solving,
527
with logarithms, 548
Exponential relations, 871
Exponents
inverse property, 533
irrational, 526
negative, 222
radical, 279
rational, 257–262, 361–362, 838
Expressions, 47–48, 53, 779. See also
Algebraic expressions;
Arithmetic expressions; Radical
expressions; Rational
expressions; Verbal expressions
evaluating, 158, 201, 394, 535,
536, 546, 557, 558, 568, 570, 577,
582, 610, 615, 617, 631, 637, 641,
643, 650, 779, 780, 790, 828, 829,
838, 853, 854
simplifying, 223–224, 528, 538,
546, 604, 637, 776, 778, 779, 780,
790, 828, 838, 847
Extended Response, 364. See also
Preparing for Standardized
Tests
Extending the Lesson, 18, 32, 62, 80,
86, 275, 299, 335, 416, 440, 447,
452, 636, 642, 649, 669, 738
Extraneous solutions, 263–264, 534
Extra Practice, 828–861
 F recursive, 606, 607, 608 Geometric series, 594–598, 617, 620,
Factorial, 613, 614, 637 summation, 618 624, 781
sums, 596, 600, 786–787, 790 infinite, 599–605, 624–625, 745,
Factoring, 367, 460 852
polynomials, 239–241, 358, 377, 45°-45°-90° triangles, 699, 703, 707
sum, 595, 597, 610
815–816, 837 Fourth term, 589
solving quadratic equations by, Geometry, 186
301–305, 338, 840 Fractals, 611 areas

solving system of equations, 643
Factors, polynomials, 366
Factor Theorem, 365–370, 402
Failure, 644
probability, 644
Families of graphs, 70
absolute value graphs, 91
parabolas, 320–321
Feasible region, 129, 134, 833
Fibonacci sequence, 606, 609, 610
Field, 12
Figures
congruent, 817–819
similar, 817–819
translating, 175
Find the Error, 24, 43, 60, 71, 119,
142, 185, 205, 226, 236, 303, 310,
325, 380, 386, 423, 428, 481, 509,
535, 544, 557, 590, 602, 654, 660,
730, 735, 766. See also Common
Misconceptions
Finite graph, 636
Focus
ellipse, 432
parabola, 419
FOIL Method, 230, 240
Foldables™ Study Organizers, 5,
53, 55, 109, 153, 221, 285, 345, 411,
471, 521, 577, 631, 699, 761
Forms of equations, 75–80
Formulas, 6–10, 25, 47–48, 122
angles, 786–790
area, 184
base, 548, 549
change of base, 548, 569
differences, 786–787, 790
distance, 413–414, 415, 416,
417–418, 425, 441, 461–462, 467
double-angle, 791, 808
half-angle, 791–798, 792, 793, 794,
795, 797, 808, 861
midpoint, 412, 414, 416, 417–418,
461–462, 467
quadratic, 313–319, 339, 345, 370,
460, 841
Index
circles, 9, 415, 502
Fraction bar, 7 hexagons, 707
Fractions parallelograms, 477
complex, 475, 481 polygons, 187
repeating decimals, 601, 602, 603, rectangles, 255, 334
852 trapezoids, 8, 67, 865
triangles, 32, 185, 186, 187,
Free Response, See Preparing for 231, 281, 866
Standardized Tests
arrays of numbers, 582
Function notation, 59 circumferences of circles, 496
degrees in convex polygon, 79
Function values, 348, 604 diagonals in decagons, 776
Functions, 57, 100–102, 830 dimensions of inscribed
absolute value, 91, 92, 115, 370, rectangle, 292
499, 502, 503, 515, 831, 848 equilateral triangles, 869
addition, 383, 403 exact coordinates, 744
circular, 739–745,756, 761 factoring, 243
classes, 499–504, 515 height of parallelogram, 477
composition, 384–386, 521 isosceles triangles, 869
constant, 370, 831 leg of right triangle, 243
division, 384, 403 matrix multiplication, 200
equations, 58–62 measures of diagonals, 737
exponential, 523–530 midpoint, 414
graphing, 577, 768, 863 ordered pairs, 390
inverse, 390–394, 404, 405, 521, perimeters
617, 699, 749 octagons, 26
inverse trigonometric, 746–751, 756 quadrilaterals, 415, 482
iterating, 608 rectangles, 255
multiplication, 384, 403 right triangles, 382
operations, 383–389, 403 squares, 603
periodic, 741 triangles, 592
piecewise, 89–95, 104, 370, 831 perpendicular lines, 73
step, 89–95, 370, 831 slope of a line, 481
subtraction, 383, 403 squares, 609
zero, 376 surface areas
cones, 22, 266
Fundamental Counting Principle, cylinders, 25, 862
633, 644, 687 pyramids, 27
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, rectangular prisms, 18
344, 371–372 spheres, 862
triangular numbers, 609
vertices
G angles, 113, 192
General angles, 717, 754 parallelograms, 121, 192
triangles, 113, 415
Geometric means, 590, 591, 598,
volumes
623, 852
cubes, 615
Geometric sequences, 588–593, 594, rectangles, 866
623–624, 852 rectangular prism, 367
limits, 593 rectangular solid, 379, 380
nth term, 589, 852 width
sums, 852 rectangle, 242
terms, 594 rectangular prism, 363

Index R93
 Golden ratio, 311
Golden rectangle, 311
Graph functions, 285
Graphing
absolute value equations, 299
absolute value inequalities, 335
Index
circles, 428, 429
ellipses, 435–437
exponential function, 523
horizontal translations, 770
hyperbola, 846
inequalities, 657, 680, 832, 841, 844
linear inequalities, 329
linear relations and functions, 863
parabolas, 420–423
polynomial functions, 348–349,
353–358, 401
polynomial model, 355
quadratic equations, 294–299, 337
quadratic functions, 286–293,
336–337
quadratic inequalities, 329–333,
340
rational functions, 514, 848
square root functions, 395–396,
404
square root inequalities, 397–399,
404
systems of equations, 110–115,
194, 832
systems of inequalities, 123–127,
135, 484, 833, 847
table of values, 352, 356, 364
transformations, 772
trigonometric functions, 762–768,
772
vertical translation, 771
Graphing calculator, 39, 431, 444,
455, 456, 460, 585, 613
addition of trigonometric
inverses, 751
approximating value, 247, 248
