Scribd Logo
Încărcați

Bine ați venit la Scribd!

  • Shale Gas Revolution - ALEXANDER 2011

    Încărcat de

    Miguel Ortega
    2 vizualizări16 pagini
    Producción de hidrocarburos en formaciones de shale Gas y sus distintas formas de explotación de una manera óptima

    Drepturi de autor

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formate disponibile

    PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd

    Vi se pare util acest document?

    Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

    Raportați acest document
    Producción de hidrocarburos en formaciones de shale Gas y sus distintas formas de explotación de una manera óptima

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    2 vizualizări16 pagini

    Shale Gas Revolution - ALEXANDER 2011

    Încărcat de

    Miguel Ortega
    Producción de hidrocarburos en formaciones de shale Gas y sus distintas formas de explotación de una manera óptima

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 16
    56 ‘Tom Alexander Southwestern Energy Company ‘Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada Jason Baily ‘Sugar Land, Texas, USA Chuck Boyer Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Bill Clark George Waters (Oklahoma City, Okehoma, USA Valorie Jochen Coitege Station, Taxes Jost Le Calvo Houston, Texas Rick Lewis Camron K. Miller Dattas, Texas John Thaelor Southnestorn Energy Company Houston, Texas Brian E.Toollo Denver, Colorado, USA ‘ais Rv tn 70.8. Coop 208 Sesoborge, aan af ta re, ants Dog / Waren Puan Danaea and, Jane Weln er Marmron Fanaa, Oma (hy Denon Acar aah Hayat Hout. (0, EUPSE eoseape, Es, LAN, HA cS, RA HRA Pa, Pam rae, Sve Sean, Sonedcope SpecveLtn Stnntar, SinMAP LIVE TRA ‘rd ISABE are ars Searbrge "Gola enzal conser suri pailes et trsetane tobe oy sie Spr ‘ange a abauca to 623 irra 2 Syn OH wn do Feoae NA Geof Enlosrs Jot bang Hasse USB Satrwer Heinenaen, Shale Gas Revolution Around the globe, comp: ‘to find the next Barnett Sh resources req ‘more than just finding organi 9S are aggressively pursuing shale resource plays, hoping But developing and producing from these enigmatic th shales and hydraulically ‘fracturing them, As the shale gas revolution gains momentum globally, exploration companies are discovering that an integrated approach is essential to success. ‘Learning from past experience: 3nd continually improving methodologies may not ‘quarantee success, but ts likelihood is greatly improved. From the advent ofthe moder ol and gs indus ‘ny petroleum geolgtts have followed a conven ‘sonal routo for exploration: look for hpdrveasbon souroe rocks, find reservoir quality roeks where Ihydoocarbons ean accurate, identify @ trap- phgmeetanism and then dil a wel, But a revo Ito talking place inthe &P industry. Rocks that in the past were of ite interest, other than aspotental sourc rocks, are today being actively pursed as potential resorts, When considering ‘unconventional resourc play, the foes is on nding organic shal. ‘Tae Barnott Shalo of contra! Tas, USA, is recognized asthe play that initiated the recent Ingavest in developing shales as producing reser ‘ors, This development represen a fndamen- tal. shift in the way exploration companies ‘consider resource plays Te two main enabling technologies that have made shale plays econom- ical sro extonded reac horizontal iting and rovlistage hydraulic facture stimulation However, operators have discovered that there is much more to produeing gas from source rocks than drilling horizontal wells and Bydraulically fracturing them, Engineers and geologists studying shale gas resources find that having a groaior undor standing of a reservoir can lead to process ‘adapiation and roinement of toehniques. I is important to integrate data from many sources and at mang soale to optimally dr, complete and stimulate wells to ptoduee lydrocarbons ‘rom their source rocks, ‘This arlile reviews lessons lesrnod from 80 years of shale development and Joks a some of {he tools used to annlyzo shales Taking an into ‘rated approach to developing its Payotteile Shale play, one operator was rewarded for its cffors, ms ovidoneed by increased gas produc tion and improved operational efficiencies, In snother example, a large production lg study using data from sx major shale basins in the US, uncovered roslts that may impact rilng and stimulation practices. Shale Reservoir Charnetersties ‘Shales are ine-grainod rorks that form from te compaction of it and ela-sz0d parties: Sit ‘oreent ofthe Kart’ sedimentary crust consist of shale, and it is the primary source rock fo rmostof the conventional yrocarbon deposis in ‘tho work? Beesuso shales ar formed from mud ‘hey are often roferted to as mudstones, Shal are differentiated from olher claystones and