SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus, Sogod, Southern Leyte

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of MEARACT

___________________________________________________________________

SAFETY MANAGEMENT

OVERVIEW AND BASIC SAFETY PROCEDURES

BUCATCAT, JAYPEE L.
ASIDILLO, MICHAEL R.

S.Y 2017-2018
 I. Introduction

Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is
reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing
process of hazard identification and risk management. Safety management system
(SMS) is a comprehensive management system designed to manage safety
elements in the workplace. It includes policy, objectives, plans, procedures,
organization, responsibilities and other measures. The SMS is used in industries that
manage significant safety risks, including aviation, petroleum, chemical, electricity
generation and others. Safety management, safety can be defined as the reduction
of risk to a level that is as low as is reasonably practicable.

An SMS provides a systematic way to identify hazards and control risks while
maintaining assurance that these risk controls are effective. SMS can be defined as a
businesslike approach to safety. It is a systematic, explicit and comprehensive process
for managing safety risks. As with all management systems, a safety management
system provides for goal setting, planning, and measuring performance. A safety
management system is woven into the fabric of an organization. It becomes part of the
culture, the way people do their jobs. There is an implied moral obligation placed on
an employer to ensure that work activities and the place of work to be safe, there are
legislative requirements defined in just about every jurisdiction on how this is to be
achieved and there is a substantial body of research which shows that effective safety
management (which is the reduction of risk in the workplace) can reduce the financial
exposure of an organization by reducing direct and indirect costs associated with
accident and incidents.

A SMS is intended to act as a framework to allow an organization, as a

minimum, to meet its legal obligations under occupational safety and health law. The
structure of a SMS is generally speaking, not of itself a legal requirement but it is an
extremely effective tool to organize the myriad aspects of occupational safety and
health (OSH) that can exist within an organization, often to meet standards which
exceed the minimum legal requirement.
 An SMS is only as good as its implementation – effective safety management
means that organizations need to ensure they are looking at all the risks within the
organization as a single system, rather than having multiple, competing, ‘Safety
Management Silos.’[5] If safety is not seen holistically, it can interfere with the
prioritization of improvements or even result in safety issues being missed. For
example, after an explosion in March 2005 at BP's Texas City Refinery (BP) the
investigation concluded that the company had put too much emphasis on personal
safety thus ignoring the safety of their processes. The antidote to such silo thinking is
the proper evaluation of all risks, a key aspect of an effective SMS.
 II. Body

A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary

organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures.

The Four Components of Safety Management System (SMS) are first is the
Policy Objectives where the management commitment and responsibility, safety
accountability of managers, appointment of key safety personnel, SMS
implementation plan, coordination of the emergency response and system
documentation are in. Second is Risk Management under this are hazard identification
processes, risk assessment and mitigation processes and internal Safety
Investigations, third is Safety Assurance where the safety performance monitoring and
measurement, the management of change and continuous improvement of the safety
system are under and last is Policy Objectives under with it are training and education,
safety Communication and just culture.

Since there are many models to choose from to outline the basic components
of a safety management system, the one chosen here is the international standard
promoted by the International Labor Organization (ILO). In the ILO document, the
safety management basic components are policy, organizing, planning and
implementation, evaluation and action for improvement. Although other SMS models
use different terminology, the process and workflow for safety management systems
are usually similar; Policy establish within policy statements what the requirements are
for the organization in terms of resources, defining management commitment and
defining OSH targets. Organizing is how the organization is structured, where
responsibilities and accountabilities are defined, who reports to who and who is
responsible for what. planning and Implementation – What legislation and standards
apply to our organization, what OSH objectives are defined and how are these
reviews, hazard prevention and the assessment and management of risk. Evaluation
is how OSH performance measured and assessed, what are the processes for the
reporting of accidents and incidents and for the investigation of accidents and what
internal and external audit processes are in place to review the system. And action for
Improvement are how preventative and corrective actions managed and what
processes are in place to ensure the continual improvement process. There is a
significant amount of detail within each of these sections and these should be
examined in detail from the ILO-OSH Guidelines document.

A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary

organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures.

Traditional approach is an accident prevention. It Focus on outcomes (causes),

unsafe acts by operational personnel, attach blame/punish for failures to “perform
safely, address identified safety concern exclusively and Identifies what, who, where,
when and how. The organizational accident consist of organizational processes, latent
conditions, defences, active failures and workplace conditions.