binomial distribution, 680
check factoring, 244
family of graphs, 74
families of graphs, 530
intersect feature, 115
inverse functions, 201
inverse matrices, 207
logic menu, 46
matrix function, 188
maxima, 293, 358
minima, 293, 358
shade command, 99
sum of each arithmetic series, 587
sum of geometric series, 598
verifying trigonometric
identities, 785
Zero function, 296, 307
R94 Index
Graphing Calculator Investigation
augmented matrices, 208
factoring polynomials, 241
families of absolute value graphs,
91
families of exponential functions,
524
families of parabolas, 320–321
graphing rational functions, 491
horizontal translations, 769
limits, 593
lines of regression, 87–88
lines with same slope, 70
matrix operations, 163
maximum and minimum points,
355–356
modeling real-world data, 300,
359, 539–540
one-variable statistics, 666
order of operations, 7
point discontinuity, 491
quadratic systems, 457
sine and cosine on unit circle,
740
solving exponential and
logarithmic equations and
inequalities, 552–553
solving inequalities, 36
solving radical equations and
inequalities, 268–269
solving rational equations by
graphing, 512
solving trigonometric equations,
798
square root functions, 396
sums of series, 585
systems of linear inequalities, 128
systems of three equations in
three variables, 205
Graphing functions, 577
Graph relations, 56–62
Graphs
bar, 824
finite, 636
line, 824
Greatest common factor, 239, 302
Greatest integer function, 89, 104,
499, 503, 515, 517, 530
Grid In, 530, 708. See also
Assessment
Gridded Response, See Preparing
for Standardized Tests
Grouping, 240
symbols, 6
Growth, exponential, 524, 525, 528,
560–565, 562, 567, 570, 849
rate of, 562
H
Half-angle formulas, 791–798, 792,
793, 794, 795, 797, 808, 861
Harmonics, 791
Hexagons, area, 707
Histogram, 669, 671
relative-frequency, 646, 647
Homework Help, 15, 24, 31, 37, 44,
60, 66, 72, 78, 84, 93, 98, 113, 120,
126, 132, 142, 156, 164, 172, 179,
186, 192, 199, 206, 226, 231, 237,
243, 248, 254, 261, 266, 274, 291,
304, 310, 318, 326, 333, 350, 356,
368, 375, 380, 387, 393, 398, 414,
424, 429, 458, 476, 482, 489, 496,
502, 510, 528, 536, 544, 550, 557,
563, 581, 586, 591, 597, 602, 609,
615, 620, 635, 641, 648, 655, 661,
667, 674, 678, 684, 706, 713, 722,
730, 736, 743, 749, 767, 775, 780,
784, 789, 795, 803
Horizontal lines, 65, 70
Horizontal line test, 392
Horizontal translations, 769–770
graphing, 770
Hyperbolas, 441–448, 450, 451, 452,
460, 464–465, 467, 565, 617, 670
equations, 441–443, 846
graphing, 443–444, 846
Hypothesis, 686
I
Identify functions, 92
Identify matrices, 213
Identify properties, real numbers, 13
Identities, 12, 861
additive, 15, 32, 162, 828
multiplicative, 15, 199
Pythagorean, 777
quotient, 777
reciprocal, 777
trigonometric, 777, 785, 806
verifying, 784, 788, 794
Identity function, 90, 391–392, 499,
515
Identity matrices, 195
Image, 175
Imaginary unit, 270
Imaginary zeros, 375, 402, 843
Inclination, angle of, 779
Included angle, 734
Inclusive events, 659, 660, 661, 670,
689, 690, 855
Independent events, 632–633, 634,
651, 652, 654, 687, 689, 854, 855
Independent variable, 59
Index of summation, 585
Indicated sum, 583
Indicated terms of expansion, 853
Indirect measurement, 705
Induction, mathematical, 618–621,
626
Inductive hypothesis, 618
Inequalities, 95, 122
absolute value, 829
graphing, 96–99, 104, 109, 115,
657, 680, 832, 841, 844
logarithmic functions property, 534
solving, 33–39, 39, 49–50, 62, 67,
74, 80, 352, 358, 521, 533, 534,
535, 536, 538, 546, 549, 550, 557,
558, 559, 565, 568, 569, 570, 604,
643, 829, 839, 849, 850, 862
writing, 36
Infinite geometric series, 599–605,
624–625, 745, 852
sigma notation, 601
sum, 600, 610
Infinity symbol, 601
Initial side, 709
Integers, 11, 32, 48
positive, 620, 853
Integral coefficients, 376, 389
Integral Zero Theorem, 378, 403
Intercept form, 80
Internal notation, 829
Internet Connections
www.algebra2.com/careers, 26,
85, 121, 126, 187, 193, 237, 274,
334, 363, 446, 496, 511, 542, 561,
609, 685, 707
www.algebra2.com/chapter_test,
51, 105, 149, 215, 281, 341, 405,
467, 517, 571, 627, 693, 757, 809
www.algebra2.com/data_update,
10, 66, 143, 165, 255, 318, 357,
440, 477, 558, 598, 667, 723, 775
www.algebra2.com/extra_
examples, 7, 13, 21, 23, 29, 35,
41, 59, 65, 69, 77, 83, 91, 97, 111,
117, 125, 131, 139, 155, 161, 169,
177, 182, 183, 191, 197, 203, 223,
229, 235, 241, 247, 251, 259, 265,
271, 289, 295, 303, 307, 315, 323,
331, 347, 355, 361, 379, 385, 391,
397, 413, 421, 427, 435, 443, 449,
457, 473, 481, 487, 493, 501, 507,
525, 533, 543, 549, 555, 561, 579,
585, 589, 595, 601, 607, 613, 619,
633, 639, 645, 653, 659, 665, 673,
677, 683, 685, 703, 711, 719, 727,
735, 741, 747, 765, 771, 779, 783,
787, 793, 801
www.algebra2.com/other_
calculator_keystrokes, 86, 128,
208, 268, 320, 359, 491, 512, 539,
552, 593, 798
www.algebra2.com/self_check_
quiz, 9, 15, 17, 31, 37, 45, 61, 73,
79, 85, 93, 99, 113, 121, 133, 143,
157, 165, 173, 179, 187, 193, 199,
207, 227, 231, 243, 249, 255, 261,
267, 275, 291, 297, 305, 311, 319,
327, 333, 351, 357, 363, 369, 375,
379, 381, 387, 393, 399, 415, 425,
429, 439, 445, 451, 459, 477, 483,
489, 497, 503, 511, 529, 537, 545,
551, 557, 563, 581, 587, 591, 597,
603, 609, 615, 621, 635, 641, 649,