smudstones in that they are laminated—sinel layered—and fissile, which means they ean a 5 2 a cael oe cr ra a = cn J cel cat oa = Compl came project re my re ect oe coe sxe sate Ered veh China doysee fom nat Deve Pita) bie tes) ‘Organic shales. St are fine-grained file sedans found in lyors. They may be fractured and ray breakin sheets along cher laminations (inset). Grganierich shales ae characterized by higher ie earbon than other sh are the primary targets levels of total org organie-sich sha inthe rango of 2% t0 10%. Thermally matura poration wa | a per es Pecod ‘america | Amorica | £0"P® | Canral Asia | ATE® | ‘and Asia ore Pe 1 ee eal apa ae eile |esetad saat - me |e r 7 i Tim : : =e La = ate = { % — hema Soni ace fi Lie sume | 7 L cate L ow a Porn ea cat ieee aati om ‘Global distribution of organic merino shales by geologic peviod. Tectonics, geography and climatic conditons contribute tothe deposi of arganic-ich sedimans. Organie-ich marine shales e found across the globe. (Black circles roprosent the number of occurrences for each age} Exploration companies have focused on marine sediments that have sufficient thermal maturity to ‘convert kerogan inta hydrocarbon to develo as recoureo plays. Lecustine shales from shallow, freshwater dapasits (not shown) are also targets of expiration but have not yet proved tobe as prolife as their maine counterparts. (Adapted fram Tourtlo, eference 4) 2 broken or split info sheets along their lami ors (Jef). Depending on their maturity an mineralogy they may also be easily fractured. For all oir abundance, few shale deposi ‘ean be developed as ydrocarbon resoutee pl "The targts for gas shale exploration are ong rich sediments that were doposived in such mamer as to preserve a signifleant fraction the original organic mater tat eventually ser a5 the feedstock for hydrocarbon generat Once generated, much of the hyétorarb remains trapped in the uilralow:permeabii ‘oek matrix, unable to migrate, ‘Organi ie shale formations form under ceil eonitions—tigh levels of onganic matte and law levels of exggen— Modern anelog for orgenic-ic shel. Decay f organic meterilis a bactral process thet occurs under aerobic conditions; imitad anaerobic bacterial atv can also occur under anoxe condons. The Black Sea's stratified with an upper oxdzed layer anda lower anoxic zone Freshwater (green arrows) lows in fram vers, an denser seawtor bie arrow) flows in fram the Medterranoen Sea via the Bosporus Svait Because ofthe efferent salinities and densites, ming is imtod tothe uppermost 100 to TE0 (230 to 490. The mixing botween surface water and bottom water i strongly rastictod tha wotor at the bottom is exchanga¢ aly cnca in e thousand year. Blac, organic sediments accumulate on the bottom. Anaerobic bacteria stp oxygen from suites and give off hnyrogen sud [HS] 98a waste product. The hydragon sulle may react with ron inthe sediments tof rte Fes, whichis raqony cbsaredn anh shale een Adare ron Bogen yoartone generis —> aan Moraga Tarsince [Ondo — Crgeness Dagrase Inoaing apt and ong ‘Maturation stages in hydrocarbon generation. The processes of burial, conversion of organic matter and generation of hyétocarbons ean be ‘summarized in thre steps, laganesis:cherectrtzed by lon-tampareture below 8080 [122°F|—corversion of orgaric mater to kerogen, Beeteria may Aigestand convert some of tho organic mattar into biogenic methane. Ccatagenasis: ganerally occurs as further burial asus in more pressure end Increased heat in the range of 50°C to 150°C [122 to 302], which causes cherical bonds to braak within the shale and the kerogen Metagenesiesthe final stage, invihich heat and chemical changes transform keragen to ‘carbon, During tis stage, lata methane, or dry gas, evolves, alongwith other gases, including COs, Nz and HS. Hydrocarbons produced in earn stages, feventualy convert to mathene, as wall. Temperatures range fom about OPC to 200°C [302° to $82"F and highor. “eal Organi Carbon Weight % Resour Pour <05 Vero wi Peer tz ai Za tod a0 Way gn 31) Wain ‘The relationship borwo total organic carton and resource potenti. ager ars ow ‘The total carbon in shale sample fncludes both inorganic and organic eaxbon. To quantify organic. carbon, enginoors use a combustion fechnique.’ small portion of tho rock sample is first treated with phosphoric scid to remove inorganic carbon. Sediments are dried and then. combusted ai 1860°C (2462°F] in an owgen- rich envionment. The organic carbon is oxidized fo form C0, which lows through a nondisper sive indvared detection cell tne to respond to (00>, The measured gas volumes are conver to ‘TOC measurement and recorded as a weight pereent of the rock ‘TOC values may vary greatly across a reser. volt section, But because it Is not feasible to ‘qulte and thon analyze cores over long into. vals, petrophysiests commonly use downhole dala fom gooehercal and conventional lasing sults to quantify tho volume of kerogen in tho rock and then compute TOC values from these dats To validate the models used fo measure 706, seientiss calibrate petrophysieal dats to ‘core deriv values, Gas wokame aod capacity Gas is adsorbed ‘on te sic ofthe kerogen in the shale and is ‘abo ftely distributed in te primary and second: ary porosity. The total gas in place (IP) isthe ‘combination of slsoebe and fee gas, Depenling ‘on the initial pressure ofthe reser 2s fee gas {s produned and the pore pressure fll, adsorbed ‘sill liberated, or desorb, rom the suince of the kerogen. Howerer, recent research indicatas tat desorption is ls a function of he shale pore sae, which seientists must consider when estima ng resource potential! ‘Selentst sometimes use eanister desorption ‘sts to determine the total GIP from cores. [nmediatoly upon retetoval, freely cut oro sa ples are sealed in canisters and sent to the labo- ‘ator for testing. The gas fs removed from the ‘anlster, volumetrically measurod and compost ‘tionally analyzed asa funtion of time. A plot of gs produced overtime ean be used to estimate ‘the GIP forthe core sample at reservoir conde tions, This analyis i snetive to the amount of ‘ime it takes to eerie the core from downhole ‘To determine adsorbed gas volume for shales, engineers use prossare relationships that estimate the sorptive potential ofthe rock. Samples re pak ‘vere to maximize surface area ard then heated (o deivo off any adsorbed gas. Samples are then ‘exposed to methane at increasingly high pressure wile held at a constr temperature. The volume of gas adsorbed by tho roek samplo, prosonted ‘n units of stadasd evbie footton (Seton), is sero by a Langan thor eure nn Onco an isotherm is established, the storage capacity of the rock ean be determined by refer- encing the pore pressure othe formation, whichis representative of to in sity reserie pressure. Enginoers ase the Langrirfsothors frome care data to compute the adsorbed gas from log derived T0C data. They compute free gas lunes from logderved effective porosity ad gas satu ration, after subtracting the computed pore ume oocupied by the adsorbed gs, Pr cmluation requires geochemical and petropt cal input inetuing elay content an type, ma density formation water and bound water 1 ‘iste, affective porslty and gas saturation ‘Thermal maturity Thermal maturity | function of depositional history. AS keroge ‘exposed 10 progressively higher temperat ‘over time, vitrinto—eellvall materia ‘woody plant tissue preserved inthe rock —un oes imewerible alteration and dove Increased rollectance, ‘Tho measurement ite reflectance (R,) was originally de oped to rank coal maturity. ‘Ry is determined by microscope meas ments ofthe reflectivity of af Least 90 gain itrinte from a roek sample: Values ype ‘ange ftom OX to 8% Moasuroments in exces 1.5% aze a. sign of dry gas-generating so ca past indleator fr gas shales, ran of 06% to 08% indleat ol and rangos of 0. 1.18 indicate wot gas. Initial, ol and con sate wore oonsidered negative indicators ‘Shale development bwrver, some operators i ‘nad sneoes proscing ot) and condensate i shale and lower Ry values can be consdere sitive indicator in these cases. A reflect value below 0.6 i indativ of kerogen tha immature, not having been exposed to sufi thecal conditions over adequate time fr « version ofthe organi material to tydtocarbo es * Cag tri sens ape wl stl — sree 4 ite a} heen Et 3 Z Sw - : Gasca stor q ae aq 5 a al : al ea Car pavoft)= | suneoee ce ae an eam 8 a a Twos. es ‘Langue isothe and gas storage bhottomfie flowing pressure dectines. “ city. The Langu isotherm (gold, oft s derived trom crushed rock samples and quantifies a rock's adsorb storage eapaeity. The Langmuir volume, (od line, is he theoretical int for gas adsorption at infin can be determined from tho plot. The Lingmuic pressure, A, (vorical blue lng) is the pressure aha the Langmuir volume. Using the Langmult isotherm ‘otal IP imagent; right for a spociic reservoir can be detarrined as a function of pressure. The total gasis the gas adsorbed to kerogen (gol) andi 26 storadin poras (blu). At ow prossure, adsorption is an ofactive gas storaga mochanism. As the pressure increasos, pore gas corraspondingly increases. Productty of most ofthe organic shale reservoirs being developed today is civen by volume of pre ges. Desorption becomes important as rossure. Storage capacty ata gwen prassue, oiiela Pormenbility—One of the most difienlt properties to quanti when characterizing shales is permoabiliy to gas, which ean range fromm 0001 to 0:9000001 mD. Permeability is 2 fonction of efiective porosity, hydrocarbon sat ration and