3.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO BASED OVER

VOLTAGE RELAY

14
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO BASED OVER
VOLTAGE RELAY
Figure 3.0
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:
The main purpose of the device is to isolate the load from over voltage conditions
by controlling the relay tripping coil using a controller. The controller will compare
the supply voltage with the desired pre-set voltage and will operate the tripping coil
in the relay if the input voltage falls above the pre-set range of values. If the
voltage lies within the desired limits, the load is connected to the power supply.
E1lse, the relay isolates the load from the source and prevents damage.
(1) AC Input: This is the input supply from the public utility where the device will
be energized. It is also supplied directly to the relay contacts in the device which
connects the load to the supply when the supply is within 200V – 240V range.

(2) Step down transformer: It steps down the AC supply into 5v on the secondary
side. It is therefore a 230/5 v transformer. Any change in the primary reflects in
the secondary of the transformer. So any fluctuations in the input is also reflected
as a fluctuation in the output.

(3) Rectifier: A center tapped transformer, with four diodes for full wave
rectification is used to convert the ac voltage to a pulsating dc voltage followed by a
filter, comprising of a capacitor to filter out (smooth) the pulsation. After the
rectification and smoothening, a sample of the output voltage is fed to the Arduino.
This voltage is unregulated and therefore varies as the input mains voltage varies.
Since the system is to prevent against over voltage, the transformer was designed
and the windings were so selected for the device to be able to sense and withstand
input mains voltage up to 600Vac.

(4) Arduino: Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor,
a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating
a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. Arduino is the
controller used in this project. It compares the input fluctuations with the preset
value. If the fluctuations are within the limit then it makes the pin connected to
the relay high. This trips the relay

(5) Relay: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an

electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are
also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The relay here we use is a single pole relay which, upon being activated by
the Arduino makes under normal mains supply
16
voltage and brakes under abnormal mains supply voltage. Its rating is 5vdc, 230v
ac, 50 hz. 90millliamps.

(6) LCD Display: This displays the supply voltage as well as some information at
“switch on” or when the supply voltage is out of range of the desired pre-set range
of values. The LCD used is having a 2 x 16 display. The picture of the LCD is
shown in Figure.
Figure 3.1.1 17
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 4.0 18
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. OPERATION
The ac supply at our homes is usually 230 V. Due to the fluctuations in load, it
might vary. A tolerance of +2% is accepted. In case of increase in mains above 2%,
the load might get damaged. In order to avoid this, we developed over
voltage and over current relay. When the supply exceeds the specified
limit, the relay operates and isolates the load from the circuit. This rectifier
converts the ac supply to dc. A filter comprising of a capacitor is connected to
smoothen the pulsation. After the rectification and smoothening, a sample of the
output voltage is fed to the Arduino. This voltage is unregulated and therefore
varies as the input mains voltage varies. As the value of capacitance increases, the
ripple content decreases. The capacitor used in this circuit is 460 micro farads.
This is followed by a potential divider. The variable of the potential divider is
connected to the input of the Arduino. Arduino has five analog input pins and 13
digital output pins. It has an inbuilt analog- digital converter. So, five different
loads can be connectedat a time. The 13 th pin contains a LED. Arduino takes an
input voltage of 5-12 V and gives an output of 5 V or 3.3 V. A preset value with
tolerance is given to the Arduino. The Arduino compares the preset value with the
analog read value at A0. If it lies within the limit the relay does not operate. If it
doesn’t lie within the limits, the Arduino checks if it falls into inverse
characteristics or definite characteristics. The operating time for definite
characteristics is given as 5 seconds, ie it the relay operates after 5 sec of
occurrence of the fault. If it falls into inverse characteristics, the trip time is to be
calculated using the formula,
T=t/((v/vs)-1) -------------------- eq-5(1)
Where T= trip time
t=time multiplier setting
v=voltage at A0
Vs=source voltage
when the trip time reaches to zero, the relay is operated and the circuit is tripped. When operating in
the inverse characteristics loop or in the definite characteristics loop if the voltage comes back to the
limit, then the relay resets.
when the trip time reaches to zero, the relay is operated and the circuit is tripped.
When operating in the inverse characteristics loop or in the definite characteristics
loop if the voltage comes back to the limit, then the relay resets. 20
6. FLOW CHART
Figure