655, 661, 667, 675, 679, 707, 713,
723, 731, 737, 743, 749, 767, 775,
781, 785, 789, 795, 803
www.algebra2.com/standardized_
test, 53, 107, 151, 217, 283, 343,
407, 469, 519, 573, 629, 695, 759,
811
www.algebra2.com/usa_today, 69
www.algebra2.com/vocabulary_
review, 47–50, 145, 209, 276, 400,
461, 513, 566, 622, 687, 752, 805
www.algebra2.com/webquest,
3, 27, 84, 120, 192, 207, 219, 227,
328, 369, 399, 409, 429, 504, 529,
565, 575, 616, 635, 697, 708, 775,
804
Interquartile range, 827
Intersecting lines, 111
Intervals, 803, 808
notation, 35, 37, 40, 41, 51
Inverse Cosine, 747
Inverse functions, 390–394, 399,
404, 405, 521, 531, 617, 699, 749,
844, 859
Inverse matrices, 195, 196, 201, 205,
206, 207, 213, 214, 228, 312, 358,
637
Inverse property
exponents, 533
logarithms, 533
Inverse relations, 390–394, 399, 404,
405, 844
Inverses, 195, 836
additive, 13, 15, 16, 18, 153, 828
multiplicative, 13, 14, 15, 16, 32,
153, 199, 828
verifying, 196
Index
Inverse Sine, 747
Inverse Tangent, 747
Inverse trigonometric functions,
746–751, 756
Inverse variation, 493–495, 496,
500, 515, 517, 559, 848
Irrational numbers, 11, 32
Irrational roots, 315
Isometry, 175
Isosceles triangles, 869
Iteration, 608, 853
J
Joint variation, 492–493, 496, 515,
559, 848
K
Key Concept, 6, 11, 12, 21, 28, 33, 34,
40, 41, 42, 57, 64, 68, 70, 75, 76,
130, 138, 160, 161, 162, 168, 182,
183, 184, 189, 191, 195, 196, 222,
223, 224, 230, 245, 250, 251, 257,
258, 271, 287, 288, 295, 301, 306,
307, 313, 316, 346, 347, 354, 360,
365, 374, 378, 383, 384, 390, 391,
412, 413, 420, 426, 434, 435, 442,
443, 474, 485, 492, 493, 494, 524,
526, 532, 533, 534, 541, 542, 543,
548, 579, 583, 589, 595, 600, 613,
614, 618, 633, 638, 639, 640, 644,
645, 652, 653, 658, 660, 665, 672,
677, 682, 701, 703, 711, 717, 718,
719, 725, 726, 727, 733, 739, 741,
747, 764, 770, 771, 777, 787, 791,
793
Keystrokes. See Graphing
Calculator; Graphing Calculator
Investigations; Internet
Connections
L
Law of Cosines, 733–738, 755, 858
Law of Large Numbers, 682
Law of Sines, 725–732, 726, 736,
754–755, 858
Index R95
 Leading coefficient, 346, 350, 379 Logarithmic inequalities, solving, Matrix multiplication, Associative
546 Property, 171
Leaf, 667
Logarithmic relations, 871 Matrix operations, 163
Least common denominator (LCD),
combination, 163
505–506, 516 Logarithmic to exponential form, properties, 162
532
Least common multiple (LCM) Matrix products, 167
monomials, 479 Logarithmic to exponential
Index

polynomials, 479, 480, 482, 504, 847 inequality, 533 Maximum points, 354–356, 358, 364

Like radical expressions, 252 Logarithms, 520, 531–540 Maximum values, 129, 158,
base b, 532 288–289, 290, 291, 293, 337, 377,
Like terms, 229 663, 839
base e, 554–559
Limits, 593 common, 547–553, 569, 617 Mean deviation, 669
functions, 567
Linear correlation coefficient, 87 Mean, 663, 664, 667, 668, 669,
inverse property, 533
Linear equations, 63–67, 86, 101, 830 natural, 554–559, 569 822–823, 855
graphing, 109 power property, 543 arithmetic, 580, 582, 590, 592, 622,
identifying, 63 properties, 541–546, 568 623, 851
solving systems, 452 using, 548 geometric, 590, 591, 598, 623, 852
standard form, 64 Measurement
Logical reasoning. See Critical
systems of three, 191 angles, 709, 711, 712, 713, 745,
Thinking
systems of two, 189 748, 753
writing, 75–80, 102 Lower quartile, 826 conversions, 390, 394
Linear function, 64, 830 tendency, 664
M variation, 665
Linear inequalities, graphing, 96,
Major axis, 434 Measures of central tendency, 664,
329, 411
822–823
Mapping, 57
Linear permutations, 638
Median, 82, 663, 664, 667, 668, 669,
Margin of error, 683
Linear programming, 129–135, 147 822–823, 855
Margin of sampling error, 682, 684
Linear-quadratic system, 455–456 Median-fit line, 86
Mathematical induction, 618–621,
Linear relations, graphing, 863 Midline, 771
620, 626
Line graphs, 824 Midpoint, 414
Matrices, 152–217, 865
formula, 412, 414, 416, 417–418,
Line of best fit, 87 addition, 160
461–462, 467
column, 155, 156
Line of fit, 81–86 line segments, 845
coordinate, 175
Lines determinants of 3 3, 183 Minimum points, 354–356, 358, 364
horizontal, 65 dimensions, 155, 156, 166, 834
Minimum values, 129, 158, 288–289,
intersecting, 111 equal, 209
290, 291, 293, 337, 377, 663, 839
parallel, 70, 77–78, 101, 112 identity, 195–201, 213
perpendicular, 70–71, 77–78, 101 inverse, 195–201, 205, 206, 207, Minor axis, 434
slope, 68–74, 80, 82, 101–102, 201, 213, 214, 358, 637, 836
Mixed Problem Solving, 862–875
643, 830, 831 modeling real-world data, 161
vertical, 65 multiplication, 167–174, 210, 211 Mixed Review. See Review
different dimensions, 169 Mode, 663, 664, 667, 668, 822–823,
Line segment, midpoint, 845 scalar, 162 855
Loans, amortization, 605 square, 168
operations, 160–166, 210, 834 Modeling
Location Principle, 353, 354 organizing data, 154 absolute value, 28
reflection, 177 algebra tiles, 308
Logarithmic equations, 551, 850
rotation, 178 area diagrams, 651
solving, 533, 534, 543, 546
row, 155, 156 arithmetic sequences, 580
writing, 565, 570
solving systems of equations, circular functions, 739
Logarithmic expressions, 155–156, 202–208, 214 complex numbers, 272
evaluating, 532 square, 155, 156, 198 conic sections, 453–454
subtraction, 161 data, 159
Logarithmic form, 532, 535, 536,
