Lista de términos

1. Sekigajara 関ケ原

Nombre de una batalla entre una alianza occidental de muchos daimios capitaneados por
Ieyasu y fracasa por estar mal organizada, se fragmenta por sus intereses el país.

2. Oda Nobunaga 織田 信長 (1534-1582)

Inicia con la unificación de Japón

3. Toyotomi Jideyoshi 豊臣 秀吉 (1536-1598)

Gana en la batalla de Sekigajara

4. Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川 家康 (1542-1616)

Ieyasu empieza a ampliar sus propiedades privadas y empieza a repartir. Ieyasu swears fealty
but its fakes bc he continues conquering shit and then he attacks them at Osaka.

5. Bakufu 幕府

Modelo de administración de “tienda de campaña”. Organización de administración que eligen

los shogunes. Organizaciones políticas, militares

6. Shogun 将軍

Señor feudal militar con samuráis a su servicio, con mayor poder de decisión que el
emperador, básicamente el regente de tenno,

7. Samurai 侍 Bushi 武士

Samurai, son guerreros, pertenecen a una élite y le rinde cuentas al shogun o a su daimyo. Le
pagan su educación y

Bushi que hace violencia y sólo es un guerrero

8. Daimyou 大名

“Gran hombre” es el señor feudal japonés que es soberano de un territorio, El shogun da tierra
a un hombre y se hace cargo de ella, le rinden un uramento al shogun y le sirven lealmente y
no confabulan contra él. Las responsabilidades son un servicio militar, prestar ayuda al shogun
y el dominio tiene que ser eficaz y pacífico según el shogun.

9. Edo 江戸
Edo es la capital, núcleo de administración shogunal, pero también es el nombre del periodo.
Todos los territorios son conocidos como Edo, desde la batalla de sekigajara hasta la
restauración meiji.

10. Kunigae 国替え

Mudar de cuidar a los daimyo para que no se hicieran lazos entre él y su tierra, como manera
de controlar que no hubiera ninguna confabulación. El shogun cambiaba de provincia al
daimyo. Al principio como para compensar.

11. Tozama 外様

Daimyos periféricos, reconocidos por Hideyoshi y que les habían otorgados desde entonces.

12. Sankin kotai 参勤交代

Movilidad, para tener bien avisados a los daimios y les pedía tener una residencia en edo y en
su castillo. Un año vivían en la capital con él y el otro en su castillo, y tenían que dejar a su
familia en Edo. Era una etiqueta y tenían un proceso así ceremonial y la verga. Le ayudaba al
shogun a que los daimyo no acumularan riqueza.

13. koku 石

Unidad administrativa, la moneda se divide en koku. Mides tanto tierra como moneda. División
de riqueza.

14. estamento

estratos sociales determinados por sus condiciones de actividades. grupos de estatus,

individuo como ocupante de un puesto, y luego dentro de su comunidad. rango y estatus, y
luego lugar en su comunidad. Los siguiente cuatro son las divisiones estamentarias

15. shi 士 1

guerreros

16. nou 農4

agricultores

17. kou エ 2

artesanos

18. shou 商 3

comerciantes
 19. Miyako 京都

“capital” durante el periodo hubo tres: kyoto, capital del teno; edo, capital del shogun; Osaka,
capital comercial

20. Nagasaki 長崎

los portugueses son recluidos en Nagasaki. con puertos controlados y barcos autorizados,
Nagasaki se vuelve un puerto.

21. Ito wappu 糸割符

sistema en el que el gremio de comerciantes textiles tienen el monopolio de seda china

importada por los holandeses

22. Rodrigo de Vivero (1564-1656)

fraile de nueva España que termina naufragando en un viaje y es rescatado por japoneses. era
embajador de filipinas e intenta ser embajador de filipinas, Japón y el resto. quiere hacer un
acuerdo comercial y uno de los reyes dice que no alv por qué son tan putos, dejen a Holanda.
se inicia una negociación

23. Incidente del Madre de Deus

incidente de Nagasaki, entre la nave de madre de dios, cuando en macau alguien fue obligado
a quedarse ahí y los japoneses hicieron desmadre. luego se hizo una confrontación y tuvo que
intervenir el capitán, pesoa. los de la nave fueron con ieyasu pero no le dijeron, luego se hizo
un desmadre cuando llegaron los sobrevivientes y se enojó ieyasu. se pelearon en Nagasaki y
terminó explotando el barco.