mineralogy. Conventional reservis have permeabilities inthe hundeds of mllidar ies, several orders of magnitude greater chan ‘that observed in shales, Engineers measure por- reabilty of conventional rocks by forcing, id through cores and measuring the volume and rate of fluids a8 they pass through the sample. ‘Shale permeabilities inthe nanodaxey range pre ‘elude this conventional apprvach, ‘Trea dovolopod the TRA tight rock analy. ‘is pyrolysis tachnique to quantify ultralow per resbiliy in unconventional formations’ Ta dalton to permesbily, the TRA technique pro- vides bulk and grain denaity, total and effective porosity, water and hydrocarbon saturation, gas- Aled poosty, bound Iydeocarbon saturation and clay-bound water volume Reservar permeability can aso be estimated from short duration nittogeninjection falloit tests, These tests provdesysiem permeability and take into account not only the matrix permeability Dbutaso the infuence of natural fractuces, Minoralogy-—Shales can have eomplex mix: ‘ures ofminorls, and the relative concentrations of te constituents have the potential to make or Droaksa potential nesouroe play. Core samples can provide & wealth of information about the geo chemistry and minerlogy, but are limited t the specific location whore the saraple was retrieved Mineralogy is more often determined from poo physical data acquired ftom dowatole logging tools, which are calbrated to core data Petrophysical Date ‘The primary data used for petrophyseal analysis. of shale formations are the same as those used {or conventional reservotranalysis—gamma ry, resistivity, porosity and acoustio—vith he ad ton of neutron capture spectroscopy data Just ss conventional oll and gas wes have key indiew- ‘ors for production, shales with hydrocarbon pro Action potential display speciic characteristics ‘hat sot thom apart fom shales wih litle or no tential (above mihi), Petrophysical analysis of shales beans with ‘one ofthe most basic measurements: the gamma raylog. may provide ono ofthe firs indicators of the presence of onginictich shale, Organic raiter eommonly contains higher levels of nto rally geoung radleacitve materals—thoriam, Potassium and uraniam—than do conventional ‘Auurna 2011 Gamay we Rasiny ie Dey Foy iain a x NeoPa reste ‘Prospecting with exiting laguing data. Petrophysicists use conventions triple-combo logging date to identity potential organi shele deposits. The bot 50 fof this lg spans e conventional shele (sue shading). The ganna ray Track 1) reads (oss than 180 gAPL The rasisvty (Tack 2)is low and has ‘consstont valu, The density and neutron porosts [Track 3) are separated and exhibit litle variety. Compared with the conventional shal, the ‘organic shale section red sheding) has a higher gamma ray reading, higher ‘and variable resistivity values and higher density porosity, the neutron porosity nasa higher dagreo of varibil ‘The nautton porosity is eften lowor Inorganic shales bocause they nave a lower volume of bound water. reservoir minerals. Because they have a higher ‘concentration of organie matter than other sedl- smonta,organitich sholes often cxhihit gamma ay opunis in excess of 150 gAPL Petrophysicists use high gumma ray counts to Monty organic. rich shale formations; howover, somo formations ‘of Oretaceous, Mesovoie and Tertiary ag nay not spay this artifact, ‘Thiple-combotoostrings, such asthe Platform Expross infagrated wireline logging tool, provide resistvity and porosity measurements. They also provide petrophysleal characteristics to help log analssts iontify potontial gas-bearing shales, Pr instance, the resistivity measurements in ‘s-bearng shales aro usually higher than those ‘nurrounding shales tha have no gs potontia 1. Bead 88, Send Wand Boats "Deteeatan ‘Tt Cahn, al rane Cahn arpa Caan in Samant,” Ctege Stor, Tse, USA, ‘Dla eter and BAS Lars ea, gdb cen sie. cresleterrel NOK muthocsTO pet incest Det 22 { Anbeso Ri Harnse Riz Cae MAY ‘td Sonera Hon Pare-Sel Carano Sle Gin Pace Caeustons paper Se 18172 [sserted athe SPE Uncorveniona Ses Coven, Prtsbrgh, Punter USD Fabry 22,200. 