transformations, 175–181, 211 distance formula, 413
568, 849
translation, 175, 176 distributive property, 13
Logarithmic functions, 531–540, 532 zero, 155, 156 ellipses, 432

R96 Index
 fractals, 611
irrational numbers, 252
location principle, 354
midpoint formula, 412
parabolas, 421
parallel lines, 70
perpendicular line, 71
point discontinuity, 485–487
food service, 14 301, 307, 346, 347, 378, 390, 391,
football, 331 412, 413, 474, 485, 526, 527, 532,
forestry, 304 533, 534, 541, 543, 548, 633, 634,
genealogy, 595 658, 660, 725, 764
genetics, 232
Multiplication, 781, 828
guitar, 744
Associative Property, 15, 171
health, 267, 675, 683, 773
Commutative Property, 15, 32,
home improvement, 23

Index
166, 170, 828
polynomials, 240 Internet, 679
complex numbers, 272–273
quadratic equations, 295 investments, 140
Distributive Property, 170, 171,
quadratic functions, 287 job hunting, 43
228, 828
radicals, 252 lighthouses, 729
functions, 384, 403
Real-World Data, 103 magnets, 483
matrices, 167–174, 168, 210, 211
real-world data, 81–86, 300, 359, math history, 16
polynomials, 230, 277
539–540 meteorology, 31
probabilities, 651–657, 689
slope-intercept form, 75 military, 64
pure imaginary numbers, 270, 272
solving inequalities, 36 money, 558
radicals, 252
special sequences, 607 movies, 157
rational expressions, 474, 513
vertical asymptotes, 485–487 museums, 435
scalar, 162, 163, 211
vertical line test, 57 music, 111, 262
scientific notation, 225
navigation, 443
Monomials, 222–228, 276–277 simplifying expressions, 222–223
nutrition, 94
denominators, 480 oceanography, 766 Multiplication Property of
division, 233, 521, 538 Olympics, 564 Equality, 21
least common multiple, 479 optics, 795
multiplication, 521, 538 Multiplication Property of
Pascal’s triangle, 612
Inequality, 34, 35
More About population, 114
aerospace, 327, 398 radio, 584 Multiplicative identities, 15, 199
amusement parks, 255, 780 railroads, 26
recycling, 662 Multiplicative inverses, 13, 14, 15,
animals, 161 16, 32, 153, 199, 828
architecture, 291, 503 René Descartes, 372
area codes, 636 robotics, 721 Multi-step equations, solving, 22,
astronomy, 225, 459 satellite TV, 422 201
aviation, 603 shopping, 388, 668
skiing, 705 Multi-step inequality, solving, 35
ballooning, 731
baseball, 723 space, 494 Mutually exclusive events,
basketball, 143, 477, 667 space exploration, 124, 376 658–659, 661, 670, 689, 690,
betta fish, 44 space science, 249 855
bicycling, 483 spelling, 656
bridges, 318 sports, 61, 677 N
building, 243 star light, 545
submarines, 396 Natural base, e, 554
card games, 642
child care, 38 technology, 180 Natural base exponential function,
child development, 357 temperature, 394 554
computers, 529 theater, 351
tourism, 292 Natural base expressions,
construction, 579
track and field, 169, 750 evaluating, 554
cryptography, 197
dinosaurs, 737 tunnels, 507 Natural logarithmic equations,
veterinary medicine, 131 solving, 556
drawbridges, 748
waves, 803
driving, 713
weather, 165 Natural logarithmic expressions,
earthquakes, 537
weight lifting, 259 evaluating, 555
elections, 190
White House, 439
emergency medicine, 735 Natural logarithmic function, 554
world cultures, 661
Empire State Building, 298
Natural logarithmic inequalities,
energy, 355 Multiple Choice. See Assessment
solving, 556
engineering, 311
Multiple events, 640
entrance tests, 648 Natural logarithms, 554–559, 569
farming, 525 Multiple Representations, 11, 12, inverse property, 555
finance, 99 21, 28, 40, 42, 57, 68, 71, 75, 160,
Natural numbers, 11, 17, 32, 48
fireworks, 10 161, 162, 168, 182, 195, 223, 245,
food, 380 250, 251, 257, 258, 271, 287, 295, Negative angle, 709, 712

Index R97
 Negative base, 258
Negative exponents, 222
Negative measure, 713, 732, 754
Negative numbers, square roots of,
270
Index
Negative zeros, 373, 375, 402, 843
Nodes, 791
Normal distribution, 671–675, 672,
680, 685, 691
Notation
function, 59
internal, 829
intervals, 35, 37, 40, 41, 51
scientific, 225, 226, 227, 836
set-builder, 34, 37, 51, 829
sigma, 585, 595, 601, 602
standard, 225
nth root, 245, 246
nth term
arithmetic sequences, 579, 591, 851
geometric sequences, 852
Null hypothesis, 686
Number line, 44, 46
Numbers
classification, 221
complex, 270–275, 280, 370
irrational, 11, 32
natural, 11, 17, 32, 48
pure imaginary, 270, 272
rational, 5, 11, 32, 48, 471
real, 5, 11–18, 32, 48, 245–249,
278, 814
triangular, 609
whole, 11, 18, 48
Number theory, 15, 295, 297, 298,
304, 510, 866, 872, 873
Numerators, polynomials, 475
O odd-degree, 349, 357
Oblique triangle, 735
Octagons, perimeter, 26
Octants, 136
Odds, 644, 645–646, 647, 648, 663, 854
One-step equations, solving, 21
One-to-one functions, 57, 392, 524
Online Research, See also Internet
Connections
career choices, 121, 187, 193, 237,
274, 334, 363, 446, 496, 511, 542,
561, 609, 685, 707
R98 Index
data update, 10, 66, 143, 165, 255,
318, 357, 440, 477, 558, 598, 667,
723, 775
Open Ended, 8, 14, 24, 30, 37, 43, 60,
65, 71, 78, 83, 92, 98, 112, 119, 125,
132, 142, 156, 171, 178, 185, 192,
198, 205, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247,
254, 260, 265, 273, 290, 297, 303,
317, 325, 332, 350, 356, 362, 368,
375, 380, 382, 386, 393, 397, 414,
423, 428, 437, 445, 450, 458, 476,
481, 488, 495, 501, 509, 527, 535,