24. Jasekura Tsunenaga 支倉常長 (1571-1622)

Luis Sotelo empieza a viajar por el mundo, un franciscano español y quiere esparcir el
cristianismo, convence al shogun a que sea embajador entre ellos. España manda a Sebastían
viscaino y el shogun lo manda de regreso porque no le cae bien, pero lo manda junto a
samuráis. Y los samuráis son embajadores, entre ellos es a un daimyo que se llama Date
Mazamune, pero él manda a uno de sus samuráis en su lugar y ese es Jasekura. Llega a España
y empieza a iniciar negociaciones entre NE y etc. va en el mismo barco que los otros. Lo
bautizan y le ponen Felipe Francisco Jasekura.

25. Japan’s Christian Century

Empieza en 1549 con la llegada por Francisco Javier, portugués que después se hace mártir.
Periodo en el que estuvo presente el cristianismo en Japón, en Edo. comercio y evangelización.
luego persecución y así. se prohíbe el cristianismo.

 26. Fukansai Fabian 不干斉 (1565-1621)

Clase:
Internet:

Fabian Fucan (不干斎 Fukansai, c. 1565–1621) was a Japanese writer who converted from
Christianity to Japanese Zen Buddhism in his youth. He was an apostate. He wrote tracts at
first advocating and later criticizing Christianity in comparison to the other religions of
Japan.[1]

Fabian became an Irmão (Portuguese for "brother") in the Society of Jesus in 1586. During his
time with the Jesuits, he made significant contributions to the production of Christian
devotionals and assisted members of the Society in their study of the Japanese language. The
Myōtei Dialogues, one of Fabian's two well-known pieces of writing, was a work of Christian
apologetics, framed as a dialogue between the fictional Lady Myōshu and Yūtei.[2] However,
many details regarding his membership in the Society are unknown, as there are limited
writings about Fabian prior to his debate with Neo-Confucianist Hayashi Dōshun.[3]

Although Fabian's debate with Dōshun, which centered around the rationalization of Christian
beliefs as per Early Modern Japanese views of the world, ended with each side feeling more
confident of his beliefs, Fabian shortly thereafter left the Society of Jesus. Fabian's apostasy
may be attributable to his belief that the Portuguese Jesuits routinely treated their Japanese
counterparts as their inferiors. In the years afterwards, Fabian wrote Ha Daiusu, a treatise
against Christianity

Libro: Escritor japonés que se convierte del cristianismo al budismo zen. primero escribió sobre
el cristianismo y luego lo criticó bien feo.

 27. Edicto de Expulsión de 1614

Clase: Los misioneros tuvieron éxito al converitr a varios daimio, pero se excedieron al destruir
templos de los otros credos en Japón. El carácter monopólico del cristianismo hizo que
hideyoshi limitara las actividades cristianas. posteriormente se expulsó a los misioneros.

Internet:

The Tokugawa shogunate finally decided to ban Catholicism in 1614, and in the mid-17th
century demanded the expulsion of all European missionaries and the execution of all
converts.[20] This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The immediate cause of the
prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic
vavasor, but there were also other reasons behind it. The Shogunate was concerned about a
possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New
World and the Philippines. In 1615, a Franciscan emissary of the Viceroy of New Spain asked
the shogun for land to build a Spanish fortress and this deepened Japan's suspicion against
Catholicism and the Iberian colonial powers behind it. Domestically, the ban was closely
related to measures against the Toyotomi clan. In the statement on the "Expulsion of all
missionaries from Japan", drafted by Zen monk Konchiin Suden (1563–1633) and issued in
1614 under the name of second shogun Hidetada (ruled 1605-1623), was the considered the
first official statement of a comprehensive control of Kirishitan.[21] It claimed that the
Christians were bringing disorder to Japanese society and that their followers "contravene
governmental regulations, traduce Shinto, calumniate the True Law, destroy regulations, and
corrupt goodness".[22] It was fully implemented and canonized as one of the fundamental
Tokugawan laws.

