INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
2394-9007
Vol. V, No. II, April 2018
Extraction, Isolation & Characterization of Natural
Dye from Kathanda (Tabernaemontanum Divericata)
& Vaola (Mangifera Macrophilla)
Anjumani Talukdar
Abstract— The Kathanda (Taernaemontanum divericata) and
Vaola (Mangifera macrophylla) are two common wild plants of
the North-East region of India. The former gives a brilliant red
colour from ripening fruits and seeds, the latter gives dark black
colour from their fruits.
The solvent extraction and investigation by UV-spectrometer,
IR-spectrometer and NMR-spectrometer revealed that both the
dyes are aliphatic in nature without any aromatic part. The
aliphatic brilliant red dye of Kathanda possesses high potentiality
as food colorant and in production of Abir used in festivals. The
aliphatic dark colour of Vaola is durable and can colour any type
of yarn, hence can be used in dying fabrics and fishing nets
Keywords: Natural dye, Synthetic Dye, Kathanda
(Taernaemontanum divericata), Vaola (Mangifera macrophylla),
Aliphatic, Aromatic.
I. INTRODUCTION
Human beings have a natural instinct of being attracted to
colour. Every individual has his/her own choice and liking for
colour. This has led to the discovery and prevalence of the art
of dyeing. There is a long history of the utilization of dyes
among different civilizations of the world. (1Gulrajani, M. L,
2001; 2Sachio Yoshioka; 2010 ). Natural dyes, dyestuff and
dyeing are as old as textile themselves. Man has always been
interested in colours; the art of dyeing has a long past and
many of the dyes go back into prehistory. However with the
discovery of synthetic dyes, the importance and use of herbal
dyes have diminished; though, still it is used by some rural
and tribal people, in their own traditional and cultural
festivals. Fortunately, recent world wide awareness about the
health hazards and environment depleting affecting capacity
of synthetic dyes have reopened the scope and potentialities of
the use of natural dyes.
A dye can generally be described as a colored substance
that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.
Natural dyes; dyestuff and dyeing are as old as textile
themselves. Natural dyes are less toxic, less polluting, less
health hazardous, non-carcinogenic and non-poisonous and
can be recycled after use.
Manuscript received on April, 2018.
Anjumani Talukdar, Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Gauhati
University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Due to scientific development in today’s world nowadays it is
seen that dyeing is a complex and specialized science. A
greater part of dyestuff is now produced from synthetic
compounds. This means that costs have been greatly reduced
and certain application and wear characteristics have been
greatly enhanced. This in turn has also reduced the usage of
natural dyes which have remained confined to use in
indigenous cultures. However with a recent consciousness
regarding the health hazards and environment depleting
affecting capacity of synthetic dyes, the scope and
potentialities of the use of natural dyes have been reopened.
Many researchers have worked on natural dyes and their
applications. Affect of dyes on environment (3Smith R and
Wagner S,1991) Isolation of colour components from native
dye-bearing plants in northeastern India (4Bhuyan, R and
Saikia C. N,2004) Extraction to study coloring potential of
different native plants (5Krishnamurthy K V 2002,6Adetuyi A.
O et.al, 2003, 7V P Kapoor et al,2007, 8Cindy Gimbert 2010,
9
Celia Wilson, 2010)
The present study is redirected towards investigating two
common wild plants of the North-East region of India
Kathanda (Taernaemontanum divericata) and Vaola
(Mangifera macrophylla), as a possible natural dye source.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
The objective of the present investigation is extraction and
characterization
1. The brilliant red dye present in the fruits of
Tabemaemontana divericata (L) (local name Assamese
Kathanda)
2. The brilliant black dye present in the fruits of Mangifera
macrophyla.
III. MATERIALS & METHODS
A. Plant Materials:
Taernaemontanum divericta is locally known as Kathanda. It
is a woody small tree with height ranging from one to two
meters. The outer fleshy part of the fruits looks brilliant red.
This part of the fruit was used for the extraction of the dye.
Both the aqueous and ethyl acetate extract of fruits of
Kathanda gives the red colour.
42
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. II, April 2018
The Mangifera macrophylla locally known as Vaola is a
medium size tree which is normally 5 to 6 metres in height.
The fruits are green in colour which on drying turn black. The
methanol extract of fruits of Vaola gives black colour.
Dry seeds of Tabernaemontana divericata (L) and
Mangifera macrophyla were collected from Bongaigaon,
Assam, India in the month of January 2016. Almost 12g of the
seeds were extracted by organic solvents.
ISSN No. 2394-9007
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Residue thus obtained was crude dye which was purified by
column chromatography with a 1:30 mixture of ethyl acetate
and petroleum ether as eluent.
The air dried fruits of Mangifera macrophyla were taken
in a conical flask. About 50 mL methanol is added. Now the
mixture was stirred by using a magnetic stirrer for 3 hours. By
using sintered glass crucible mixture was filtered and filtrate
was taken in a pre-weighted round bottom flask. The solvent
was removed with the help of a rotary vacuum evaporator.
Residue thus obtained was crude dye which was purified by
column chromatography with a 1:5 mixture of ethyl acetate
and petroleum ether as eluent
C. Experimental:
TABLE I: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RED DYE AND BLACK DYE

Fig. 1: Fruits of Kathanda

Fig. 2: Fruits of Vaola

B. Isolation:
The red colored fruits of Taernaemontanum divericta were
soaked overnight, and scrubbed with hands to bring the fleshy
part into water. The mixture was stirred well and filtered by
using a magnetic stirrer for 3 h. This was followed by
extraction of the filtrate with ethyl acetate. The organic part
was separated, dried over anhydrous Na 2SO4 followed by
removal of the solvent with the help of rotary vaccum
evaporator. Residue thus obtained was crude dye which was
purified by column chromatography with a 1:30 mixture of Fig. 3: UV-vis spectrum of Red dye in dichloromethane
ethyl acetate and petroleum ether as the eluent.
In the second procedure the air dried fruits were taken in a
conical flask. About 20 mL of ethyl acetate were added. The
mixture was then stirred by using a magnetic stirrer for 3 hr.
By using sintered glass crucible mixture was filtered and
filtrate was taken in a pre-weighted round bottom flask.

