Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS
Yusuke MITA
( it
(mita.y-gm@nhk.or.jp)
@ hk j )
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
T i
Topics
NHK circuit network
Digital Signal
Compression HD Signals
Digital Modulation
OPTICAL FIBER
Communication Satellite
other TRANSMISSION
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Receiving station
Helicopter 【HD】
QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
【SD】
FM (Analog
g Frequency
q y Modulation))
Microwave Truck
Fiber
Portable robotic camera Cable
NHK Head Quarter
Receiving station Broadcast Center
Microwave Truck
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Communication Satellite
Head Quarter
Stations
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
N
Necessity
it off C
Compression
i
HD-SDI Data Rate:1.485Gbps
In order to transmit or record within limited capacity,
compression of data is needed
needed.
CS: Restricted by the capacity of transponder.
L l
Lossless compression,
i Lossy
L compressioni
Lossless compression can not get enough
compression ratio what we need. (1/2 (1/2~1/5)
1/5)
In transmission of compression signal, lossy
compression is usually used.
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
P i t off compression
Point i
Rough level of quantization
A simple
p decreasing g of quantize
q bit level leads to
huge level degradation of video signal.
Video signal contains a lot of low-level frequency
components →flexible quantizing level
components.
Reference between previous frame and now
If no change
g detected, need not make signal.g
If something in the picture is moving , make signal
only difference between previous and now.
Image degradation due to compression
In High-level frequency-based picture, huge level
degradation occur.(mosquito noise)
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Di it l T
Digital Transmission
i i
MPEG2-TS(Transport Stream)
Video+Audio+Data
188 byte = 47 × 4
MPEG2
TSP
TSP
Header
ATM Cell
48 byte
53 byte
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
TS St
Structure
t
TS TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP
TS TS
HEADER TS PAYLOAD HEADER TS PAYLOAD
PES PES
PES PAYLOAD
Packet HEADER
ES ES
・ES(Elementary Stream)
Include element of video/audio signals.
・PES(Packetized Elementary Stream)
Variable-length-divided ES. (incl. time header)
・TS(Transport Stream)
Divided PES per 188bytes blocks.
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Video Decode!
PCR
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
C
Compatibility
tibilit off codec
d
Configuration of Eqipments
1.5Gbps
SMPTE292M
Compression DVB-S
SDI
TS
AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU
TC VITC 2F 10 80
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4
dB OVER dBdB OVER dBdB OVER dB dB OVER dB dB OVER dB VIDB DF 59 CONFI ON
01:23:45:06
0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 20
2 2 2 2
-10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 10 DURATION
-20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 0 01:23:45:06 76.9%
-1 -30 -10
-1 -30 -10-1 -30 -10 -1
-30 -10
-40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20
-10
-20 1 VID.IN PB/EE CONFI CTL/TC MENU TCGSET
-2 -2 -2
-60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40
-2
-40
SDI EE DISABL TC
L R L R L R L R L R
ARIB STD-B11
MPEG2
SMPTE292M
Digital Modulation
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
F t
Features off di
digital
it l transmission
t i i
Stable
S bl transmission
i i is
i capable
bl in
i case off
low S/N ratio.
Ki d off Digital
Kinds Di it l Modulation
M d l ti
ASK (A
(Amplitude
li d Shift
Shif Keying)
K i )
Modulation
Wave
Bitt
0 1 0 1 0
Information
ASK Signal
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
FSK (F
(Frequency Shif
Shift K
Keying)
i )
FSK Signal
g
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
PSK (Ph
(Phase Shif
Shift Keying)
K i )
PSK Signal
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
PSK (constellation)
( ll i )
・BPSK(Binary Phase Shift Keying )
・QPSK(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying )
・8PSK(
8PSK( 8-
8 Phase Shift Keying )
Q Q Q
Amplitude
振幅 (0,1,1)
(0,1,0)
(0,1) (0,0) (0,0,1)
Phase (1 0 0)
(1,0,0)
位相
I I I
1 0 (0,0,0)
(1,0,1)
(1,1) (1,0)
(
(1,1,0)
)
(1,1,1)
(a)
( ) BPSK ((b)
) QPSK ((c)
) 8PSK
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
APSK (A
(Amplitude
lit d Phase
Ph Shift Keying)
K i )
APSK Signal
Si l
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
APSK (A
(Amplitude
lit d Phase
Ph Shift Keying)
K i )
Q Q
I I
(a) (b)
APSK constellation (Hexadecimal-APSK)
Q Q Q
I I I
QAM constellation
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
OFDM
Multi-carrier modulation
A large
l number
b off closely-spaced
l l d
orthogonal sub-carriers are used to
carry data.