The systematic persecution beginning in 1614 faced stiff resistance from Christians, despite the
departure of more than half the clergy. Once again, the main reason for this resistance was not
the presence of a few priests but rather the self-organization of many communities. Forced to
secrecy, and having a small number of clergymen working underground, the Japanese Church
was able to recruit leadership from among lay members. Japanese children caused admiration
among the Portuguese and seem to have participated actively in the resistance. Nagasaki
remained a Christian city in the first decades of the 17th century and during the general
persecutions, other confraternities were founded in Shimabara, Kinai and Franciscans in Edo

Libro:

 28. Rebelión de Shimabara 島原

Clase:

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La Rebelión de Shimabara (島原の乱 Shimabara no ran?) fue un levantamiento armado de

campesinos japoneses, principalmente cristianos, en el periodo Edo. Fue una de las pocas
revueltas importantes durante el relativamente pacífico shogunato Tokugawa.2

The Shimabara Rebellion (島原の乱 Shimabara no ran) was an uprising in what is now Nagasaki
Prefecture in southwestern Japan lasting from December 17, 1637, to April 15, 1638, during
the Edo period. It largely involved peasants, most of them Catholics.

It was one of only a handful of instances of serious unrest during the relatively peaceful period
of the Tokugawa shogunate's rule.[2] In the wake of the Matsukura clan's construction of a
new castle at Shimabara, taxes were drastically raised, which provoked anger from local
peasants and rōnin (samurai without masters). Religious persecution of the local Catholics
exacerbated the discontent, which turned into open revolt in 1637. The Tokugawa Shogunate
sent a force of over 125,000 troops to suppress the rebels and, after a lengthy siege against
the rebels at Hara Castle, defeated them.

In the wake of the rebellion, the Catholic rebel leader Amakusa Shirō was beheaded and the
prohibition of Christianity was strictly enforced. Japan's national seclusion policy was tightened
and official persecution of Christianity continued until the 1850s. Following the successful
suppression of the rebellion, the daimyō of Shimabara, Matsukura Katsuie, was beheaded for
misruling, becoming the only daimyō to be beheaded during the Edo period.

Libro:

Rebeldes, campesinos descontentos por las restricciones puestas en el cristianismo y un par de

ronin, se apoderaron de un castillo en Shimabara, con emblemas cristianos resistieron los
ejércitos de los daimyo cercanos. En la primavera de 1638 fue sofocada con una gran matanza
y ahí acabo el movimiento cristiano.
  29. Dedyima 出島

Clase:

se prohibió el comercio con los ibéricos pero sólo en un lugar se autorizó el comercio con los
holandeses – dedyima, isla artificial en Nagasaki

Internet:

Dejima (Japanese: 出島, "exit island"),[1] in old Western documents Latinised as Decima,
Desjima, Dezima, Disma or Disima, was a Dutch trading post notable for being the single place
of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period.

It was a small fan-shaped artificial island formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula
in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants. Dejima was built to constrain foreign
traders. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it was used by the Dutch as a trading post
from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m × 75 m (390 ft × 250 ft) or 9,000 m2 (2.2
acres), it was later integrated into the city through the process of land reclamation.

Libro:

Deshima fue la isla artificial construida en Nagasaki, en la que se le autorizó el comercio con los
holandeses a Japón después de que se implementara el sakoku.

 30. sakoku 鎖国

Clase:

“país encadenado” es la política exterior del shogunato tokugawa en la que se reduce el

intercambio con los extranjeros

Internet:

Sakoku (鎖国, "closed country") was the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa
shogunate under which relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely
limited, nearly all foreigners were barred from entering Japan and the common Japanese
people were kept from leaving the country for a period of over 220 years. The policy was
enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and
policies from 1633–39, and ended after 1853 when the American Black Ships commanded by
Matthew Perry forced the opening of Japan to American (and, by extension, Western) trade
through a series of unequal treaties.

It was preceded by a period of largely unrestricted trade and widespread piracy when
Japanese mariners travelled Asia and official embassies and envoys visited both Asian states,
New Spain (now Mexico), and Europe. This period was also noted for the large number of
foreign traders and pirates who were resident in Japan and active in Japanese waters.
The term Sakoku originates from the manuscript work Sakoku-ron (「鎖国論」) written by
Japanese astronomer and translator Shizuki Tadao (ja:志筑忠雄) in 1801. Shizuki invented the
word while translating the works of the 17th-century German traveller Engelbert Kaempfer
concerning Japan.[1]

Japan was not completely isolated under the sakoku policy. It was a system in which strict
regulations were applied to commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate, and by certain
feudal domains (han). There was extensive trade with China through the port of Nagasaki, in
the far west of Japan, with a residential area for the Chinese. The policy stated that the only
European influence permitted was the Dutch factory at Dejima in Nagasaki. Trade with Korea
was limited to the Tsushima Domain (today part of Nagasaki Prefecture). Trade with the Ainu
people was limited to the Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō, and trade with the Ryūkyū Kingdom
took place in Satsuma Domain (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture). Apart from these direct
commercial contacts in peripheral provinces, trading countries sent regular missions to the
shōgun in Edo and Osaka Castle.

