4S : 2720 (Part Vi) - 1972 ( Reatfirmed 2011) Indian Standard METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS PART Vi DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS ( First Revision ) Fifth Reprint AUGUST 1993 UDC 624131434 © Copyright 1972 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAPAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Gr3 July 19721512720 ( Part V1)~ Indian Standard METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS PART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS (First Revision) Soil Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 23, Chairmen Repreetg Pro Diszex Moma Cantral Building Research Tauitute (CSIR), ‘Roorkee Memes Suns D.R. Nawasans (dlterate to ‘Prof Dieesh Mobs) ‘Sim 5) Grea ( Alteate} Sear BBL. BaateaoaR . Trrigation & Power Research Tostitate, Area Pe G8, Duos Testa Crotecnical Sexier, New Deh 8. Dock lian Favttute of Technology. New Detb ‘Suni $. RCs (Alternate Jeux? Dinscron Restanct (FE), Railway Board (Ministry of Railways) RDS Engineer-in-Chief"s Beanch, Army Headquasters ikamanaza (Aitenete P. Karns ‘Central Board of Irigation & Power, New D: ShriG, Kesecaeewaw ‘odio Foundation Engineering Led, ond Plazarat & ‘Co, lortny Sum A, H Devaar ( Attest Swen 0. P.Alarnorna Public Warks Department, Government of Punjab Skat St. A. Meare Concrete Amociation of Iedia, Boeabey ‘Suur'F M. Maxow (Aitrate) | Gantiaed om page?) BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002Boprseting Central Water & Power Comision, New Delhi ‘Sani T. h. Natanadan Cengal Road Research Irtitute (CSIR jy New Sum RavixoeR Law Nasional Bullings Orgaiaasion, ew Deth ‘Shai 5-H. Baracnawoaxt ( Abra) Reaeancn Orica aiding & Roads Rexarch Laboratory, Public ‘Works Departments Government of Punjab Reweascn Orricen Engineering Research Laboratery, Hydorabaa Da Saunaee Puaxase University of Rourkee, Ractkee Sum HD. Suansce, Ieigation Rewearch Inattute, Rooek Sam SN. Sema Rous Wiog { Miaincy of Soappiog & Transport) "Skint A. S. Biexxos ( Atrate) Surmniwrepine Eso Concrete & Soil Revearch Laboratory, Public Works \Puaxvive ano Desius Grrcur) Department, Government of Tarnil Nadu Exscorve Ewotenes (ixcwanog, SL Mecwawies &. Raemancse Divinion) ( Atenaie) ‘Sune. G Swamisarnace Tnativaton of Rogineers (Toda), Calcutta Stunt H.C. Vasa All Todia'Tomtraments Manutacwrers & Dealers ‘Amociation, Bombay Syms. Tasrape (dtr) ‘SumrHtG. Vi Public Works Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh ‘Smut D. C. Cuaronymor ( Alierste Smar D. Asiwa Sita, Ditector General, 181 { Brgfcie Menter) ‘Director ( Cwv Engg ) Secraary San: G. Rana Deputy Director ( Civ Engg} Procedures and Equipment Subcommittee, BDG 23:3 Prov Aram Stwowt University of Jodbpur, Joébpur DRR.K. Cental Read Research Inuitate (CSIR), New T.N. Baanoara ‘Ronde Wing { Ministry of Shipping & Transport ) ‘SHEA. 8. Distr (Alternate) Swat RL Dewan ‘hae. Toaitate of Hydraulic & Allied Researcd, ‘khagsl, Paton ‘shes HK, Goma Geologist Syadicate Private Led, Caleutea ‘DuREN, N. BUATEACHARTYA erase) {Cantina 08 page 12)008 V8 5000 8s 2720 ( Pare VI) +1972 Indian Standard METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS PART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS ( First Revision) ® FOREWORD 0.1 ‘This Indian Standard ( Part VI) ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 25 February 1972, after the draft finalized by the Soil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. 0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination of different characteristics of soils and also for facilitating a comparative study of the results, the Indian Standards Institution is bringing out this ‘Indian Standard methods of test for soils’ (18 :2720) which is being published in parts, Thirty-three parts of this series have been published s0 far. ©.3 This part, first published in 1964, deals with the methods of test for the determination of shrinkage factors for soils. Factors, auch as the shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, shrinkage index and volumetric shrinkage may be etermined from the results of the test described. ‘The method for determining the value of linear shrinkage on. the basis of results of test conducted for obtaining the shrinkage limit has been found unsatisfactory and a direct method for determining