FLOW CHART DESCRIPTION

Initially we select the type of relay that is whether the relay is to be operated in
definite time characteristics or in inverse time characteristics. We put a switch for
the selection of the type of relay. If the switch is on then it operates as definite time
relay and if the switch is off it operates as inverse time relay. First let us consider
the case of definite time relay. As the name indicates, irrespective of the intensity
of magnitude of the voltage, the relay operates only after a specified time. Here the
specified time is 5 sec. First a range of voltage is set for the definite time
characteristics. If the supply voltage magnitude falls in this range, then the relay
trips after 5 sec. When the trip time (5 sec) become zero, the relay trips the load.
When the relay is operating, if the voltage comes back to reference value or the
preset value, then the trip time resets and the relay stops operating.
Now let us consider the case of an inverse time relay. Here we have 2 reference
voltages vref1 and vref2. We consider two cases whether 1) vref1<v<vref2 2)
v>vref2. We check into which category the voltage v falls. If it falls into the first
case, the relay operates as inverse time relay. As the name indicates, the trip time
decreases as the magnitude of voltage increases. The trip time t is calculated using
the equation 5(1). If it falls in category 2, then it operates as definite time relay and
the same phenomenon described above applies to this.
7.7.1 TYPES OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
The below are the types of over voltage relay:
Define Time Overvoltage Relay
Inverse Time Overvoltage Relay
41
1. Definite Time Overvoltage Relays

In this type, two conditions must be satisfied for operation (tripping), voltage must
exceed the setting value and the fault must be continuous at least a time equal to
time setting of the relay.

Figure 7.7.1
Modern relays may contain more than one stage of protection each stage includes
each own current and time setting.
1. For Operation of Definite Time Overvoltage Relay operating time is constant
2. Its operation is independent of the magnitude of voltage above the pick-up
value.
3. It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired time delay can be set with the help
of an intentional time delay mechanism.
4. Easy to coordinate.
5. Constant tripping time independent of in feed variation and fault location. 42
Applications:
1. Back up protection of distance relay of transmission line with time delay.
2. Back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time delay.
3. Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay
setting.
2. Inverse Time Overvoltage Relays
In this type of relays, operating time is inversely changed with voltage. So, high
voltage will operate overvoltage relay faster than lower ones. There are standard
inverse, very inverse and extremely inverse types.
Discrimination by both ‘Time’ and ‘Voltage’, the relay operation time is inversely
proportional to the fault voltage.

Figure 7.7.2
Based on the inverse nature it has three different types:
1. Moderately Inverse 43
2. Very Inverse Time
3. Extremely Inverse
The operating time of an overvoltage relay can be moved up (made slower) by
adjusting the ‘time dial setting’. The lowest time dial setting (fastest operating time)
is generally 0.5 and the slowest is 10.
• Operates when voltage exceeds its pick-up value.
• Operating time depends on the magnitude of voltage.
• It gives inverse time voltage characteristics at lower values of fault voltage and
definite time characteristics at higher values
• An inverse characteristic is obtained if the value of plug setting multiplier is
below 10, for values between 10 and 20 characteristics tend towards definite time
characteristics.
• Widely used for the protection of distribution lines.