Libro:

Política de aislamiento del régimen Tokugawa. Los japoneses no podían salir y los que salieran
no podían volver a entrar. Se aplicaron restricciones al comercio con otros países, hasta que
llegaron a ocupar sólo una isla en Nagasaki y se expulsaron varios pueblos. También se hizo lo
mismo con los cristianos.

 31. Compañia por acciones

Clase:

Internet:

Es la sociedad constituida por socios cuya responsabilidad está limitada a su aporte al capital
social, el cual está dividido en acciones cesibles y transmisibles.

Las compañías por acciones son las sociedades comerciales de capital por excelencia, cuya
ventaja radica en que sus miembros gozan de responsabilidad limitada a la cantidad que
aportan al capital social.

Libro:

compañías por acciones no importa quien da sino cuanto, surgen por avaricia y se
despersonaliza el capital

 32. East India Company

Clase:

Internet:

The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the
British East India Company and informally as John Company,[1] was an English and later British
joint-stock company,[2] that was formed to pursue trade with the "East Indies" (in present-day
terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing
control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the
East Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade[citation needed],
particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea, and
opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.

Libro:

 33. VOC

Clase:

compañía de las india orientales, usaba barcos chiquitos

Internet:

The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie abbreviated to
VOC), was a publicly tradable corporation that was founded in 1602 and became defunct in
1799. It was originally established as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized
Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the
Dutch spice trade.

VOC Opperhoofden in Japan were the chief traders of the Dutch East India Company
(Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian
Company") in Japan during the period of the Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Edo
period.

Opperhoofd is a Dutch word (plural opperhoofden) which literally means 'supreme

head[man]'. In its historical usage, the word is a gubernatorial title, comparable to the English
chief factor, for the chief executive officer of a Dutch factory in the sense of trading post, as
led by a factor, i.e. agent. The Japanese called the Dutch chief factors kapitan (from
Portuguese capitão).

The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602 by the States-General of the
Netherlands to carry out colonial activities in Asia. The VOC enjoyed unique success in Japan, in
part because of the ways in which the character and other qualities of its Opperhoofden were
perceived to differ from other competitors.

Libro:

 34. cultura chounin 町人文化

Clase:
Cultura del disfrute, para ricos (geishas, samuráis, chounin con dinero). En Edo, ejemplificado
en el barrio Yoshiwara, el barrio de los placeres.

Internet:

Los chōnin (町人? «habitantes de la ciudad»)1 fueron una clase social que emergió en Japón
durante los primeros años del periodo Edo (1603-1867) y que llegó a ser un sector social
próspero e influyente. Llamados así por residir en las ciudades (chō), los chōnin eran
generalmente comerciantes, aunque también se incluía en la clase a profesionales y
artesanos.2 Desarrollaron una cultura propia que conformó un ideal que llegó a conocerse
como ukiyo, el «mundo flotante», el mundo de la elegancia y la diversión popular.

En contraste con la tradición «noble» de las artes y las letras, la población urbana de la época
fue la primera en conquistar los medios y el ocio que fomentaron una cultura de participación
de masas. Los chōnin patrocinaban sus propias artes y pasatiempos, una cultura burguesa que,
sin interés alguno en las cuestiones del estado, se limitaba a su situación y posición relativa en
la sociedad. Su cultura se nutrió principalmente de la búsqueda del placer, de lo que era
humano y divertido, haciendo hincapié en lo personal, inmediato y erótico, lo que conformó
un ideal que llegó a conocerse como ukiyo, el «mundo flotante», el mundo de la elegancia y la
diversión popular.