The management commitment and responsibility of senior management are to

develop the safety policy, signed by the accountable executive, in accordance to
national and international standards and organizational priorities, communicate, with
visible endorsement, the safety policy to all staff, provide necessary human and
financial resources. The accountable executive must have full authority for human
resources issues, authority for major financial issues, direct responsibility for the
conduct of the organization’s affairs, final authority over operations under certificate,
and final responsibility for all safety issues. Responsible manager or supervisor or
equipment custodian assigns an authorized worker to conduct a hazard analysis.
The worker must be a competent person familiar with the equipment and work
scope. Authorized worker reviews the scope of work and affected machine,
equipment, or system, work areas must be kept clean and free of obstructions and
access to emergency equipment or exits must never be blocked. Authorized worker
in consultation with building or area manager, if necessary and evaluates the work
environment for potentially hazardous combinations.

One culture in management system is the positive culture. Five kinds of positive
culture are flexible culture where people can adapt organizational processes when
facing high temporary operations or certain kinds of danger, shifting from the
conventional hierarchical mode to a flatter mode, learning culture where people have
the willingness and the competence to draw conclusions from safety information
systems and the will to implement major reforms, just culture people are encouraged
(even rewarded) for providing essential safety-related information. However, there is
a clear line that differentiates between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour,
informed culture where people are knowledgeable about the human, technical,
organizational and environmental factors that determine the safety of the system as a
whole and lastly is reporting culture where people are prepared to report their errors
and experiences.

There are three organizational culture types. First is the pathological which
hides the information, the messengers are shouted, the responsibilities are shirked,
reports are discouraged, failures are covered up, new ideas are crushed and the result
of this kind of organization is conflict. The bureaucratic which restraint or ignored the
information, the messengers are tolerated, the responsibilities are boxed, reports are
allowed, failures are merciful, new ideas are problematic and the result of this kind of
organization is red tape. The third and last is generative which sought the information,
the messengers are trained, the responsibilities are shared, reports are rewarded,
failures are scrutinized, new ideas are welcomed and the result of this kind of
organization is reliable.

Safety procedures in high risk activities are hazard identification, the first step
in Safety Risk Management is to identify hazards that the organization faces in its
operational environment risk assessment where each identified hazard undergoes a
risk assessment to determine its potential consequences, risk control is a technique
that utilizes findings from risk assessments and implementing changes to reduce risk
in these areas. Equipment and chemicals must be stored properly. Identifies all
energy sources (electrical, mechanical, thermal, potential, pneumatic, hydraulic,
chemical, and radiological, et cetera). Determines if any energy sources are
hazardous. If the value of the hazardous energy falls in the “Evaluate Hazard and
Consider Lockout” column, lockout should be used if the authorized worker
determines that lockout is warranted based on an evaluation of all hazards, including
secondary hazards and combined hazards, associated with the work scope and
equipment or system conditions; otherwise lockout is not required. If the value falls in
the “Lockout required” column, lockout is required. For energy types without an
explicit value, consults additional applicable resources to make a determination
(such as information in this document and relevant ESH Manual chapters, and the
control of hazardous energy (CoHE) program manager, responsible directorate ESH
coordinator, safety officer, and subject matter experts. Wastes must be placed in
appropriate, labeled containers. Evaluates each task including setup, installation,
removal, adjusting, cleaning, troubleshooting, and programming to analyze for
hazards.

There are four basic steps in conducting a task hazard analysis. First is
selecting the task to be analyzed, next is breaking the task into steps then identifying
potential hazards and ask yourself questions such as can any body part get caught
in or between objects, do tools, machines or equipment present any hazards and
can a person make harmful contact with objects. And last is determining preventative
measures.

There are five method you can use to identify workplace hazards these are,
informal observation and formal observation programs, comprehensive company
wide-surveys, individual interviews, walk-around inspections and, documentation
review

There are a number of industry sectors worldwide which have recognized the
benefits of effective safety management. The regulatory authorities for these industries
have developed safety management systems specific to their own industries and
requirements, often backed up by regulation. Below are examples from different
industry sectors from a number of varied worldwide locations.

The International Civil Aviation Organization has recommended that all aviation
authorities implement SMS regulatory structures. ICAO has provided resources to
assist with implementation, including the ICAO Safety Management Manual. Unlike
the traditional occupational safety focus of SMS, the ICAO focus is to use SMS for
managing aviation safety.

The ICAO High-level Safety Conference 2010 recommendation 2/5 proposed

the development of a new Annex (19) dedicated to Safety Management. The Annex
was published in February 2013 and entered into force on November 14, 2013. The
benefits identified of this approach included, Address safety risks proactively, Manage
and support strategic regulatory and infrastructure developments, Re-enforce the role
played by the State in managing safety at the State level, in coordination with service
providers, Stress the concept of overall safety performance in all domains. The United
States has introduced SMS for airports through an advisory circular and other
guidance.
 The United States announced at the 2008 EASA/FAA/TC International Safety
Conference that they would be developing regulations to implement SMS for repair
stations, air carriers, and manufacturers. The FAA formed a rulemaking committee to
address the implementation (known as the SMS ARC). The SMS ARC reported its
findings to the FAA on March 31, 2010. The Report recognizes that many of the
elements of SMS already exist in the U.S. regulations, but that some elements do not
yet exist. A draft of what the US SMS rule might look like was proposed by one trade
association that participated in the ARC. Currently, the FAA is supporting voluntary
pilot projects for SMS.