High resistance against Narrowband
interference and frequency-selective
fading due to multipath
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Configuration of Equipments
270Mbps
約1.5Gbps DVB-ASI
SMPTE292M
Compression DVB-S
SDI QAM-FPUは
QAM FPUは
ENC内蔵(外付けも可能)
TS
AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU AES/EBU
TC VITC 2F 10 80
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4
dB OVER dBdB OVER dBdB OVER dB dB OVER dB dB OVER dB VIDB DF 59 CONFI ON
01:23:45:06
0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 20
2 2 2 2
-10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 -10
1
10 10 DURATION
-20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 0 01:23:45:06 76.9%
-1 -30 -10
-1 -30 -10-1 -30 -10 -1
-30 -10
-40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20 -40 -20
-10
-20 1 VID.IN PB/EE CONFI CTL/TC MENU TCGSET
-2 -2 -2
-60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40 -60 -40
-2
-40
SDI EE DISABL TC
L R L R L R L R L R
ARIB STD-B11
MPEG2
SMPTE292M
DVB-ASI
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
T d In
Trend I the
th future
f t
H.264/AVC
H 264/AVC encoding
DVB-S2 modulation
DVB:Digital Video Broadcasting(Standard)
IP-packet transmission
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
OPTICAL FIBER
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Less attenuation
Wide bandwidth
Light weight
High noise resistibility
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
60Mbps
MUX MUX DeMUX
DE
MUX
20Gbps other
other (Multi (DeMulti
user
user Plexer) Plexer)
T
Types off fiber
fib optical
ti l cable
bl
Single mode fiber 5-15μm
O ti l Fiber
Optical Fib in
i the
th sea
1kg/m
A fiber in section
C
Connector
t T Types
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Communication satellite
(C S)
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Satellite locations
INTELSAT-4
INTELSAT-2
INTELSAT-8
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Need high
power
Need low
power
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
application
li ti
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Rain attenuation
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Sid Diversity
Side Di it
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
35MHz 18MHz
power
Frequency
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
DVB S2
DVB-S2
DVB-DSNG DVB-S2
convolutional
inner coding trellis code LDPC
viterbi
DVB S2
DVB-S2
DVB-DSNG HDTV HDTV
18MHz
36MHz
9MHz
36MHz
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
AUDIO
U O TRANSMISSION
S SS O
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Microwave transmission
Care the audio modulation level
(depends on the type of program, whether it’s a talk show, or a music
show etc.)
Needs fine direction adjustment both on transmitting
and receiving dishes
After tuning the direction of the transmitting dish, fix
on tight to firm structure
In some case, the reflection from water surface can
cause receiving power decrease
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Summary of
Dolby E multi-channel distribution system
Di
Diagram off DOLBY E system
t
M li l
Multiplexer D M li l
DeMultiplexer
AES AES
AES AES
AES AES
Video Video
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
SMPTE 302M
V:validity bits, U: user bits, C: channel status bits, P: additional framing bits
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
OPTICAL
O C TRANSMISSION
S SS O
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
DARK FIBERS
LOW COST
QUALITY OF THE CIRCUIT IS
DIFFICULT TO MONITOR
OPTICAL WAVELENGTH WILL BE AN
IMPORTANT FACTOR
OPTICAL FIBERS ARE MADE FOR
PARTICULAR WAVELENGTH
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
DARK FIBERS
LEASE OF OPTICAL FIBER
EQUIPMENTS(LIKE HOL-600) ARE
NECESSARY.
1.5GHz VIDEO TRANSMISION SERVICE
CARRIER CONTROLS THE TERMINAL(VSU)
DATA TRANSMISSION(MEGA LIVE
SERVICE)
TS TRANSMISSION SERVICE
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
T
Transmission
i i distance
di t
HDTV SDI (1.485Gbps≒1.5Gbps)
O ti l / Electrical
Optical El t i l convertion
ti
(1.5Gbps) Electric/Optical Converter
Electric
Signal
Cable equalizer ReClocker
METAL
CABLE
Optical
LD driver LD Signal
E/O Module
Optical/Electric Converter
PD Amplifier
Electric
Cable driver Signal
ReClocker
METAL
CABLE
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
IT IS ESTABLISHED IN INTERVALS OF
40km 100km
40km~100km
(DEPENDS ON ITS WAVELENGTH&POWER)
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
OPTICAL Amplifier
A lifi
EDFA(Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
Information transfer
ATM Cell Structure
Virtual Connections
Services
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
ITU T
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union
Union-Telecommunications
Telecommunications
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
I f
Information
ti Transfer
T f
・ scalable bandwidth from Mbps to Gbps
・ Th
The use off fi
fixed
d length
l th cells
ll ATM CELL
An ATM cell consists of a Header HEADER PAYLOAD
5byte 48byte
and Payload data
FIELD LENGHT
TDM transmission
ATM transmission
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
N t
Network
k Construction
C t ti
TS UNI
(DVB-ASI , ARIB) (STM-1 , STM-4 , DS3 , E3)
TS : Transport Stream
NIU : Network Interface Unit
UNI : User Network Interface
DSU : Digital Service Unit
CLAD : Cell Assembly and Disassembly
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
Vi t l C
Virtual Connections
ti
VP(Virtual Path)
VC(Virtual Channel)
NHK-CTI Training Material 2008
ATM Cell
C ll St
Structure
t
S i
Services
NTT MEGALIVE Service