this property has been covered in 18:2720 (Part XX)-1966", Hence reference to linear shrinkage has bbeen deleted from this revision. As weight measurements can be made than volume measurements, the former method has been specified in this revision for the determination of the volume of the soil pat. The inside edge of the shrinkage dish has been rounded so that air entrapped during the measurement of the volume of the pat is minimized. it_has been recognized that shrinkage upon drying is also e of the structure Of the soil. The greater the shrithage the persed the streture, It is possible, therefore, to study the cructures In this revision the term shrinkage limit 3s been introduced to define this property and a method included for its determination. Consequently, the term originally known as shrinkage limit has been redesignated as shrinkage limit (remoulded soil) ‘Methods of tex for sols: Part XX Determination of linear shrinkage. 3“asia720( Pare VA) 1972-0" 0.4 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to. international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing Jn different countries in addition to relating it to the practices inthe field in this country. G5 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed _o= calculated, is to be rounded ‘ff, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. 1, SCOPE 1.1 This standard ( Part VI) lays down the method of test for obtaining data from which the shrinkage factors, namely shrinkage limit (remoulded soil), shrinkage limit (undisturbed soil), shrinkage ratio, shrinkage index and volumetric shrinkage of soils may be calculated. 2. TERMINOLOGY 2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply. Bor defaitinnn’ of trast soe given below, rektenss sony bv mate © 18 :2809-1972¢. 21 Shrinkage Index (Ie) —~The numerical difference between the plastic limit an shtnkage oait (remoutded sll) news 212 Shoinkage Limit ( Undisturbed Seit) (ten )—The maximum water content expressed as percentage of oven-dry weight at which any further reduction in water content will not cause a decrease in volume of the soil mass, the soil mass being initially of sol in its undisturbed state. 2.13 Stage Lint (Renal Sl), (m,) = The marin wrier content e as percentage of oven-dry weight at which any. Feduction i water content will not cause a decrease in volume ofthe oi ‘mass, the soil mass being prepared initially from remoulded soil. 2A Shrinkoge Reto (R)—The ratio of a given volume change, exprened asa percentage of the dry volume, tothe corresponding change in warer content above the appropriate shrinkage limit, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dried s¢ 2.1.5 Volumetric Shrinkage ( Volumetric )(Vs)—‘The decrease in volume, expressed as a percentage of the soil mass when dried, of a soil mass when the water content is reduced from a given percentage to the appropriate shrinkage limit. “Rules for rounding off eurmerical val Glouary of terms snd gyznbots relat (recised)- 0 Soll engineering (ist rvsion). 4SARDAR 1812720( Part VI)-1972 3. APPARATUS, 3.1 Evaporating Dish — two, porcelain, about 12 cm in diameter with 2 pour out and Nat bottom, the diameter of flat bottom, being not less than 55 mm or an enamel iron tray with pour out. 3.2 Spatala—fiexible, with the blade about 8 cm long and 2 cm wide. 33 Shrinkage Dish—circulac, porcelain or noncorroding metal dish inert to mercury having a flat bottom and 45 mm in diameter and 15 mm height internally. The internal corner between the bottom and the ve ides shail be rounded into a smooth concave curve. 3.4 Straight Edge — steel, about 15 em in length. 3.5 Glass Cap —50 to 55 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height, the top rim of which is ground smootl and level. 3.6 Glase Plates — two, each 73 x 75 mm, 3 mm thick. One plate IL be of plain glass and the other shall have three metal prongs inert vo mercury tore Fige 1) “> rome - son, EFORE AFTER SHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE DETAIL OF Lass. METHOD OF oBrANIG ee alta BhoSs ‘isrUaceo” Sewcum All dimensions in milinetres. Fio, 1 Avparates ror Dereramano Vouuwermic CHanor 518 :2720( Part VI)-1972 3.7 Oven— thermostatically controlled to maintain the temperature between 105 and 110°C, with interior of nom-corroding material. 3.8 Sieve — 425-micron IS Sieves. 