544, 549, 557, 563, 580, 586, 590,
596, 602, 608, 615, 634, 647, 654,
660, 666, 673, 678, 683, 706, 712,
722, 729, 736, 742, 749, 766, 774,
779, 784, 788, 794, 802
Open Response, See Preparing for
Standardized Tests
Open sentences, 20
Operations
arithmetic, 383–384
functions, 383–389, 403
radicals, 252
Or compound inequalities, 41
Ordered array, 154
Ordered pairs, 56, 78, 83, 84, 153,
387–388, 522, 831, 844
Ordered triples, 136, 139, 833
Ordering real numbers, 814
Order of operations, 6–7
Outcomes, 632, 854
Outliers, 83, 827
P
Parabolas, 419–425, 450, 451, 460,
462–463, 467, 565, 617, 637
equations, 419–420, 841, 845, 846
graphing, 420–423
Parallel lines, 70, 77–78, 101, 112
Parallelograms, 192
area, 477
vertices, 121, 192
Parent graph, 70
Partial sum, 599
Pascal’s triangle, 612, 613, 625–626,
872
Patterns, 352
Perfect square trinomials, 310, 816,
840
Perimeter
octagons, 26
quadrilaterals, 415, 482
rectangles, 255
right triangles, 382
squares, 603
triangles, 592
Period, 741, 762, 764, 765, 767, 771,
774, 775, 781, 785, 805, 806, 859
Periodic functions, 741, 742, 743,
762
Permutations, 638–643, 650, 688, 715
circular, 642
linear, 638
repetition, 639
Perpendicular lines, 70–71, 77–78,
101
Phase shift, 769, 770, 774, 785, 806,
859
Piecewise functions, 90–91, 92, 104,
115, 370, 831
Plots
box-and-whisker, 631, 826–827
stem-and-leaf, 667, 825
Point discontinuity, 485–487
Point-slope form, 76, 78, 102
Polygonal region, vertices, 124–125,
126
Polygons
area, 187
finding areas, 187
Polynomial equations
simplifying, 837
solving using quadratic
techniques, 360–364, 401
Polynomial functions, 344–407,
400, 868
end behavior, 349
evaluating, 347
even-degree, 349, 357
graphing, 348–349, 353–358, 401
zero, 371
Polynomials, 229–232, 866
addition, 229, 277
degrees, 229, 346, 350, 400, 837, 842
denominators, 475, 480
depressed, 366
division, 233, 277, 364, 365–366
factoring, 239–241, 278, 358, 366,
377, 761, 815–816, 837
least common multiple, 479, 480,
482, 504, 847
multiplication, 230, 277, 285
numerator, 475
one variable, 346, 350
 operations, 382 577, 631, 699, 761 Properties of Powers, 224, 226, 526
simplifying, 244 mean, median, and mode,
Proportional sides, 817
subtraction, 229, 277 822–823
Pythagorean Theorem, 820–821 Proportions, 181
Positive angle, 709, 712
stem-and-leaf plots, 825 solving, 471, 490
Positive integers, 620, 853
Prime, 239, 242 Pure imaginary numbers, 270
Positive measure, 713, 732, 754 multiplication, 270, 272
Principal root, 246

Index
Positive zeros, 373, 375, 402, 843 Pyramid, surface area, 27
Principal values, 746
Power function, 347, 853 Pythagoras, 16
Probability, 644–650, 655, 660, 663,
Power Property of Logarithms, 543 670, 688–689, 708, 732, 768, 785, Pythagorean identities, 777, 779
854, 855, 856, 873
Powers, 5, 222 Pythagorean Theorem, 699, 720,
addition, 658–663, 689–690
expanding, 615, 617, 621 820–821
combinations, 645
simplifying expressions, 224 conditional, 653
Practice Chapter Test. See Assessment distribution, 646 Q
events, 647, 648
Practice Quiz. See Assessment Quadrantal angle, 718
dependent, 633–634, 634, 635,
Prediction equations, 81–82, 83, 84, 653, 654, 655, 687, 689, 854, Quadrants, 56, 720
95, 99, 598 855
inclusive, 659, 660, 661, 670, Quadratic equations, 328, 604, 841
Preimage, 175 solving, 761
689, 690, 855
Preparing for Standardized Tests, independent, 632–633, 634, 651, by completing the square,
877–892 652, 654, 687, 689, 854, 855 306–312, 328, 338, 352, 411,
Constructed Response, 884 mutually exclusive, 658–659, 490, 587, 840
Free Response, 884 661, 670, 689, 690, 855 by factoring, 301–305, 338, 840
Grid In, 880 experimental, 649 by graphing, 294–299, 337,
Gridded Response, 880–883 failure, 644 345, 352
Multiple Choice, 878, 879 multiplication, 651–657, 689 for variables, 389
Open Response, 884 odds, 644, 645–646, 647, 648, 663, Quadratic form, 360, 363, 370, 842
Selected Response, 884–887 854
Student-Produced Questions, 884 simple, 631 Quadratic Formula, 345, 370, 460, 841
Student-Produced Response, 880 success, 644 discriminant, 313–319, 339
Test Taking Tips, 877, 879, 883, theoretical, 649 Quadratic functions, 286, 499, 502,
887, 891 503, 515, 839, 848, 867
Problem solving, 854
Prerequisite Skills. See also distributive property, 14 graphing, 286–293, 322–328,
Assessment inverses, 197 336–337, 339–340
bar and line graphs, 824 matrix equation, 203 Quadratic identities, 375
box-and-whisker plots, 826–827 mixed, 862–875
comparing and ordering real right triangles, 703 Quadratic inequalities, 839, 867
numbers, 814 translations, 773 graphing, 329–333, 340
solving, 329–333, 340
congruent and similar figures,
Product of powers, 223
817–819 Quadratic-quadratic system,
factoring polynomials, 815–816 Product Property, 542 456–457
Getting Ready for the Next Lesson, Logarithms, 541–542
Radicals, 250 Quadratic solutions, 271
10, 18, 27, 32, 39, 62, 67, 74, 80, 86,
95, 115, 122, 127, 135, 158, 166, Proof, 618–621, 626 Quadratic systems, solving,
174, 181, 188, 194, 201, 228, 232, 455–460, 466
238, 244, 249, 256, 262, 267, 293, Properties of Equality, 21, 23, 566,
781 Quadratic techniques, 401
299, 305, 312, 319, 328, 352, 358, solving polynomial equations
Logarithmic Functions, 567
364, 370, 377, 382, 389, 394, 416, using, 360–364
