VLSI Design

Circuits & Layout

Outline

„ CMOS Gate Design

„ Pass Transistors
„ CMOS Latches & Flip-Flops
„ Standard Cell Layouts
„ Stick Diagrams
CMOS Gate Design
„ A 4-input CMOS NOR gate

A
B
C
D
Y
Complementary CMOS
„ Complementary CMOS logic gates
„ nMOS pull-down network
„ pMOS pull-up network pMOS
pull-up
network
„ a.k.a. static CMOS
inputs
output

nMOS
pull-down
network

Pull-up OFF Pull-up ON

Pull-down OFF Z (float) 1

Pull-down ON 0 X (crowbar)
 Series and Parallel
a a a a a
0 0 1 1
g1
g2
0 1 0 1
b b b b b
(a) OFF OFF OFF ON

„ nMOS: 1 = ON a
0
a
0
a
1
a
1
a

g1

„ pMOS: 0 = ON g2
b
0
b
1
b
0
b
1
b

„ Series: both must be ON

(b) ON OFF OFF OFF

a
„ Parallel: either can be ON
a a a a

g1 g2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
b b b b b

(c) OFF ON ON ON

a a a a a

g1 g2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
b b b b b

(d) ON ON ON OFF
 Conduction Complement
„ Complementary CMOS gates always produce 0 or 1

„ Ex: NAND gate

„ Series nMOS: Y=0 when both inputs are 1
„ Thus Y=1 when either input is 0
„ Requires parallel pMOS Y
A
B
„ Rule of Conduction Complements
„ Pull-up network is complement of pull-down
„ Parallel -> series, series -> parallel
Compound Gates
„ Compound gates can do any inverting function
„ Ex: AND-AND-OR-INV (AOI22) Y = ( A • B) + (C • D)
A C A C
B D B D
(a) (b)

C D
A B C D
A B
(c)
(d)

C D
A
A B
B
Y Y
C
A C
D
B D
(f)

(e)
Example: O3AI
„
Y = ( A + B + C) • D
Example: O3AI
„
Y = ( A + B + C) • D

A
B
C D
Y
D
A B C
Pass Transistors
„ Transistors can be used as switches
g

s d

s d
Pass Transistors
„ Transistors can be used as switches
g g=0 Input g = 1 Output
s d 0 strong 0
s d
g=1 g=1
s d 1 degraded 1

g g=0 Input Output

g=0
s d 0 degraded 0
s d
g=1
g=0
s d strong 1
Signal Strength
„ Strength of signal
„ How close it approximates ideal voltage source
„ VDD and GND rails are strongest 1 and 0
„ nMOS pass strong 0
„ But degraded or weak 1
„ pMOS pass strong 1
„ But degraded or weak 0
„ Thus NMOS are best for pull-down network
„ Thus PMOS are best for pull-up network
Transmission Gates
„ Pass transistors produce degraded outputs
„ Transmission gates pass both 0 and 1 well
Transmission Gates
„ Pass transistors produce degraded outputs
„ Transmission gates pass both 0 and 1 well

Input Output
g = 0, gb = 1 g = 1, gb = 0
g
a b 0 strong 0
a b g = 1, gb = 0 g = 1, gb = 0
a b 1 strong 1
gb

g g g
a b a b a b
gb gb gb
Tristates
„ Tristate buffer produces Z when not enabled

EN

EN A Y A Y
0 0 Z
0 1 Z EN
1 0 0
1 1 1 A Y

EN
Nonrestoring Tristate
„ Transmission gate acts as tristate buffer
„ Only two transistors
„ But nonrestoring
„ Noise on A is passed on to Y (after several stages, the

noise may degrade the signal beyond recognition)

EN

A Y

EN
Tristate Inverter
„ Tristate inverter produces restored output
„ Note however that the Tristate buffer
„ ignores the conduction complement rule because we want a
Z output

A
EN
Y
EN
Tristate Inverter
„ Tristate inverter produces restored output
„ Note however that the Tristate buffer
„ ignores the conduction complement rule because we want a
Z output

A A
A
EN
Y Y Y
EN

EN = 0 EN = 1
Y = 'Z' Y=A
Multiplexers
„ 2:1 multiplexer chooses between two inputs

S
S D1 D0 Y
0 X 0 D0 0
0 X 1 Y
D1 1
1 0 X
1 1 X
Multiplexers
„ 2:1 multiplexer chooses between two inputs

S
S D1 D0 Y
0 X 0 0 D0 0
0 X 1 1 Y
D1 1
1 0 X 0
1 1 X 1
Gate-Level Mux Design
„ Y = SD1 + SD0 (too many transistors)
„ How many transistors are needed?
Gate-Level Mux Design
„ Y = SD1 + SD0 (too many transistors)
„ How many transistors are needed? 20
D1
S Y
D0