39 Balances — sensitive to 0"1 g and 0-01 g (see 1S : 1433-1965" ). 3.10 Mercury — clean, sulficient to fll the glass cup to overflowing. 3.11 Desiccator —with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric acid. 4. SOIL SAMPLE FOR TEST 4.1 For Shrinkage Limi¢ ( Remoulded Soil ) Test (and Determi- nation of Other Allied Properties )—Take a sample weighing about 100 g from the thoroughly mixed portion of the material rassing the 425- micron IS Sieve which has been obtained in accordance with 1S: 2720 ( Part I )-1972t. 4.2 Shrinkage Index ( Undisturbed Soil) Test 4.2.1 Preserve the undisturbed soil sample received from the field in its undisturbed state, 4.2.2 Trim from the undisturbed soil sample soil pats approximately 45 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height. Round off their edges to pre~ vent the entrapment of air during mercury displacement. 5. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT ( REMOULDED SOIL) AND OTHER ALLIED PROPERTIES 5.1 Preparation of Soil Paste — Place about 30 g of the soil sample chained in a in the evaporating dish and thoroughly mix with distilled in an amount sulficient to Ail the soil voids completely and to make the soil pasty enough to be readily worked into the shrinkage dish without entrapping air bubbles. In the case of friable soils the amount of ‘water required to obtain the desired consistency i equal to or slightly eater than the liquid limit; in the case of plastic soils it may exceed the Fiquid limit by at such as 10 percent 5.2 Weight and Volume of the Shrinkage Dish— Determine the weight of the clean empty shrinkage dish and record. Determine the ‘capacity of the shrinkage dish in cubic centimetres, whichis alto the volume of the wet soil pat, by filling the shrinkage dish to overflowing ‘with mercury, removing the excess by pressing the plain glass plate firmly ‘over the top of the shrinkage dish in such a way that the plate is flush with the wp of the dish and no air is entrapped, weighing the mercury held in the shrinkage dish to an accuracy of 0 g and dividing this weight by the unit weight of mercury to obtain the volume. Record this volume as the volume of the wet soil pat, 7. ‘Specification for beam scales (rived). pinta often ori eae Preparation of ey sot samples lor varius toe 69 santa hare vip ciara 5.3 Filling the Shrinkage Dish—Coat the inside of the shrinkage dish with a thin layer of silicone grease or vavelice or some other heavy grease to prevent the adhesion of soil to the dish, Place in the Centre of the shrinkage dish an amount of the soil paste equal to about ‘one-third the volume of the shrinkage dish, and allow the paste to flow to the edges by tapping the shrinkage dish on a hrm suriace cushioned bby several layers of blotting paper, cubber sheet or similar material. Add an amount of the soil paste approximately equal to the first portion, and tap the shrinkage dish as before wntil the paste is thoroughly com= pacted and all included air has been brought to the surface. Add nore soil pase ‘and continue the tapping until the shrinkage dish is completely filled and excess soil paste stands out about its edge. Then strike off the excess soil paste with a straight edge, and wipe off all soil Adhering to the outside of the shrinkage dish. S.A Weigh immediately the shrinkage weight as the weight of the shrinkage dish and wet soil pat. Allow the soil pat to dry in air until the colour of the pat tuens fem dark to light. ‘oven-dry the pat in the shrinkage dish to constant weight at 105 to 110°C, cool in a desiccator and weigh irumediately after removal from the decease. Record the weight as he weight of shrinkage ish and dry soil. 5.5 Volume of the Dry Soil Pat — Determine the volume of the dry soil pat by removing the pat from the shrinkage dish and immersing it in the glass cup full of mercury in the manner given in 5.541. 