425, 431, 440, 448, 452, 478, 484, Properties of Inequality, 566
490, 498, 504, 530, 538, 546, 551, Logarithmic Functions, 567 Quadrilaterals, perimeter, 415, 482
559, 582, 587, 592, 598, 604, 610, Quartile, 826
Properties of Logarithms, solving
617, 637, 643, 657, 663, 670, 675, equations using, 543 lower, 826
680, 708, 715, 724, 732, 738, 745, upper, 826
768, 776, 781, 785, 790, 797 Properties of Matrix
Multiplication, 171 Quotient identities, 777
Getting Started, 5, 53, 55, 109,
153, 221, 285, 345, 411, 471, 521, Properties of Order, 33 Quotient of Powers, 223

Index R99
 Quotient Property division, 474, 513 Reflection matrices, 177
logarithms, 542 multiplication, 474, 513
Reflexive Property of Equality, 21
radicals, 251 simplifying, 472–475
subtraction, 480, 514 Regression equation, 87
Quotients, 328, 364
simplifying, 242, 251 Rational functions, 500, 502, 504, 515 Regression line, 87
trinomials, 242 graphing, 485–490, 514, 848
Relations, 56, 100–102
Index

Rational inequalities, solving,

Relative-frequency histogram, 646,
505–509, 508–509, 516
R 647
Rationalizing denominators, 251,
Radian measure, 710, 711, 713 Relative maximum, 354, 356, 842
253, 715
conversion, 711
Relative minimum, 354, 356, 842
Rational numbers, 11, 32, 48
Radians, 710, 713, 724, 749, 753, 757,
operations, 5 Remainder Theorem, 365–370, 402
802, 803, 808, 857
solving equations, 471
measuring, 711, 712 Repeating decimals, as fractions,
Rational zeros, 379, 381, 394, 403, 601, 602, 603, 852
Radical equations, 263–269, 280
675, 843
solving, 263, 362 Repetition, permutation, 639
Rational Zero Theorem, 378–382, 403
Radical exponents, 279 Replacement sets, 377
Reading and Writing, 5, 53, 109,
Radical expressions, 250–256, 255, Research, 85, 133, 200, 227, 311, 398,
153, 221, 285, 345, 411, 471, 521,
279, 285 415, 497, 529, 545, 592, 636. See
577, 631, 699, 761
Radical form, 257, 838 also Online Research
Reading Math, 11, 12, 56, 59, 71, 82,
Radical inequalities, solving, 154, 175, 182, 229, 252, 270, 271, Residuals, 540
264–265 272, 273, 306, 313, 316, 323, 442, Review
449, 606, 619, 633, 638, 644, 646, Lesson-by-Lesson, 47–50,
Radicals
665, 669, 709, 711, 718, 740, 786, 788 100 –104, 145–148, 209–214,
addition, 252, 253
276 –280, 336 –340, 400 –404,
approximating, 247 Real numbers, 11–18, 32
461–466, 513, 566 –570,
multiplication, 252 comparing and ordering, 5, 814
622– 626, 687– 692, 752–756,
simplifying, 245 Identify Properties, 13
805– 808
subtraction, 253 properties, 48
Mixed Review, 18, 27, 32, 46, 62,
roots, 245–249, 278 67, 74, 80, 86, 95, 99, 115, 122,
Radius, 426
Real-world applications. See 127, 135, 144, 158, 166, 174, 181,
Random, 645 188, 194, 201, 207, 228, 232, 238,
Applications; More About
Random sample, 682, 856 244, 249, 256, 262, 267, 275, 293,
Real-world data, modeling, 81–86, 299, 305, 312, 319, 328, 335, 352,
Random variable, 646 103 358, 364, 370, 377, 382, 389, 394,
Range, 56, 57, 58, 61, 93, 94, 95, 99, Reciprocal identities, 777 399, 416, 425, 431, 440, 447, 452,
460, 478, 484, 490, 498, 504, 511,
101, 104, 181, 397, 398, 416, 523,
Rectangles 530, 538, 546, 551, 559, 565, 582,
527, 528, 530, 663, 823, 830, 831,
area, 255, 334 587, 592, 598, 604, 610, 617, 621,
844, 849
golden, 311 637, 643, 650, 657, 663, 670, 675,
Rate of change, 69, 560 perimeter, 255 680, 685, 708, 714, 724, 732, 738,
volumes, 866 745, 751, 768, 776, 781, 785, 790,
Rate of decay, 560
width, 242 797, 804
Rate of growth, 562
Rectangular prisms Right triangles, 700, 704
Rate problem, 507 surface areas, 18 perimeter, 382
Ratio volumes, 367 Right triangle trigonometry,
common, 588, 603 width, 363 701–708, 752
finding term given, 589 Rectangular solid, volumes, 379, 380 Roots, 296, 371–377, 376, 840, 843
Rational equations, 505–509 Recursion, 606–611, 625 complex, 315
solving, 505–509, 516 double, 302
Recursive formula, 606, 607, 608 irrational, 315
Rational exponents, 257–262, 838
solving equations, 361–362 Reference angles, 718–719, 722, 776 nth, 245, 246
finding trigonometric value, 720 principal, 246
Rational expressions, 472, 870 real number, 245–249, 278
addition, 480, 514 Reflection, 177 square, 245, 249, 362, 530, 650

R100 Index
Rotation matrices, 178
Rotations, 177, 178
Rounding, 358, 549, 550, 565, 569,
663, 704, 706, 714, 724, 730, 731,
732, 736, 738, 745, 748, 749, 751,
753, 756, 821, 823, 855, 858, 859
Row matrix, 155, 156
S Sin1, 747
Sample
bias, 682
random, 682, 856
unbiased, 682
Sample space, 632
Sampling, 692
Sampling error, 682–686, 714
margin, 682, 684
Scalar multiplication, 162, 163, 211
Associative Property, 171
Scatter plots, 81–86, 87, 95, 99, 103,
598, 831
Scientific notation, 225, 226, 227, 836
Secant, 701, 708
Second-order determinant, 182
Sector, 713
Selected Response, See Preparing
for Standardized Tests
Sequences, 578, 872
arithmetic, 578–582, 583,
622–623, 768, 851
Fibonacci, 606, 609, 610
geometric, 588–593, 623–624, 852
Series, 583, 872
arithmetic, 583–587, 623, 851
geometric, 594–598, 624, 781
infinite geometric, 599–605,
624–625
Set-builder notation, 34, 37, 51, 829
Sets, 18, 828
empty, 29
replacement, 377
solution, 37, 41, 44, 46, 95, 829
Short Response, 546, 559, 564, 724,
732, 745. See also Assessment and
Preparing for Standardized Tests
Sides, 734
initial, 709
proportional, 817
terminal, 709