The Federal Aviation Administration has also required that all FAA services and
offices adopt a common Aviation Safety (AVS) Safety Management System
(AVSSMS). This is what ICAO calls a State Safety Program (SSP). The Federal
Aviation Administration published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for the
establishment of SMS for air carriers. That NPRM explains that it is intended to serve
as the foundation for rules that would later be applied to Part 135 operators, Part 145
repair stations and Part 21 manufacturers. Id. Several U.S. trade associations filed
comments in response to the air carrier NPRM, including the Aviation Suppliers
Association (ASA) comments in response to the SMS NPRM. And the Modification
and Replacement Parts Association (MARPA).Among these comments were
arguments for developing separate SMS regulations for other certificate holders, in
order to make sure that SM remains a usable tool for advancing safety (rather than a
uniform but useless paperwork exercise). In addition, the Federal Aviation
Administration has also filed a NPRM for SMS for airports, which would be separate
from the rules for SMS for air carriers (consistent with the arguments of the trade
associations). The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) began the process of
implementing Safety Management System (SMS) regulations by issuing Terms of
Reference (TOR) on July 18, 2011.That was followed by a Notice of Proposed
Amendment (NPA) issued on January 21, 2013.
III. Conclusion
IV. References
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^ "System Approach for Safety Oversight" (PDF). SASO Outreach. Spring 2009.
Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2010. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
^ Transport Canada publication TP 13739 Archived June 16, 2008, at the Wayback
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^ "ILO-OSH 2001 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management
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^ Evans, Andy; Parker, John (May 2008). "Safety Management Systems" (PDF).
Beyond Safety Management Systems. AeroSafety World. pp. 12–17.
^ a b Baker, James A (January 2007). "Report of the BP US Refineries Independent
Safety Review Panel" (PDF).
^ "Safety Management". ICAO.
^ "Safety Management Manual" (PDF). ICAO. 2013.
^ Annex 19 (Safety Management Systems) Executive Summary Archived December
10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Introduction to Safety Management Systems for Airport Operators". Advisory
Circular 150/5200-37. 28 February 2007.
^ a b "Safety Management Systems". FAA.
^ http://pmaparts.wordpress.com/2010/02/17/can-you-implement-a-sms-program
Blog Entry on the SMS ARC Progress: Can You Implement a SMS Program?
^ Safety Management Systems Aviation Rulemaking Committee, Final Report
^ http://pmaparts.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/a-possible-look-for-sms-regulations/
Draft Part 195 (Safety Management Systems).
^ "Safety Management System, The Future of AFS Oversight" (PDF). FAA. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-11-05/pdf/2010-28050.pdf Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking: Safety Management Systems for Part 121 Certificate
Holders, 75 Fed. Reg. 68224 (November 5, 2010).
^
http://www.aviationsuppliers.org/ASA/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000572/2
011-03-07%20ASA%20SMS%20NPRM%20Comments.pdf
^ http://pmaparts.org/gvt/2011-03-07_MARPA_SMS_NPRM_Comments.pdf
MARPA's Comments in response to the SMS NPRM.
^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-10-07/pdf/2010-25338.pdf Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking: Safety Management System for Certificated Airports, 75 Fed.
Reg. 62008 (October 7, 2010).
^ http://pmaparts.wordpress.com/2011/07/28/easa-begins-the-process-of-
implementing-sms-rules/ See Dickstein, EASA Begins the Process of Implementing
SMS Rules (July 28, 2011).
^ http://aviationsuppliers.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/european-sms-proposal-will-
likely-affect-distributors/ See Dickstein, European SMS Proposal Will Likely Affect
Distributors (January 21, 2013).
^ http://hub.easa.europa.eu/crt/docs/viewnpa/id_199 See Notice of Proposed
Amendment (NPA) 2013-01 (Jan 21, 2013).
^ http://aviationsuppliers.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/european-sms-proposal-will-
likely-affect-distributors/ See Dickstein, European SMS Proposal Will Likely Affect
Distributors (January 21, 2013) (discussing the potential effect of the rule on aircraft
parts distributors).
^ http://www.imo.org/humanelement/mainframe.asp?topic_id=287[permanent dead
link] International Safety Management (ISM) Code 2002.