D1 4 2
S 4 2 Y
D0 4 2
2
Transmission Gate Mux
„ Nonrestoring mux uses two transmission
gates
Transmission Gate Mux
„ Nonrestoring mux uses two transmission
gates
„ Only 4 transistors
S

D0
S Y
D1

S
 Inverting Mux
„ Inverting multiplexer
„ Use compound AOI22
„ Or pair of tristate inverters
„ Essentially the same thing
„ Noninverting multiplexer adds an inverter

D0 S D0 D1 S
S D1 S S
Y Y D0 0
S S S S Y
D1 1
4:1 Multiplexer
„ 4:1 mux chooses one of 4 inputs using two
selects
4:1 Multiplexer
„ 4:1 mux chooses one of 4 inputs using two
selects
„ Two levels of 2:1 muxes
„ Or four tristates S1S0 S1S0 S1S0 S1S0

D0
S0 S1

D0 0
D1
D1 1
0
Y Y
1
D2 0 D2
D3 1

D3
D Latch
„ When CLK = 1, latch is transparent
„ Q follows D (a buffer with a Delay)

„ When CLK = 0, the latch is opaque

„ Q holds its last value independent of D

„ a.k.a. transparent latch or level-sensitive latch

CLK CLK

D
Latch

D Q
Q
 D Latch Design
„ Multiplexer chooses D or old Q

CLK
CLK
D Q Q
1
Q D Q
0
CLK CLK

Old Q
CLK
D Latch Operation
Q Q
D Q D Q

CLK = 1 CLK = 0

CLK

Q
 D Flip-flop
„ When CLK rises, D is copied to Q
„ At all other times, Q holds its value
„ a.k.a. positive edge-triggered flip-flop, master-
slave flip-flop
CLK
CLK
D
Flop

D Q
Q
 D Flip-flop Design
„ Built from master and slave D latches

CLK CLK
CLK QM
D Q
CLK CLK CLK CLK
CLK
Latch

Latch

QM
D Q
CLK CLK

A “negative level-sensitive” latch A “positive level-sensitive” latch

D Flip-flop Operation
Inverted version of D

QM Q
D

CLK = 0

Holds the last value of NOT(D)

QM
D Q

Q -> NOT(NOT(QM))

CLK = 1

CLK

Q
Race Condition
„ Back-to-back flops can
malfunction from clock skew
„ Second flip-flop fires Early
„ Sees first flip-flop change
and captures its result
„ Called hold-time failure or
race condition
Nonoverlapping Clocks
„ Nonoverlapping clocks can prevent races
„ As long as nonoverlap exceeds clock skew
„ Good for safe design
„ Industry manages skew more carefully instead

φ2 φ1
QM
D Q

φ2 φ2 φ1 φ1

φ2 φ1

φ1

φ2
Gate Layout
„ Layout can be very time consuming
„ Design gates to fit together nicely
„ Build a library of standard cells
„ Must follow a technology rule

„ Standard cell design methodology

„ VDD and GND should abut (standard height)
„ Adjacent gates should satisfy design rules
„ nMOS at bottom and pMOS at top
„ All gates include well and substrate contacts
Example: Inverter
 Layout using Electric

Inverter, contd..
Example: NAND3
„ Horizontal N-diffusion and p-diffusion strips
„ Vertical polysilicon gates
„ Metal1 VDD rail at top
„ Metal1 GND rail at bottom
„ 32 λ by 40 λ
NAND3 (using Electric), contd.
Stick Diagrams
„ Stick diagrams help plan layout quickly
„ Need not be to scale
„ Draw with color pencils or dry-erase markers
Stick Diagrams
„ Stick diagrams help plan layout quickly
„ Need not be to scale
„ Draw with color pencils or dry-erase markers

VDD

Vin
Vout

GND
Wiring Tracks
„ A wiring track is the space required for a wire
„ 4 λ width, 4 λ spacing from neighbor = 8 λ
pitch
„ Transistors also consume one wiring track
Well spacing
„ Wells must surround transistors by 6 λ
„ Implies 12 λ between opposite transistor flavors
„ Leaves room for one wire track
Area Estimation
„ Estimate area by counting wiring tracks
„ Multiply by 8 to express in λ
Example: O3AI
„ Sketch a stick diagram for O3AI and estimate area
„

Y = ( A + B + C) • D
Example: O3AI
„ Sketch a stick diagram for O3AI and estimate area
„ Y = ( A + B + C) • D
Example: O3AI
„ Sketch a stick diagram for O3AI and estimate area
„ Y = ( A + B + C) • D