Sigma notation, 585, 595, 601, 602
evaluating sum, 585, 595
infinite series, 601
Similar figures, 817–819
Simple event, 658
Simple probability, 631
Simplify Powers of i, 270, 272
Simulations, 681
Sine function, 701, 706, 707, 747,
767, 770, 771
definition, 739
finding, 740
value, 747
Skewed distributions, 671
Slope-intercept form, 75, 78, 79, 86,
102, 188, 637, 831
Slope of line, 68–74, 80, 82,
101–102, 201, 643, 830, 831
Solid boundary, 97
Solution, 20, 801
Solution set, 37, 41, 44, 46, 95, 829
Special angles, 703
Special functions, 89–95, 104
Special sequences, 606–611
Special values, 533
Spheres, surface areas, 862
Spreadsheet Investigation
amortizing loans, 605
organizing data, 159
special right triangles, 700
Square matrix, 155, 156, 198
Square root, 245, 249, 362, 530, 650
approximate, 247
negative numbers, 270
Square root functions, 395–396,
398, 399, 404, 500, 502, 503, 515,
848
Square root inequalities, 397–399,
404
graphing, 404
Square Root Property, 250–251,
306, 310, 313, 790
Squares, perimeter, 603
Standard deviation, 665, 666, 667,
669, 670, 675, 685, 690, 855
Standard form, 64, 101, 122, 422, 424,
428, 449, 460, 478, 830, 845, 846
Standardized Test Practice. See
Assessment
Standard notation, 225
Standard position, 709
Statistics, 664–670, 690, 873
Stem, 667
Index
Stem-and-leaf plots, 667, 825
Step functions, 89–90, 92, 115, 158,
370, 831
Student-Produced Questions, See
Preparing for Standardized Tests
Student-Produced Response, See
Preparing for Standardized Tests
Study Organizer. See Foldables™
Study Organizers
Study Tips
absolute value, 90, 599
absolute value inequalities, 42
additive identity, 162
A is acute, 728
algebra tiles, 240
alternative method, 77, 264, 474,
580, 590, 652, 728, 734
alternative representations, 726
amplitude and period, 764
angle measure, 748
area formula, 184
checking solutions, 110, 265, 481,
543
choosing a committee, 659
choosing the independent
variable, 81
choosing the sign, 793
coefficient, 116
combinations, 640
combining functions, 386
common factors, 480
common misconception, 7, 12, 29,
118, 130, 289, 308, 523, 659, 703,
782
conditional probability, 653
continuously compounded
interest, 556
coterminal angles, 712
deck of cards, 640
depressed polynomial, 366
Descartes’ Rule of Signs, 379
element, 155
elimination, 139
equations with ln, 556
equations with roots, 303
error in measurement, 704
exponential growth and decay, 524
expressing solutions as multiples,
800
extraneous solutions, 506, 534
Index R101
 factor first, 475
factoring, 367
finding zeros, 374
focus of parabola, 419
formula for sum, 600
graphing calculators, 225, 247,
436, 444, 456, 525, 585, 613
Index
graphing polynomial functions,
353
graphing quadratic inequalities,
457
graphing rational functions, 486
graphs of piecewise functions, 92
greatest integer function, 89
horizontal lines, 70
identity matrix, 204
indicated sum, 583
inequality phrases, 36
interval notation, 40, 41
inverse functions, 392
Law of Large Numbers, 682
location of roots, 296
look back, 91, 97, 123, 189, 204,
273, 329, 361, 365, 371, 420, 485,
508, 524, 526, 531, 532, 608, 634,
664, 676, 720, 747, 762, 771, 772
matrix operations, 163
memorize trigonometric ratios, 702
message, 198
midpoints, 412
missing steps, 614
multiplication and division
properties of equality, 22
multiplying matrices, 168
negative base, 258
normal distribution, 672
number of zeros, 349
outliers, 83
one real solution, 295
parallel lines, 112
permutations, 640
power function, 347
properties of equality, 21
properties of Inequality, 33
quadratic formula, 314
quadratic solutions, 271
radian measure, 710
rate of change, 560
rationalizing denominator, 251
reading math, 11, 12, 34, 35, 56,
59, 71, 82, 124, 129, 154, 175,
182, 229, 246, 252, 270, 271, 272,
273, 294, 306, 313, 316, 323, 354,
372, 384, 391, 442, 449, 606, 619,
638, 644, 646, 665, 669, 701, 709,
711, 718, 740, 786, 788
sequences, 578
sides and angles, 734
sigma notation, 585
simplified expressions, 224
skewed distributions, 671
R102 Index
slope, 68
slope-intercept form, 75
solutions to inequalities, 35
solving quadratic inequalities
algebraically, 332
solving quadratic inequalities by
graphing, 330
special values, 533
step 1, 618
substitution, 361
symmetry, 288
technology, 547
terms of geometric sequences, 594
using the discriminant, 316
using logarithms, 548
using quadratic formula, 315
verifying a graph, 770
verifying inverses, 196
vertical and horizontal lines, 65
vertical line test, 58
vertical method, 230
vertices of ellipses, 434
zero at origin, 372
zero product property, 302
Substitution, 21, 146, 149, 153, 504,
781, 828
direct, 366, 368
solving systems of equations,
116, 119, 120, 122, 135, 166, 832
synthetic, 365–366, 368, 369, 377,
402, 715, 751, 843
Substitution Property of Equality, 25
Subtraction
complex numbers, 270, 272
functions, 383, 403
matrices, 161
polynomials, 229, 277
radicals, 253
rational expressions, 480, 514
solving inequality, 34
Subtraction Property of Equality, 21
Subtraction Property of Inequality,
33
Success, 644
probability, 644
Sum and difference formulas,
786–787
Summation formula, 618
Sums, 657, 787
arithmetic series, 583, 584, 586,
587, 592, 598
geometric series, 595, 596, 597, 610
infinite geometric series, 602, 610