Figure 7.7.3 44
2.1 Normal Inverse Time Overvoltage Relay
The accuracy of the operating time may range from 5 to 7.5% of the nominal
operating time as specified in the relevant norms. The uncertainty of the operating
time and the necessary operating time may require a grading margin of 0.4 to 0.5
seconds.
Application:
Most frequently used in utility and industrial circuits. especially applicable where
the fault magnitude is mainly dependent on the system generating capacity at the
time of fault.
2.2 Inverse Time Overvoltage Relay
• Gives more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT.
• Used where there is a reduction in fault voltage, as the distance from source
increases.
• Particularly effective with ground faults because of their steep characteristics.
• Suitable if there is a substantial reduction of fault voltage as the fault distance
from the power source increases.
• Very inverse overvoltage relays are particularly suitable if the short-circuit
voltage drops rapidly with the distance from the substation.
• The grading margin may be reduced to a value in the range from 0.3 to 0.4
seconds when overvoltage relays with very inverse characteristics are used.
• Used when Fault Voltage is dependent on fault location.
• Used when Fault Voltage independent of normal changes in generating capacity.
2.3 Extremely Inverse Time Overvoltage Relay
• It has more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT and very inverse
overvoltage relay.
• Suitable for the protection of machines against overheating. 45
• The operating time of a time overvoltage relay with an extremely inverse time-
voltage characteristic is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the
voltage
• The use of extremely inverse overvoltage relays makes it possible to use a short
time delay in spite of high switching-in voltages.
• Used when Fault voltage is dependent on fault location
• Used when Fault voltage independent of normal changes in generating capacity.
Application:
• Suitable for protection of distribution feeders with peak voltages on switching in
(refrigerators, pumps, water heaters and so on).
• Particular suitable for grading and coordinates with fuses and re closes
• For the protection of alternators, transformers. Expensive cables, etc.
2.4 Long Time Inverse Overvoltage Relay
The main application of long time overvoltage relays is as backup earth fault
protection.

7.8 CURRENT SENSOR

The Allegro ACS712 provides economical and precise solutions for AC or DC
current sensing in industrial, commercial, and communications systems. The
device package allows for easy implementation by the customer. Typical
applications include motor control, load detection and management, switched-
mode power supplies, and overcurrent fault protection. The device consists of a
precise, low-offset, linear Hall sensor circuit with a copper conduction path located
near the surface of the die. Applied current flowing through this copper conduction
path generates a magnetic field which is sensed by the integrated Hall IC and
converted into a proportional voltage. Device accuracy is optimized through the
close proximity of the magnetic signal to the Hall transducer. A precise,
proportional voltage is provided by the 46
low-offset, chopper-stabilized Bi-CMOS Hall IC, which is programmed for accuracy
after packaging. The output of the device has a positive slope (>VIOUT(Q)) when an
increasing current flows through the primary copper conduction path (from pins 1
and 2, to pins 3 and 4), which is the path used for current sensing. The internal
resistance of this conductive path is 1.2 mΩ typical, providing low power loss. The
thickness of the copper conductor allows survival of the device at up to 5×
overcurrent conditions. The terminals of the conductive path are electrically
isolated from the sensor IC leads (pins 5 through 8). This allows the ACS712
current sensor IC to be used in applications requiring electrical isolation without
the use of opto-isolators or other costly isolation techniques.
7.8.1 INTERFACING CURRENT SENSOR WITH ARDUINO
Current flow in a system is depends on load characteristics. Due to a faulty
condition or controlling scheme, the current flow in the system might be changed.
So having knowledge about the current flow in a system is important for both
protection and controlling purposes.
There are various methods available for sensing current flow in a system. Usage of
shunt resistors, current transformers and usage of Hall-effects sensors are some
such available methods. This articles talks about usage of Allegro ACS712 sensor
[1] with an Arduino development board for measuring current in a system. Allegro
ACS712 sensor operates according to the Hall-effect principal and it can be used
for both AC and DC current measurement. There is no need of auxiliary circuits
for this sensor it is an immense advantage over the other available methods.
7.8.2 PIN Name Description
DESCRIPTION OF
CURRENT SENSOR
Number
1 and 2 IP+ Terminals for current
being sampled; fused
internally
3 and 4 IP- Terminals for current
being sampled; fused
internally
5 GND Signal ground
terminal
6 FILTER Terminal for external
capacitor that sets
bandwidth
7 VIOUT Analog output signal
8 VCC Device power supply
terminal
Figure 7.8.0