5.5.1 Fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury and remoxe the excess mercury by pressing the glass plate with the three prongs (see Fig. |) firmly over the top of the cup, collecting the excess mercury in a suitable container, Carefully wipe off any mercury which may be adhering to the outside of the eup. Place the cup, filled thus with mereury, in the evaporating dish taking care not to spill any mercury from the sglass cup, and place the oveedried soil pat on the surface of the mercury ip the cup, ‘carefully foree the pat under the mercury by means of the glass plate with the same prongs (see Fig. 1) and press the plate firmly over the top of the cup, the displaced mercury beitg collected in the evaporating dish without spilling out of it. Care shail be taken to ensure that no air is trapped Under the soil pat. Weigh the mercury laced by the dry soil pat to an accuracy of Ot g and determine its dividing this weight by the unit weight of miereuty. Record this volume as the volume of the ovensdry soil pat, Ts. 6. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING SHRINKAGE LIMIT (UNDISTURBED SOUL) 6.1 Keep the specimen as prepared in 4.2 in a suitable small dist and 7ABHBHA] NATIONAI : / 18: 2720(Part Vi)-1972 airdry it. Then dry thespecimenin the dish to constant weight in an oven at 103 10 110°C. Remove the specimen from the oven and smoothen the fcges by sand papering. Brush off che soil dust from the specimen by a Soft paint brush. Place the specimen aj the cleaned dish and dry it in an oven to constant weight. Cool the over-dry specimen in a desiccator and weigh it withthe dish. "Determine the oven-dry weight of the specimen, He 2, Datermine the volume Vw ofthe oven-dry specimen of. a decribed 63 Determine the specific gravity of the soil in accordance with 15: 2720 ( Pare TIT )-1968*. 7, CALCULATIONS 7:1 Moisture Content (w) —Caleulate the moisture content of wet soil pat (zee 5 ) as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil as follows: where te = moisture content of the pat (see 5), W = weight of wet soil pat obtained by subtracting the weight of the shrinkage dish from the weight of the dish and wet pat, and 1¥, = weight of dry soil pat obtained by subtracting the weight of the shrinkage dish from the weight of the dish and dry pat. 72 Shrinkage Limit (Remoulded Soil) (w,)—Caleulate the shrinkage Limit using the following formul: inkage limit in percent, © = moisture content of wet soil pat (see 741) in percen., ¥ = volume of wet soil pat in mil, Vy = volume of dry soil pat in ml, and Wo = weight of oven-dry soil pat in g. [Nore — When the specific gravity of thesolisknown the shrinkage lit may aso ‘Methods of vest for soils: Pare HIT Determination of specific pravity. 8: . . O78 12720 ( Part V1) 1972 boecalculeted by the following formula (in this cate, sep indicated in SA is not eb) sy = shrinkage limit in percents ‘iw sheiokage catio (st 74 Je and G = speci gravity forthe fraction vad in the tet determined in accord= thee with HS "2720 (Part Ht }-1904%. 7.3 Shrinkage Index (J,)— Calculate the shrinkage index using the following formula: where haba where Jp = plasticity index [determined in accordance with 720 ( Part V)-1970t J. 74 Shrinkage Ratio (R)—Calculate the shrinkage ratio using the fihowing freies where W. = weight of oven-dry pat in g, and ¥, = volume of oven-dry soil pat in ml, 7.5 Volumetric Shrinkage ( Volumetric Change ) ( V,) — Calculate the volumetric shrinkage using the following formula: Vim (102 = ws) R where uy = given moisture content in percent, tw, = shrinkage limit (see 7.2), and R = shrinkage ratio (see 74). 76 Shrinkage Limit (Undisturbed Soil) (1a) —Caleulate the Zntuge inte (ndisturbed soll) ute the Ftlowing formate Cf emple rel in 6): wn (fab) 100 wees toy = shrinkage limit (undisturbed soil) in percent, “Methods of test for alle: Part III Deters gibt Te for sis "Part V Det rs reson) lion of specie gravity. ination ‘of liqurl and plantic limi 98 #2720(PareVi)-1972 0 Vax = volume of oven-dry specimen in ml (see 6.2), We = weight of oven-dry specimen in g (see 6.1), and G= specific gravity of soil determined in accordance with TS: 2720 ( Part 11L)-1964*. REPORT 8.1 The observations and results of the test shall be reported suitably. A recommended pro furma for the record of results is given in Appendix A. 2 The tests shall be repeated at least three times for each soil sample land the average of the results thus obtained reported. If any individual value varies from the average by more than # 2 percent, it shall be Glbcarded and the west repeated, ” APPENDIX A { Clause 8.1 ) PRO FORMA FOR RECORD OF TEST RESULTS Shritage Limit ( Romaal ded Sui) Project Laboratory numberof sample: Name ef work: Description of wl tarp: Soil ration taken forthe test Lacation Bore Trial Pit Depth Tea No, Determination No ] 2. Bhrntnge dink Ne 3. Weight of shrinkage dish in g 4. Wels srsbrintage veh 2 net salle ine 5. Wabte cHbriatage ah + dey | 6. Weight of Seen-dey soil pat Ca 7. Wekeb af water ia ¢ & MoSnwe coment (8) o€ it 19. Eeapaning disk No. (ish into "= Mfethods of vex Fr ail: Blling seinieage | TIT Determination of specific gravity. 