partial, 599
rewriting differences, 221
series, 585, 663
sigma notation, 585, 595
two cubes, 361
Surface area
cones, 22, 266
cylinders, 25, 862
pyramids, 27
rectangular prisms, 18
spheres, 862
Symbols, infinity, 601
Symmetric Property of Equality,
21, 25, 46, 781
Symmetry, 288, 767
Synthetic division, 234–236, 345,
745, 837
Synthetic substitution, 365–366,
368, 369, 372–373, 377, 402, 551,
715, 751, 843
Systems of equations, 110, 158, 864
consistent, 111, 112, 113, 122, 293
Cramer’s Rule in solving, 835
dependent, 111, 112, 113, 122,
293
inconsistent, 111, 112, 113, 122,
293
independent, 111, 112, 113, 122,
293
solving, 166, 188, 203, 657, 724
algebraically, 116–122, 146
elimination, 153, 832
graphing, 110–115, 122, 145,
146, 147, 148, 194, 832
matrices, 205, 206, 214
substitution, 832
three variables, 138–144, 148
Systems of inequalities, 663
solving, graphing, 123–127, 135,
144, 147, 158, 484, 833, 847
Systems of quadratic inequalities,
457
Systems of three linear equations,
191
Systems of two linear equations,
189
T
Table of values, 286, 288, 290, 291,
299, 352, 356, 364, 839
Tangent, 706, 707
Tangent function, 427, 701, 747, 770,
771
Tangent ratio, 708
Terminal side, 709
Terms, 229, 578, 615
finding, 578, 579, 588, 589
like, 229
series, 596
Testing hypotheses, 686
Test preparation. See Assessment
Test-taking tips. See Assessment
Theoretical probability, 649
Third-order determinant, 182, 183
30°-60°-90° triangles, 699, 703, 707
3  3 matrices, determinants, 183
Towers of Hanoi game, 607
Transformations, 175
graphing, 772
matrices, 175–181, 211
verifying, 783
Transitive, 21, 46, 828
Transitive Property of Equality, 25
Translation matrix, 175, 176
Translations, 175
horizontal, 769–770
trigonometric graphs, 769–776
vertical, 771–772
Transverse axis, 442
Trapezoid, area, 8, 67, 865
Triangle Inequality Theorem, 45
Triangles
area, 32, 184, 185, 186, 187, 231,
281, 725, 866
equilateral, 869
45°-45°-90°, 699, 703, 707
isosceles, 869
Pascal’s, 612, 625–626, 872
perimeter, 592
right, 382, 700, 704
30°-60°-90°, 699, 703, 707
vertices, 113, 415
Trichotomy Property, 33
Trigonometric identities, 875
Trigonometric equations, 799, 802
solving, 799–804, 800, 801, 808
Trigonometric functions, 698–759,
701, 717, 722, 723, 732, 738, 754,
761, 790, 796, 857, 874
evaluating, 717, 741, 742, 778
general angles, 717–724
graphing, 762–768, 765, 772, 805
inverse, 746–751
solving equations, 724, 732
using, 766
variations, 764
Trigonometric graphs, 875
translations, 769–776, 806
Trigonometric identities, 777, 785,
806
basic, 777
verifying, 782–785, 785, 807
Trigonometric inverses, addition,
751
Trigonometric values, 703, 720, 761
finding, 702, 748, 777
Trigonometry, 701, 875
right triangle, 701–708, 752
Trinomials, 229, 310
perfect square, 816, 840
quotient of two, 242
2  2 matrices, determinants, 182
Two-variable matrix equation, 202
U triangles, 113, 415
Unbiased sample, 682
Unbounded region, 130
Uniform distribution, 646
Union, 41
Unit circle, 710, 739, 742, 743
Univariate data, 664
Upper quartile, 826
USA TODAY, Snapshots, 3, 69, 84,
135, 206, 219, 228, 328, 368, 409,
448, 492, 535, 565, 575, 604, 697,
715, 797
V Writing in Math, 10, 17, 27, 31, 38,
Values
maximum, 158, 663
minimum, 158, 663
Variables, 7, 25
dependent, 59
functional values, 348
independent, 59
random, 646
solving for, 22, 109, 389
systems of equations, 138–144,
148
Variance, 665, 666, 667, 669, 670,
675, 690
Variations
direct, 496, 559, 650, 848
inverse, 496, 559, 848
joint, 496, 559, 848
Velocity, angular, 714
Venn diagram, 12, 271
Verbal expressions, 828
algebraic expressions, 20, 24, 115
Vertex form, 322–328, 335
Vertex matrix, 175
Vertical asymptotes, 485–487, 617,
763
Index
Vertical lines, 65
Vertical Line Test, 57, 58
Vertical shift, 771, 774, 775, 781,
806, 859
Vertical translations, 771–772
Vertices, 129, 287–288, 290, 291, 299,
339, 636
angles, 113, 192
coordinates, 846
exact coordinates, 744
parallelograms, 121, 192
polygonal region, 124–125, 126
Volumes
cubes, 615
rectangular prism, 367, 866
rectangular solid, 379, 380
Von Koch snowflake, 611
W
WebQuest, 3, 27, 120, 192, 207, 219,
227, 328, 369, 399, 409, 430, 504,
529, 565, 575, 616, 635, 685, 697,
708, 775, 804
Whole numbers, 11, 18, 48
Work problem, 507
45, 62, 67, 73, 80, 86, 94, 99, 114,
121, 127, 134, 144, 158, 166, 173,
181, 187, 193, 200, 207, 227, 232,
238, 243, 255, 262, 267, 275, 292,
299, 305, 312, 319, 327, 334, 352,
357, 364, 370, 377, 382, 389, 394,
399, 416, 425, 430, 439, 447, 452,
459, 477, 484, 490, 498, 503, 530,
537, 546, 551, 559, 564, 582, 587,
592, 598, 603, 610, 616, 621, 636,
642, 649, 657, 662, 675, 679, 685,
708, 714, 724, 732, 737, 744, 751,
768, 776, 781, 785, 790, 796, 804
X
x-coordinate, 68, 290, 299, 348, 354,
356, 401, 839, 842
x-intercept, 65, 66, 70, 74, 101, 174,
330, 830
Index R103
 Y
y-coordinate, 68
y-intercept, 65, 66, 70, 74, 78, 82,
101, 174, 287–288, 291, 299, 530,
830, 831
Index

Z
Zero matrix, 155, 156
Zero Product Property, 301, 302,
305, 361, 362
solving equations, 797
Zeros, 294, 371–377, 604
function, 294, 348, 349, 354
imaginary, 375, 402, 843
negative, 373, 375, 402
negative real, 843
origin, 372
positive, 373, 375, 402
positive real, 843
rational, 379, 381, 394, 403, 675,
843
synthetic substitution, 373–374

R104 Index