Libro:

Los chonin patrocinaban las artes y sus pasatiempos, que no eran como los de las clases
superiores y que no se preocupaban de las cuestiones de estado. Era una cultura de la
búsqueda del placer, lo personal, inmediato y erótico. Producto del deseo de los chonin de
disfrutar de solaces y diversiones

 35. época guenroku 元禄時代 (1688-1704)

Clase:

Auge de los barrios como Yoshiwara y la cultura del placer de los chounin en el que se crea un
mercado del entretenimiento con efectivo control de dinero

Internet:

Genroku (元禄) was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, "year name") after Jōkyō and before
Hōei. This period spanned the years from ninth month of 1688 through third month of
1704.[1] The reigning emperor was Higashiyama-tennō (東山天皇).[2]

The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo
period.[citation needed] The previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had
created relative economic stability. The arts and architecture flourished. There were
unanticipated consequences when the shogunate debased the quality of coins as a strategy for
financing the appearance of continuing Genroku affluence. This strategic miscalculation caused
abrupt inflation. Then, in an effort to solve the ensuing crisis, the bakufu introduced what were
called the Kyōhō Reforms.
Libro:

 36. Tokugawa Tsunayosh 徳川綱吉(1646, r. 1680-1709)

Clase:

el primero del guenroku

Internet:

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川 綱吉, February 23, 1646 – February 19, 1709) was the fifth shōgun
of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, thus
making him the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-
grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.[1]

Tsunayoshi is known for instituting animal protection laws, particularly for dogs. This earned
him the nickname of "the dog shōgun". He had a dog named Takemaru.

Libro:

Administración relajada y costumbres suntuarias precipitaron al bakufu a su primer periodo de

turbulencia, se agotaron las reservas dinerarias y se tuvo que devaluar la moneda. Al final se
puso loco y se hizo animals right activist, lo que hizo que la comunidad no le pusiera mucha
confianza.

 37. yuukaku 遊廓

Clase:

nombre genérico para el barrio de prostitución, administración del disfrute en espacios

designados

Internet:

Yūkaku (遊廓) meant the regions in Japan where brothels recognized by the government were
situated.[1] In theory, prostitution was legal only in the Yūkaku region, but there were some
places where prostitution was provided illegally (e.g. Okabasho 岡場所).

Libro:

 38. ukiyo 浮世

Clase:

mundo flotante – ukiyo eh producción de material sobre los placeres

Internet:

Ukiyo (浮世, "Floating World") describes the urban lifestyle, especially the pleasure-seeking
aspects, of the Edo-period Japan (1600–1867). The Floating World culture developed in
Yoshiwara, the licensed red-light district of Edo (modern Tokyo), which was the site of many
brothels, chashitsu, and kabuki theaters frequented by Japan's growing middle class. A
prominent author of the ukiyo genre was Ihara Saikaku, who wrote The Life of an Amorous
Woman. The ukiyo culture also arose in other cities such as Osaka and Kyoto.

The famous Japanese woodblock prints known as ukiyo-e, or "pictures of the Floating World",
had their origins in these districts and often depicted scenes of the Floating World itself such
as geisha, kabuki actors, sumo wrestlers, samurai, chōnin, and prostitutes.

Libro:

El “mundo flotante” es el ideal de la cultura chounin, el mundo de la elegancia y la diversión

popular. Sus elementos eran las bailarinas, la música del shamisen, los relatos populares, el
drama nuevo y la xilografía. La geisha era fundamental como centro del mismo.

 39. Jishigawa Moronobu 菱川師宣 (1618-1694)

Clase:

Internet:

Hishikawa Moronobu (Japanese: 菱川 師宣; 1618 – 25 July 1694) was a Japanese artist known
for popularizing the ukiyo-e genre of woodblock prints and paintings in the late 17th century.

Libro:

Artista que hacía xilografías, con fines utilitarios y para uso masivo, sobre el ukiyo y que fue el
primero en hacerse famoso.

 40. Ijara Saikaku 井原 西鶴 (1642 –1693)

Clase:

Internet:

Ihara Saikaku (井原 西鶴, 1642 – September 9, 1693) was a Japanese poet and creator of the
"floating world" genre of Japanese prose (ukiyo-zōshi).