8 Bojersertarance Porosity measurements also have distinct ‘characteristics in gas-bearing shales, In general, ‘conventional shales exhibie a uniform separation bebwrocn tho donsiyporestiy and neutron poras- ity measaroments. Organicrich shales with hydrocarbon production potential, howerec, coxhibit more variability, higher density porosity and Tower neutron porosy. This response is paraly a result of the presence of gas inthe roe, ‘veh lowers the Bydrogen index and the resul- Ing neutron porosity. A ower neutron porosity ‘may also oocur in organi shales because of the lower clay-mineral content in organic: shales compared with typical shales. ‘As forthe density porosity measurement, the constituent materials that make up shales gone ally have higher bak densities then those of co ‘yentonal reseivirroeks sock as sandstone oF Imestone In conteas, kerogen has a much Lower Dall density (2 gm?) than sandsione okie: stone, and is presence ean Tead toa higher eom puted porosity, Toaecurstely compute the density porosity of a shale, engineers must know the sain density ofthe rock in question, The grain density is primarily derived fom the BOS ele- ‘menial capture spectroscopy foal, The BCS too! alo provides kerogen estimation fr correcting ‘tho grain density. Pormation evaluation to characterize uncon- ventional reservoirs depends heavy on under standing the mineralogy of rocks, The charaeteration ean bo done by analysing cores, but this method is neither efiiont ror eost- fective over Tong depth intervals, Continuons measurements from logging tools suchas the CS tool provide elemental yields that lead othe est- tation of weight percent for various minerals ‘hat are common to organic shales ‘The primary outputs from the spectrosoony toot include silicon [Si], calcium (Cal, iron [Po sulfa (8) ttandur (7), gadolinium (Gd) ‘and potassium [K] Sohlumberger engineers use SpectroL.ith thology provessing of spectra from neutrorinduiced gamma ray spectroscopy tools to compute the mineralogy and geochemical data, Tey then calibrate SpectoLith outputs ‘with empirical relationships derived from an cxtonsivo core chemistry and mineralogy data- base, Matrix grain density can be determined fom these data and used forthe porosity com ‘putation, Cartan types and quantities of miner tals may indleate rocks that break or fracture nore easily og anelpsts uso this information to ‘identify intervals for placing both vertical and horizontal wellbores and initiating fydraulic facturing, Spectroscopy data can also be uoquired while dling using the BeoScope mul: {ifunetion Jogging while driling service ‘Along with mineralogy daia, spectroscopy moasurements provide information on elay types. Tneincors uso cay type to predict sensitivity to fracturing fui and to understand the fractuving ‘eharacterstles of the formation, Contact with ater will ezuse some clays tn swell, which inhib- its gas production and creates numerous opera- tional issues, Smeetite Is the most common ‘swelling ela. Fuld sensitivity may be interred ‘rom clay typing bu ests on coves from the res crv provide the most accurate information. ‘In adeition to iicatng uid sensitivity, lay ‘ypoisan indicator rocks tat are dete, thas do not fraaure easily. Ductile shales are more Likely to embed proppant, Other shale types may be brittle and are more easily fractured, The ‘presence of Hite is preferred for Rydraule fac- turing because it Is often indlative of brittle rocks that are not reactive with water. The pres- ‘enge of smectite usually indioats ductile clay. Acoustic measurements, especally those ‘that provide mechanical properties fer anisoto pic shale redla, are also a significant need for anderstanding the long-term productivity of shale gas wells, The Sonic Scanner acoustic searing platform provides dats that are wed ‘tn enhance mechanleal earth models and opt nie dling and stimulation, Nechunteal prop- ectlos that can be derived fom acoustic tols include bulk saodulus, Posson’s ratio, Young's ‘movilus, yold strength, shear modulus and compressive strength. These values are com puted fom compressional shear-and Stoney ‘wavo moasurements In highly laminated, agilieeous shales, the ‘Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are a fine tion of the orfentaton of the measarerent rela tive to that of the formation bedding planes ‘These anlsotcopie mechanical propetie intu- ‘ence the elosuzestressand therefore the hydra tie factate eight, Sonle Seamer data are used +o estimalo anisotrople mechanleal properties and thas provide arealisti determination ofthe In sis rock sresses. ‘When a lage atforenco ovcurs between the vertically and horizontally measured Young's moduli, the elosuze stress willbe higher than that in Sstrople weeks. Meso anisoteopte inter ‘vals are normally associtod with rock that have higher ely volume 2s well as with expandable ‘lays. These cly-rich rocks are poor candles {or both horizontal well placement and hydraulic fracture simulation. Stresses in these intervals will be higher, and it wll be more diicalt to rotaln fracture conductivity during production because the proppant is moze likely to embed ‘nto the ductile formation, Sonie porosity is another acoustle messure- rent that i beuecial in shale analysis, For shales, sonic porosity s usually much lower than roatron porosity. Tis isa function ofthe high clayound water volume thal is common in shales. When tho sonle porosity is much higher ‘han the neuron porosiy, is may indicate that