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Fig. 4: IR spectrum of Red dye Fig. 7: IR spectrum of Black dye (minor component A)

Fig. 8: IR spectrum of Black dye (minor component B)

Fig. 5: NMR spectrum of Red dye
IR (KBr Pellet, cm-1): 3440, 2920, 2842, 1837, 1739, 1685,
1636, 1603, 1538, 1459, 1386, 1351, 1111, 669, 581, 512

Fig. 9: IR spectrum of Black dye (major component C)

Fig. 6: UV-vis spectrum of Black dye in dichloromethane

Fig. 10: IR spectrum of Black dye (minor component D)

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IR (KBr Pellet, cm-1): 3421, 2920, 2852, 1596, 1459, 1352, The multiplet at 5.35 is indication of the presence of more
1278, 1175, 1027, 720 than one olefinic bond.
V. CONCLUSION
The use of synthetic dyes has brought a setback to the
traditional methods of dying from natural sources. But the
toxic effect of these dyes on personal and ecological health
has brought about a resurgence of natural dyes worldwide. In
this context the rich biodiversity of the North East India is a
natural home ground for different plants for the extraction of
natural dyes.
The kathanda and vaola are two such specific examples.
Both the dyes, red and black applied to cotton and synthetic
fibres. The colour of both dyes persists after washing with
water. The black and red dyes can be a product of interest for
Fig. 11: NMR spectrum of Black dye (major component C) commercial applications such as dyeing of fabrics, fishing net
TABLE II: SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF RED DYE AND BLACK etc. Both the dyes can utilized for manufacture of products
DYE (sindur,abir, alta) used for cultural and religious celebration.
UV- 1H
S. Na
Vis(λm IR(KBr pellet,cm-1) NMR(400MHz,CDCl3
Additionally, the red dye having a brilliant colour and being
No. me aliphatic in nature does possess high potentiality as food
ax) ,TMS)
1.85(t),1.24(unresolve colorant and this invites more attention and further
d m),1.60(unresolved investigation.
3400,2920,2861,1704,15 m),
Red
477 nm 90,1528,1454,1263, 2.99(unresolved
To conclude there is need for further research to identify
1. Dye and analyze the properties of other local dye yielding plants of
1194,1116,1042,856,738 m),2.02(s).2.31(m),4.1
,625 4(dd), this region.
4.30(dd),5.2-
5.4(complex m REFERENCES
.90(unresolved 1. Gulrajani, M. L. Present status of natural dyes. Indian J. Fibre
3437,2925,2854,1593,14 m),1.25(m),1.6(unreso Text. Res. 26; 2001:1 91–201.
73,1353, lved m),
2. 1250,1194,722,730 2.0(unresolved 2. Sachio Yoshioka. History of Japanese Colour: Traditional
Blac m),2.6(t),2.77(t),4.12( Natural Dyeing Methods Colour: Design & Creativity 5; 2010:
k - q), 4, 1–7.
Dye 5.35(unresolved
m),6.67(s) 3. Smith R and Wagner S (Dyes and the environment. Is natural
better? American Dyestuff Reporter.80, 32-43.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4. Bhuyan, R and Saikia C. N Isolation of colour components from
The red dye was extracted by two solvents- water and ethyl native dye-bearing plants in Northeastern India. Bio-resource
acetate. This indicates that the dye is polar in nature. Technology 96(3); 2004: 363-372.
A band at 1719 cm-1 in IR indicates the presence of 5. Krishnamurthy, K. V., Siva, R. and Senthil Kumar, T. Natural
carbonyl functionality. Presence of olefinic double bond is dye-yielding plants of Shervaroy Hills of Eastern Ghats. In
indicated by absorption at 1593 cm-1 Proceedings of National Seminar on the Conservation of the
No signal could be seen in aromatic region by 1H NMR. Eastern Ghats, 24–26; 2002:151–153.
An unresolved multiplet around δ 5.3 ppm indicates the
6. Adetuyi, A. O.; Popoola, A. V.; Lajide, L; Journal of Chemical
presence of olefinic double bond which is supported by IR Society of Nigeria; 28 (1), 2003: 34-39.
band at 1553 cm-1.
All the components of black dye show strong absorption 7. V. P. Kapoor, Development of natural dye based sindoor.
band around 1600cm-1. (A at 1556, B at 1603, C at 1553 and Natural Product Radiance. 7(1); 2008 22-29
D at 1596 cm-1). This indicates the presence of unsaturation in 8. Cindy Gimbert. Resurgence of Natural Dyes in the Cusco
the molecular structure. Region of Peru. Turkey Red Journal 16 (1); 2010.
In IR spectra none of the components shows any bond
9. Celia Wilson Thoughts on Local Colors and Pigments. Turkey
corresponding to carbonyl stretching thus indicating that Red Journal: A Journal Dedicated to Natural Dyes Spring, 15
carbonyl chromophore is absent. (2); 2010.
1
H NMR indicates that the dye should be aliphatic in
nature. There is no clear indication in favor of the presence of
aromatic systems.

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