Born as Hirayama Tōgo (平山藤五), the son of a wealthy merchant in Osaka, he first studied
haikai poetry under Matsunaga Teitoku and later studied under Nishiyama Sōin of the Danrin
school of poetry, which emphasized comic linked verse. Scholars have described numerous
extraordinary feats of solo haikai composition at one sitting; most famously, over the course of
a single day and night in 1677, Saikaku is reported to have composed at least 16,000 haikai
stanzas,[1] with some sources placing the number at over 23,500 stanzas.[2][3]

Later in life he began writing racy accounts of the financial and amorous affairs of the
merchant class and the demimonde. These stories catered to the whims of the newly
prominent merchant class, whose tastes of entertainment leaned toward the arts and pleasure
districts.
Libro:

Comerciante de Osaka que se dedicó a los relatos del ukiyo, haciendo versos encadenados que
hablaban de sexo. Su hombre enamorado y su mujer enamorada hablaban de la vida de gente
que busca la satisfacción. También habló de temas homosexuales y luego pasó a los pasos de
una vida en el comercio para alcanzar el éxito cuando se lo prohibieron. Literatura de la clase
mercantil que describía la vida y las virtudes de los chonin.

 41. Koushokujon 好色本

Clase:

hombre enamoradizo

Internet:

Shunga (春画) is a Japanese term for erotic art. Most shunga are a type of ukiyo-e, usually
executed in woodblock print format. While rare, there are extant erotic painted handscrolls
which predate the Ukiyo-e movement.[1] Translated literally, the Japanese word shunga
means picture of spring; "spring" is a common euphemism for sex.

The ukiyo-e movement as a whole sought to express an idealisation of contemporary urban life
and appeal to the new chōnin class. Following the aesthetics of everyday life, Edo period
shunga varied widely in its depictions of sexuality. As a subset of ukiyo-e it was enjoyed by all
social groups in the Edo period, despite being out of favour with the shogunate. Almost all
ukiyo-e artists made shunga at some point in their careers.

The style reached its height in the Edo period (1603 to 1867). Thanks to woodblock printing
techniques, the quantity and quality increased dramatically.[1] There were repeated
governmental attempts to suppress shunga, the first of which was an edict issued by the
Tokugawa shogunate in 1661 banning, among other things, erotic books known as kōshokubon
(好色本) (literally "lewdness books"). While other genres covered by the edict, such as works
criticising daimyōs or samurai, were driven underground by this edict, shunga continued to be
produced with little difficulty.

Libro:

Libros eróticos de la cultura chonin que hablaban de los placeres del ukiyo y que fueron
eventualmente prohibidos por la administración Tokugawa pero que siguieron siendo
producidos con poca dificultad.

 42. kabuki 歌舞伎

Clase:

Internet:

El Kabuki es una forma de teatro tradicional del Japón que surgió en la época Edo, al principio
del siglo XVII, y que era particularmente popular entre los habitantes de las ciudades.
Originalmente, en las obras de teatro Kabuki actuaban hombres y mujeres, pero más tarde
quedó limitado a los actores masculinos, una tradición que ha perdurado hasta hoy. Los
actores masculinos especializados en papeles femeninos se llaman onnagata. Existen otros dos
grandes tipos de papeles: el aragoto (estilo violento) y el wagoto (estilo suave). Las obras de
Kabuki tratan de acontecimientos históricos y conflictos morales en las relaciones amorosas.
Los actores hablan con voz monótona y están acompañados por instrumentos tradicionales. La
escena de Kabuki está equipa con varios dispositivos, como escenas giratorias y trampillas a
través de las cuales los actores pueden aparecer y desaparecer.

Otra característica de la escena de Kabuki es una pasarela (hanamichi) que se prolonga hasta
donde se encuentra el público. Las principales características del teatro de Kabuki son la
música, la indumentaria, los dispositivos y accesorios escénicos, así como un repertorio
específico, una lengua y unos estilos de actuación, tales como el mie, en el cual el actor
mantiene una postura característica para establecer su personaje. El keshō, un maquillaje
particular, también constituye un elemento de estilo fácilmente reconocible, incluso por los
que no son expertos en esta forma de arte. Después de 1868, cuando el Japón se abrió a la
influencia occidental, los actores trataron de realzar la reputación del teatro Kabuki entre las
clases altas y adaptar los estilos tradicionales al gusto moderno. Hoy, el Kabuki es la forma de
teatro japonés más apreciada.

Libro:

Teatro que nació como parte de los mercantiles y que terminó siendo interpretada sólo por
hombres.

 43. dyoururi 浄瑠璃

Clase:

teatro de marionetas

Internet:

Bunraku (文楽), also known as Ningyō jōruri (人形浄瑠璃), is a form of traditional Japanese
puppet theatre, founded in Osaka in the beginning of 17th century. Three kinds of performers
take part in a bunraku performance: the Ningyōtsukai or Ningyōzukai (puppeteers), the Tayū
(chanters) and shamisen musicians. Occasionally other instruments such as taiko drums will be
used.