fs, rather than wator, is present in the pore spaces, When the sonie and neutron porosity val- ‘sare sila the shale may be ol prone ‘og analysts. also use wireline borete image logs, such as those fom tho FMI fullbre forex tlon mierolmage too, to Wentify te presence of ntural and deilingindueed fractures and to define their orientation and concentration. Interpreters can detormine from these dats whether the natural fractures are closed (miner alized) or open. Engineers use this information so ‘optimize lateral placement ond select perore: tion ester locations along a horizontal wellbore ‘By analyzing diling induced fractares, thay can also infer ho stato of near-ellbore stresses. ‘Although thee are methods for acquiring pet- ropiysieal data In lateral wellbores, most wells ‘are dill vertieally and logged with full suite of tools prfor to ailing the lateral setion. Dat ‘ean be acquired using LND tools, which have tho aulded benefit of allowing directional drillers to optimally ioe to bit inso potential set spots ‘The geoVISION imaging-while-driling, service can provide vesstivity along with images for bed ding and fracture ierteation; the SonieScope multipole sonie while dling tool ean provide acnustie measurements ‘The measurements from these various tools ‘canbe combinedin an integrated display such 3 {he shale montage og provided by Schlumberger ‘The formation properties are presented using a ‘common platform, and geologists can directly compare the quality of the s00ks (next page). Free and adsorbed gas aro computed and pre sonted in ails of sefton, a common unit of mea sorement in. ooal mining operations. Some operators prefer adsorbed, free and total gs to be presented in Ben, Gas resouree concentra tion presented in a Bffsetion helps quantify the total potential or a prospective shale resent, ‘eld Review as ie Trower | 10S ereaniagl i ea Trio [tetas omy elon anton cae lan® gem? 20] |20% get 29] Shona anc Saren ‘Shale montage log. Water saturation and porosity ae computed from conventions resistivity Track 2) and porosity Track 3 logging tools. The ECS tool Provides mineralogy (rack 6) and mati density Treck 4 for improved porosity computation snd diferenbates TOC rom pores (pink sheding). The grain ‘density of te rocks con also be computed and use to correct the density porosity (Track). Data from care samples provide Langmuir isotherms for 938, ‘storage capacity and confirm computed data io ensure model-based outputs such as matrix and bulk density, water saturation, tata porosity nd TOC. Icicles, Tracks 4,6 and 7 are valid. Fuld saturations, corrected fr lithology, ar prosented in Track 8, Geoleget ee totel GIP, edsorbod gas and ree gas Track), to determine the potential forthe reser. Adora features o! the shale montage ag are tho numerical outputsin Tracks 4,6, and 8 which allow the geologist to reac valves erect trom the og For example, at XX ft the affective permecbilty red numbers, reck7)is 313 aD an the ‘cumulative free gas volume (blue numbers, Track) i 2 sefhon. In his interval, contrary to most organic sales, the gem ray (teck 1) sna a ‘9xces8 oF 150 gAPL tua 2011 ” ‘Tho integrated produc, ation to charac terizing the petrophysiesl and. geomechanical Droperties ofthe reser, hop engineers deter. tine the depth to land the lateral for horizontal, ring (below). Th preferred strategy sto di ‘in the minimum horizontal siress divecion, ‘which s perpendicular to the maxima horizon tal toss, Quality Rocks ‘Astudy in 2007 concluded that fewer than 908 of Barnett Shale wells would! bo profitable at com- ‘modity pricing levels that ested at that time.® “Much ofthe data wero tan fom wels that were completed smile operaters were stil leemnig how to properly exploit shales. Production log (PL) data trom sevoral Barnet Stale wells inl ‘ated that 90% ofthe perforations provided 70% ofthe total gss flow, and in some wells, 50% ofthe Perforations were at lowing at the time of log: ‘ing Taking into account all the basins, the PL, study showed that approximately 90% of pefora- tion clusters were not cotaibutng to prodtion, ‘Those statistics iustate that, when og dats are Jacking, cling blindly and hydraulically fretur- ‘ng geometrically staged intervals may not be the optimal strategy, ‘Lending the lateral. Characterizing the rasarvois a crucial ste in daveloping ges shale Prior to dilting, geologists and engineers should identify layers Uhat have superior oser- voir and geomechanies) characteristics, thon rll and complete within these high-quality Intervals, Shale resource plays typically cover lacge geographic aren and thoi log characteris fies may not change much laterally aaross the basin, Howoves, subile, and sometimes not so subile, lateral eterogenelty within these sxuences results in areas with characteristics