9. PROTEUS SIMULATION SOFTWARE

Proteus is a software package for computer-aided design, simulation and design of
electronic circuits. It consists of two main parts, the ISIS , the circuit design
environment that even the simulator VSM includes, and the ARES , the PCB -
Designer. Developer and manufacturer of the software package is the company Lab
center Electronics
Proteus 8 is a best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller. It
is mainly popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is
a handy tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist. One
can simulate your programming of microcontroller in Proteus 8 Simulation
Software. After Simulating the circuit in Proteus 8 Software one can directly make
PCB design with it so it could be a all in one package for students and hobbyists.
So now one can have a little bit idea about what is proteus software. Latest version
of proteus is proteus 8 demo version available for free of cost. The latest Proteus
Software version is Proteus 8.
DEFINITE ARDUINO TRIP TIME
TIME OVER VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
RELAY:
SOURCE
VOLTAGE
248.4 2.7 5
276 3 5
322 3.5 5
340.4 3.7 5

11. CONCLUSION
The aim of designing and constructing a low cost Arduino based over voltage
protective device was achieved in this work. The device supplies power to the
connected load whenever the input supply is within the required pre-set voltage,
thereby protecting the output connected loads from un-necessary damages. The
device is found to be economical, easier to maintain and repair. The use of Arduino
based relay is that the same circuit can be used also as under voltage and over
current relay just by changing the coding of the program. Also characteristics like
definite time, inverse, very inverse, extremely inverse and many other can be
employed. Here we employed definite time and inverse characteristics .The same
circuit can be used to trip 5 different loads at the same time.
12. APPLICATIONS
12.1 Applications of Overcurrent Relay
Motor Protection:
Used against overloads and short-circuits in stator windings of motor.
Inverse time and instantaneous overcurrent phase and ground
Overcurrent relays used for motors above 1000 kW.
Transformer Protection:
Used only when the cost of overcurrent relays are not justified.
Extensively also at power-transformer locations for external-fault back-up
protection. 58
Line Protection:
On some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying cannot be
justified.
primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines where distance relays
are used for phase faults.
For ground back-up protection on most lines having pilot relaying for primary
protection.
Distribution Protection:
Overcurrent relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the
following reasons:
It is basically simple and inexpensive.
Very often the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is
required.
It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase
faults and a separate Overcurrent relay for ground faults.
12.2 Application of over voltage relay
In a sparse power system, the shunt capacitances and series inductances of long
transmission lines can cause significant voltage variations between high and low
load periods. Overvoltage relays in substations are used to protect power
transformers from damage due to high voltage. In the Peruvian system, these
relays are usually located only at power transformers or bus bars. But sometimes
it is better to trip selected long lines before tripping power transformers to mitigate
temporary overvoltage’s. Tripping of power transformers and their connected loads
exacerbates the temporary overvoltage leading to the possibility of a widespread
black out. Another important issue is coordinating the overvoltage relay settings
system wide. 59
13. BIBILOGRAPHY
IEEE REFERENCES:
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology (ISSN :
2277-1581)
Volume No.3 Issue No.9, pp : 1225-1229.
i.Bayindir R., Sefa I., Cola I., and Bektas A. (2008)
“Fault Detection and Load Protection Using Sensors”, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 734–
741.
ii. Close K. J., and Yarwood J. (1979) “Experimental
Electronics for Students” 1st Edition, Chapman and Hall Ltd,
Britain.
iii. Delton T. H. (1989) “Basic Electronic Theory with
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Ridge Summit, P.A.
iv. Gurevich H., and Vladimir S. (2005) “Electrical
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New York.
v. Ian S. L. (2000) “Passive Components for Circuit
Design”, Texas, USA, p. 170. ISBN 008051359X.
vi. Maddock R. J. and Calcute P. (1994) “Electronics:
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vii. Martin P. B. (2008) “Programming 8-Bit PIC
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viii. Paul H., and Winfield H. (1989) “The Art of
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