The most accurate term for the traditional puppet theater in Japan is ningyō jōruri (人形浄瑠
璃). The combination of chanting and shamisen playing is called jōruri and the Japanese word
for puppet (or dolls, generally) is ningyō. It is used in many plays.

Libro:

Se refiere al teatro de marionetas en el que grandes muñecos eran manejados por varios
titiriteros sumamente hábiles.
  44. Chikamatsu Monzaemon 近松門左衛門(1653-1724)

Clase:

literato – espectáculos del dyoururi concentrado en aspectos que las marionetas sí pueden
hacer

Internet:

Chikamatsu Monzaemon, original name Sugimori Nobumori, (born 1653, Echizen [now in Fukui
prefecture], Japan—died Jan. 6, 1725, Amagasaki, Settsu province?), Japanese playwright,
widely regarded as among the greatest dramatists of that country. He is credited with more
than 100 plays, most of which were written as jōruri dramas, performed by puppets. He was
the first author of jōruri to write works that not only gave the puppet operator the opportunity
to display his skill but also were of considerable literary merit.

The characters who populate Chikamatsu’s domestic tragedies are merchants, housewives,
servants, criminals, prostitutes, and all the other varieties of people who lived in the Ōsaka of
his day. Most of his domestic tragedies were based on actual incidents, such as double suicides
of lovers. Sonezaki shinjū (1703; The Love Suicides at Sonezaki), for example, was written
within a fortnight of the actual double suicide on which it is based. The haste of composition is
not at all apparent even in this first example of Chikamatsu’s double-suicide plays, the
archetype of his other domestic tragedies.

Chikamatsu’s most popular work was Kokusenya kassen (1715; The Battles of Coxinga), a
historical melodrama based loosely on events in the life of the Chinese-Japanese adventurer
who attempted to restore the Ming dynasty in China. Another celebrated work is Shinjū ten no
Amijima (1720; Double Suicide at Amijima), still frequently performed. Despite Chikamatsu’s
eminence, however, the decline in popularity of puppet plays has resulted in most members of
the theatregoing public being unfamiliar with his work, except in the abridgments and
considerably revised versions used in Kabuki theatre, on film, and elsewhere. Eleven of his
best-known plays appear in Major Plays of Chikamatsu (1961, reissued 1990), translated by
Donald Keene. Mainly historical plays are in Chikamatsu: Five Late Plays (2001), translated by
C. Andrew Gerstle.

Libro:

El más importante de los escritores del teatro kabuki y joruri, cuyo interés comprendía desde
las piezas históricas de los samurái hasta obras sobre la vida de los chonin.

 45. Jayashi Razan 林羅山 (1583-1657)

Clase:

uno de los iniciadores – legitimar a partir de la tradición histórica, práctica obtenida de la

historiografía china

Internet:
Hayashi Razan (林 羅山, 1583 – March 7, 1657), also known as Hayashi Dōshun,[1] was a
Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four
shōguns of the Tokugawa bakufu. He is also attributed with first listing the Three Views of
Japan. Razan was the founder of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars.

Razan was an influential scholar, teacher and administrator. Together with his sons and
grandsons, he is credited with establishing the official neo-Confucian doctrine of the Tokugawa
shogunate. Razan's emphasis on the values inherent in a static conservative perspective
provided the intellectual underpinnings for the Edo bakufu. Razan also reinterpreted Shinto,
and thus created a foundation for the development of Confucianised Shinto which developed
in the 20th century.

The intellectual foundation of Razan's life's work was based on early studies with Fujiwara
Seika (1561–1619), the first Japanese scholar who is known for a close study of Confucius and
the Confucian commentators. This kuge noble had become a Buddhist priest; but Seika's
dissatisfaction with the philosophy and doctrines of Buddhism led him to a study of
Confucianism. In due course, Seika drew other similarly motivated scholars to join him in
studies which were greatly influenced by the work of Chinese Neo-Confucianist Zhu Xi, a Sung-
dynasty savant.[2] Zhu Xi and Seika emphasized the role of the individual as a functionary of a
society which naturally settles into a certain hierarchical form. He separated people into four
distinct classes: samurai (ruling class), farmers, artisans and merchants.