that promote betor production and hyrraue fracture stimulation, These sweet spats inclade ones with high gas potentisl—good resorvait quality (RQ)—and those that can be optimally stimulated—aood completion quality (CQ). Geologists build detalled models to simulate the reservoir an attempt to identify he pats ofthe eserole with the bost RQ and OQ, These models an be refined as wells are drilled an more data become availabe Geologie features, especially naturally oocur- ring ftactures, infuence well produetiviy Knowledge of fracture density and oxienation and in situ stress properties ean help engineers ‘make decisions on woll placement and spacing, UR mes, sate rar oxi zai pani 2a 22x ut org the lateral elles on mars than petophysies and geochemisty. Key parameters tret contol competion ‘ual (C0), ‘modulus is mer ust be taken into account. The bulk modulus i one indcatr of £0. Rack of hig likely to possess ower clay content end therefore hve # lower closure stess along witha lowerpropeasty fr roppantambecment during production. This figure shows all patie, ‘against e projection of pool that only was the sinulation of tha toe seven more di ic structure and bulk modulus. Tho fist two-thirds ofthe lataral we nt ntorval. Th toe section isin ocks of lover buk modulus, which eve poorer producers. Not cutthan the rest ofthe lateral, production from ‘he lowe bulk modulus intervals wes fess than that from the setter quality ck. as woll as optimize a fracture stimulathon pro. stam, Conventional reservoirs ean be drained across long distances, but ecovery rom resouzee plays depends on optimal wol spacing and maxi- rmisng the fracture stimmlated volume. ‘The local ste regime Is important fr both ring and stimulation. Stresses long. the wellbore are a funetion of tectoni frees, depth ‘nd formation thickness In addition to changes "resulting fom previous slimlation and produe- ‘lon of nearby walls, For optimal wellbore stil ‘ty ding shouldbe oriented inthe rection of ‘minimum principal stress. I¢ Is important to ‘understand how the rosoroi, including existing natural fracture notwoeks, will react a8 itis stressed during deing, stimulation and produc tion, Changes in the rxervoir from production and induced stresses will indluenco stimulation ‘stage organtzaton, perforation placement and wel spacing decisions. This type of information an be quantified in geomechanical studies, Goomechanies isa branch of engineering that applies solid meehanies, mathernates and phys. fies to prediet how roeks respond te extoral forces.” Folowing the lead from mining and cli nginocring—dsciplines that have long used ‘omechanies to predict and avoid extatrophie consequenees—driling. and production engl neers are more frequently applying these con cepts to reservoir development, These practioas all for measuring and estimating sixesa and ‘examining how matorals respond to tess. regions initial stato of stress reslts fom its tectonic and sedimentary history. Stossee are also induced by a variety of processes cort- ‘mon to ollie operations, including te effects of drilling and changes infu pressure caused by injection and prodtion. Al ofthese effects can be simulated using SD and 4D earth noes, allowing engineers to predit behavior ofthe res. env in response to dling, sianlation and future produetion, Geophysics and engineers at Schlumberger ‘ayo built mechanical earth model inthe Pott selsmie-tosimulation software that integrates eta from ECLIPSE reservoir simulation soft ware. Enghneors use these models for well pan ning and to determine initial stress tates, 3By coupling the ECLIPSE SD shnulation with the VISAGE Modelo, geophysics can eraio a 4D model, which simulates changes in the magn tare and orientation of downhole stresses that Oot Review ‘Will Loge, Cores Cluster Ansss, Mechanical Eat del ‘Stare and Fouts ‘Geomachanics in wel design. The VISAGE Modolarusos seisme Gata (top ight), 30 modk data from woll logs and core Seismic Ierton ECLIPSE Dts, Propet Modeling with HRA Hetoropeneous Rock Analye'sPrecesting orion, riding ‘raat in the Pore program bowar of, bottom righ) and eft to construct a geomechanical madel thet includes present-day tzesses and mechanical properties (canter mento time can be added, croating 24D model. Changes in stresses affect eiling end impact the effectiveness ofthe simulations, which great influences productivity, ‘cecur ovr time (above), The fall production his- tory fora single well, multiple wells or an entie field can be simulated and visualized using the combination of BCLIPSE und VISAGE software. ‘The identification of potential driling time lation sn production hazards is anothor crucial blocs of information gleaned from seismic data, Existing faults can be espocally troublesome When an operator is