10ee Given moisture content #, percent Cir pee 1b) Sirinkage Limit ( Uadistrbed Set) Project: Name of work: Location BoresTs 1. Dewrination No. Si Weight of diah + ov Weight o leary 4. Wager inhi So eGR a orn ct 6. Ersporating nb 3. Weigh of mercury Siopaced weigh oferaperat 8. Wel of capersting Wate of mre a eum free ary sot ae Si ay osteo ‘the specinen @ 1812720 ( Part VI)-1972NSE FF IS :2720( Part VI)-1972 ( Conianed fom page 2 ) Members Suar S. K, Gormart Sha S$. Jon Sunt 0. PU Mataorea 5, rae (Ata Devore Diexcrom (Crxrnas Sore Muciaxtes Rese nc Stare) { Alera) SuarD-R: Namauiant Central Building Research Instinate (CSIR), ‘Kooekee Suns G, 8. Jatw ( Altenate) Da V.'V. §)Rav. United Technical Consuttants Pvt Lad, New Delhi Suns K. Ke Gurea ( Atenetr) Public Works Department, Government of Unar ‘Sunt H.C, Veo Auvotinted lnstroment Mansfactorer (India) Prt ‘Lad, New Deibh Sane Mt, Bauioa ( Alterncte)BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS jahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI 110002 31 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksansthe (Common to atl offices } Telephones Central; Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31 NEW DELHI-110002 331 13 76 “Eastern; 1/14 GA.T. Scheme VII M. V. I. P. Road, 36.24.99 Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700084 Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C, Be CHANDIGARH 160038 31641 41 26 42 ‘Southern : C. |. T, Campus, MADRAS 600113 {ana 41291 ‘Western ; Manskalaya, £9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East), € 3292.98 BOMBAY 400093 Branch Offices: “Pushpak’ Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, 2.63.48 AHMEDABAD 380001 263 49 fPeanya industrial Area, tot Stage, Bangelore Tumkur Rod [38 49 85 BANGALORE 560058 38 4958 Gangotri Complex, Sth Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T.Nagar, «6 6718. BHOPAL 462003 Plot No. 82/83, Lewis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 751002 83827 53/5, Ward No. 28, R. G. Barua Road, 6th Byelene, an77 GUWAHATI 781003 5-8-56C L. N. Gupte Marg ( Nampally Station Road ), 231083 HYDERABAD 500001 R14 Yudhister Marg, © Scheme, JAIPUR 302005 3a 117/418 B Sarvodaya Neger, KANPUR 208005 [8292 Patliputra Industrial Estate. PATNA 800013 62305 T.C. No, 14/1421. University P.0.. Palayam 16.21 04 ‘TRIVANDRUM 695035 16.2117 Inspection Office (With Sate Point) : Pushpanjall, 1st Floor, 205-A West High Coun Road, 26171 ‘Shankar Nagar Square, NAGPUR 440010 Institution of Engineers (India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar, 6 2435 PUNE 411005 "Sales Office in Calcutta le at 5 Chowringhes Approse nesoe Steet, Calcutta 700078 “Salee Office In Bombay le at Novelty Chambers, Grant Rosi wos Bomivey 400097 ‘Salen Ofice In Bangalore 1 at Unity Building, Narasimharaje Scuare #8 3871 Bangalore $00008 Fisted ot times Praag Pees, Ooi nieAMENDMENT NO. 1 DECEMBER 1982 10 18: 2720 (Part Vi) -1972. METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS PART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS: ( First Revision } Alterations: (Pag 5, canes 3.4 to 36) — Subsite the (ollowing for the exit ting clauses and re-number the subsequent clauses «3 The evaporating dish, spatula, shrinkage dish, straight edge, glass cup, prong plate, plain place and measuring cylinder shall conform to 1S : 10077-1982*." ( Page 5, Fig. 1) — Delete. ( Page 8, clause 6.3; page 9, classe 7.2; wud page 10, clawre 7.6 ) — Sub- stitute * 1S : 2720( Part T11/See 2 j+1980* * for * 1S 2720( Part IIT )-1964*" wherever appearing, (Pages 8, 9 and 10, footnote with *# mark} — Substitute the following for the existing foot-note: “*Mfetbod of tet for voile: Part [11 Deter sma ned cuarte grained soils {feu eats } Addenda liom of specific gravity, Setion 2 Fine, ( Page 5) — Add the following foot-note at the bottom: “Specification for equipment far determination of shrinkage factor. (ape 3) ‘Printed wt Sinica rioting Prove, Oulb, Taala