What is Art?
o Uses “content” and concerned
Common Essentials of Art:
 Art has to be human-made.
 Art must be creative, not imitative.
 Art must benefit and satisfy human
beings.
 Art is expressed through a certain
meduim or material by which artists
communicate themselves to their
audiences.
Structure of an Artwork:
 Characteristics of an artwork
o Genuineness
o Aesthetic quality
o Mastery of Skill
 Subject
o Matter to be described or
portrayed by the artist.
o May refer to any person, object,
scene or event.
o May be abstract, distorted or
realist.
 Artist
o Creator
o Performer
Kinds of Art as to Subject:
 Representational Art
o Also known as objective art
o Depicts objects that are
commonly recognized by people
o Uses “form” and concerned with
“what” is to be depicted in the
artwork
 Non-representational Art
o Also known as non-objective art
o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –
with “how” the artwork is wrote 600 pieces, symphonies,
depicted sonatas, concertos, operas,
dance music, masses.
Some famous artists: o Martha Graham – american
 Local dancer and choreographer.
o Fernando Amorsolo – potraist
and painter. National Artist in Three Major Categories of an Artwork:
1972.  Visual Artworks (2D)
o Guillermo Tolentino – National  Practical (3D)
Artist in Sculpture in 1973.  Performing Arts
Oblation, Bonifacio Monument
o Lisa Macuja-Elizalde – first Purposes in Creating Art:
Filipina Prima Ballerina  Recording appearance
o Ishmael Bernal film, stage and  Making the invisible visible
television director, actor and  Communication
screenwriter. Nunal sa Tubig,  Delighting
City After Dark, Relasyon,
Himala. National Artist in 2001. Audience:
o Leandro Locsin – National Artist  Elite or the Patron
in Architecture in 1990. Nurul  Ordinary Person
Iman, CCP Complex – Cultural  Connoisseur
Center of the Philippines,
 Fellow Artist
FolkArts Theater, PICC, Philcite,
Westin Philippine Plaza (Sofitel
Hotel)
o Nora Aunor – known as
Philippine cinema’s superstar.
 Foreign
o Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa
o Vincent Willem van Gogh – Post-
impressionism (Starry Night,
Sunflowers, Irises, Art Eternity’s
Gate).
o Michelangelo Buonarotti –
mural at Sistine Chapel,
sculptural works like David,
Pieta, Madonna and the Child.
o Auguste Rodin – The Thinker,
The Kiss
 Visual Elements of Art
Lines – “a line is a dot that went for a walk” –
Paul Klee
Different Lines
 Straight Lines – rectilinear, geometric,
hard, impersonal
o Horizontal – calmness and rest
o Vertical – strength, balance and
stablity
 Diagonal Lines – Positive (movement or
action), Negative (Stress, Frustration or
Defeat)
 Zigzag Lines – chaos, conflict and
confusion. Ex. War and anime characters
 Curve Lines – curvilinear, organic and
natural, graceful movement
Actual Lines and Implied Lines
 Actual Lines – intentionally shows lines in
an artwork, add to the quality of the
whole work
 Implied Lines – seeing and connecting
lines where none actually exists (fade,
stop or disappear)
Line Quality and Character
 Hatching and Cross Hatching
 Contour Lines
Color – passing a beam of light through a
triangular piece of glass is prism (discovered by
Isaac Newton)
Physical Properties of Color
 Hue – colors of the visible spectrum
 Value – add white (tint) or black (shade),
lightness or darkness
 Intensity – how pure the color is, high in
saturation (high intensity) is bright, low
in saturation (low intensity) is dull
Additive and Subtractive Colors
 Colors of light are additive (when you
combine these colors the result will be
white)
 Colors of pigments (paints) are
subtractive. Each color in this mixture
cancel out each other’s brightness.
The Color Wheel
 Cirlcle divided equally into twelve parts
Shape – “Totality” or “wholes”
Types of Colors
 Primary Colors – red, yellow, blue
 Secondary Colors – orange, green, violet
 Intermediate Colors (combination of
primary and secondary) – red orange,
yellow orange, yellow green, blue green,
blue violet, red violet
 Tertiary Colors – two secondary colors
(browns, olive greens)
 Neutrals – white (presence of all colors),
black (absence of all colors), grey
(impure white)
Color Relationships
 Complementary Colors – directly
opposite (red and green, yellow and
violet, orange and blue)
 Split-Complementary – a color in
contrast with two other colors
 Triads – three colors equally distant
 Tetrads – four colors equally spaced
 Analogous – colors found next to each
other (similar characteristics)
 Monochromatic – one hue
 Warm Colors – red, orange, yellow
 Cool Colors – blue, green, violet
 Simultaneous Contrast – dependent
upon which color they are placed beside
Colors and Emotion
 Warm, bright colors – happy, excite
 Red, pink, yellow – stimulate, warm,
passionate
 Green, blue – calmness and peace
Kinds of Shape
 Geometric Shapes – regular and precise
(rectilinear or curvilinear)
 Organic Shapes – natural
appearance,nature
 Biomorphic Shapes – modified organic
shape
 Amorphous Shapes – no basis
 2D – flat
 3D – illusion of mass and solidity
Shape and the Content of the Composition
 Square – stability, symmetry
 Oval - creativity
 Stars – reaching out
Space – physiological capability of the visual
system and the physical manipulation of 2D
surface.
Physiological Perception of Space
 Stereoscopic Vision – perception of
depth because of the distance between
the two eyes. One from each eye.
(Retinal Disparity)
 Kinesthetic Vision – movement of the
eyes. More ocular movements occur
when object is near and less when it is
far.
Types of Texture Sculpture
 Actual Texture – real feel and look of the
surface Sculpture – carving, modelling, casting,
 Stimulated Texture – fool the eye constructing and assembling of materials
 Abstract Texture – modification of
texture Types of Sculpture
 Invented Texture – in abstract work  Relief Sculpture – figures or images
projected to varying degrees from a 2D
Time and Motion plane.
 Actual Movement – kinetic art o Low or bas-relief
 Implied Movement – variety of lines o High relief
 Free-standing Sculpture (In the Round) –
Painting 3D

The Illusion of Space Painting – application of pigment on any 2D Basic Process in Creating Sculpture
 Overlapping surface.  Subtractive eliminating parts of the
 Relative Size and Linear Perspective material
 Atmospheric Perspective Kinds of Painting  Additive – constructing, attaching and
According to Subject According to reconfiguring materials together
Value – gradual change from light to dark and Matter Medium/Method
vice versa Landscape – sceneries Batik- textile art Various Sculptural Tecniques
 Achromatic Value – changes in the (Indonesia), dried wax  Carving – subtractive process.
amout of reflected light from white to Aerial – from above Decoupage – type of  Modeling – clay or wax
grey to black and from gret to white. collage, ex. Colored paper  Casting – liquid material is poured into a
 Chiaroscuro – technique of using light cutouts mold and solidify
Skyscape Collage
and shadow in painting. (Leonardo da
Hardscape – buildings Drawing
Vinci)
Genre – ex. Rural life Easel
 Sfumato – gradual blending of light and Letras Y Figuras Cave
shadow (Mona Lisa) Portrait – person, face Encaustic – hot wax
 Dark Manner (by Caravaggio) or Miniaturismo Stained Glass
Tenebrism – exaggeration of chiaroscuro. Still Life – inanimate Tapestry – woven, for
(Rembrandt) objects, nudes walls
Mural
Texture – “weaving,” how the surface of the Panel - wood
material feels and looks like
 Visual Texture - seeing texture without Mediums Used
touching  Oil
 Acrylic
 Watercolor