hydzuuleally fracturing a shale interval. A faut can effectively dominate he fracture growth and redret al the energy of ths treatment into te fault sytem and out ofthe tangot zone. Subsequent frachre stages may grow into previously stimulated fats, adding litle to ‘the total stimulated volume. Faults also serve conduits that direct the hydra facta toat- ‘ments into zones that produce wate, which can otenlally il or rently reduoe gas produetion ‘Basod on knowledge gained from 30 years of Bameit Shale development, engineers have Tearned to account for several considerations ‘when developing resource plays. These Include Inoving the present-day maximom horizontal stress direction to determine optinal wellbore Alretion; quantifying natural fracture density, nature and orientation relative tothe maximum horizontal stress direction; having suffclent ‘knowledge of geomechanies to dasign comple ons that promote maximum hyétaulle factore surface area and compleity, and understanding the fracturetofracture interference from both ‘multiple stages and multiple well, Completion engineers must balance the cost of stimulation and dling against the addition of wells or tre ture stimulation stages. These decisions are srealy aided by the 3D and 4D models, Hyeraulle Fracturing ‘Sucoess in developing the Barnett Shale has boon attributed in part to the use of costetfective slickwater facturo treatments" Howeve,slick- wala Is rot tho only type of teatment utilized during dovelopment and may not be the coroct ‘uid ehotce for some shale ‘ypes:* Gelled, gss- assisted and hybrid fracture stimulations hae all, Deen tested in the Barnett Shale as wo asin other shale plays.” Thero i no single solution forall shale reser voles For instance, although sllekwater has been. sn effective technique inthe Barnott Shale, the Tower sand-carrying capacity of hose systems, 28 ‘compared with gelled systems, and the propen sity for proppant stting can limit Row capacity for induced fractures. The limited contactor loss of conductivity within the simulated area can, also cause produetion eats to plummet. 10 Berman A What's New n Exatn” Want ab ‘rina Novente IT mo P68 SNE itis ecassed Dette 9 2 li Wars Ban yan “Eaton Praaeto on Dts or atonal ets Oot Cue Sats” papor SPE 125, rend at the SPE Hons roe Uneanvorara Ces, Carfarene ane Bon The Weodont,eas, dine i218. 2. ‘Autumn 2011 12 Zook MO: Reservar Geanechonc, NewYork Ch Charge Univers Pos 20 1 ing E:T Yonrs of Gas Ste Fracting at ave Wa ewe?” par SE 55 pcorad the SPE Anne! Tochneal Coslernce a hbo, Forney Septonbar 1-72 20, 1 Siehuneracieg ie ar comaooe of sr an yo aly pera) ota tho Fieon roseuro when pao te od ‘troup eaul 15K retrnee pole carg hey fencers popprtarusod tan he rerwaiee reper 0 'AWicrossismi monitoring of muitile-stage hydra fracturing across a lataral, Analysis of ‘riovosvsmi data, a8 inthis SUmMAP hydraulic facture stimulation slagnostes presentation, can provide operators wth information cbout the eflotiveness of hydraulic facturing treatments. In tis beample vo stages were pumped from tha treating wal (od fine) wile monitored fram a scone ‘nal (gree tne vath location of geophones shown 8s groen cirlas). The fs tage {yellow dos) Utthe tow ofthe lateral crectes 9 complex facture network; however, the ond stage flue dts) ‘veriaps tho simulated volume from th fist stage. Tho thid and ith stages (red and magenta dts) ‘Sovelop complex fractures. Th fourth stage (cyan dot) hase preferentil erection thatleaves some ofthe fecmationuntouchod Iti imporant to identify hese venation in freeture quality to optimize {ure stmulaton designs, well placement and wel spacing, Tools suchas StimMAP LIVE realtime tniroseismic fracture monitoring service may alla complaton engineers the opportunity to adjust ‘operation dung the execution of tha jb to nprove the effectiveness ofthe weatmont ‘Fayeteuill Shale, Arkoma basin, Southwastarn Enorgy developed a Fayetavile Shel play located jnnorth central Arkorsas, USA, The company acreage (rad box) includes formations with complex ‘structure as arasult of regional fing and upit. 0 Another concern with slickwater fracturing is shale ld sensitivity becuse some clay types have a tendency to swell when they come into contact with water, ss and foam Aids seem to fer an doa alternative to sliekwater and gelled stems; however, they are not extensively used ‘ecanse of thelr higher cost, nied avalbility and the fact that they aro traditionally deployed for small jobs. Tho conundrum faced by opera {orsisto find the best system forthe spotie shale ‘sll minimizing the expense of trial and erro.” Recently scientists at the Schlumberger ‘Novasbizek Technology Center in Russia dovel ped a novel approach to hydraulic facture design The HIWAY Now

    S-ar putea să vă placă și