Libro:

Hayashi Razan entró con Tokugawa Ieyasu como consejero en cuestiones legales e históricas
en 1605. Primero del linaje de los estudiosos expositores de la escuela de Chu Hsi de
confucianismo que recibieron nombramiento como consejeros confucianos del shogunato,

 46. Engalbert Kaempfer (1651 –1716)

Clase:

Alemán médico. Ilustraciones – mapa de las regiones de kaón, información europa-japón

Internet:

Engelbert Kaempfer (German Engelbert Kämpfer, Latin Engelbertus Kaempferus; September

16, 1651 – November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist, physician, and explorer writer known
for his tour of Russia, Persia, India, South-East Asia, and Japan between 1683 and 1693.

He wrote two books about his travels. Amoenitatum exoticarum, published in 1712, is
important for its medical observations and the first extensive description of Japanese plants
(Flora Japonica). His History of Japan, published posthumously in 1727, was the chief source of
Western knowledge about the country throughout the 18th and mid-19th centuries when it
was closed to foreigners.

Libro:
Alemán médico, naturalista y explorador que es mejor conocido por sus viajes a Asia. Escribió
dos libros sobre sus viajes, uno de los cuales fue una historia de Japón que fue una de las
fuentes

 47. Neo-confucianismo

Clase:

usado para establecer una sociedad armoniosa, estable. a favor del control, osea en contra de
las dinámicas del mercado.

CONFUCIO: pilares de la sociedad jerárquica y estable, fue un pensador político, retomado

desde el comentarista Chu Hsi

Internet:

El confucianismo llegó a Japón desde Corea el año 285 d.C. según algunos escritos japoneses si
bien esto es discutible. Se puede afirmar sin embargo que, aunque no fuera de manera directa,
la constitución Shōtoku de 604 d.C., estaba fuertemente influenciada por la filosofía de
Confucio.

Sin embargo el auténtico período confuciano de Japón fue el período Edo, cuando el
shogunato Tokugawa adoptó el neo-confucianismo y lo incluyó en las estructuras de estado. Se
creó así una organización en cuatro clases sociales y basada en la piedad filial, con los samurai
en lo alto, seguidos por los campesinos, los artesanos y los mercaderes que estaban en último
lugar. Otro efecto del neo-confucianismo fue el aumento del patriotismo, causado por una
visión etnocéntrica del mundo.

Libro:

Fundamento intelectual de la sociedad Tokugawa. Consecuencia de las necesidades internas

de la sociedad japonesa. Escuela de pensamiento independiente, producto de generación
tanto espontánea como de estímulo oficial. Lo trajo Fujiwara Seika, monje de Kyoto.
Plenamente aceptado como la filosofía laica, se adhería al sentimiento Tokugawa de que el
mundo podía ser controlado y ordenado. El gobierno tenía la función de facilitar la realización
del orden moral entre los hombres. Daba bases teóricas para que se asentara una sociedad
armoniosa, formada por una jerarquía natural.

 48. Arai Hakuseki 新井白石 (1657-1725)

Clase:

preponderancia en el gobierno de los shogun débiles de 1711 a 1715, se enfrenta a la inflación

económica, tiene actitud conservadora. la situación económica es caótica, el poder manipula la
moneda. legitima al shogun nombrándolo gobernante legítimo, retomando concepciones de la
historia de China. Análisis del comercio exterior.

Internet:
Arai Hakuseki, (born March 24, 1657, Edo [now Tokyo], Japan—died June 29, 1725, Edo),
Japanese statesman and scholar who was a chief adviser to the Tokugawa shoguns in the early
years of the 18th century.

Born into an impoverished samurai, or warrior, family, Arai educated himself under conditions
of extreme hardship. He found employment in 1682 under Hotta Masatoshi (1634–84), a top
government official. When Hotta died two years later, Arai became tutor to Tokugawa Ienobu
(ruled 1709–12), the heir apparent to the shogun, the hereditary military dictator of Japan.
Ienobu became shogun in 1709, and Arai became the leading architect of government policy.

The Tokugawa government had grown lax, and bureaucratic rigidity had come to hamper
efficiency. Arai attempted to make the laws of the country more practical; he reformed the
currency and instituted a rigid system of budgeting and accounting. To stop the drain of
precious metals from the country, he further tightened governmental control over foreign
trade. Arai attempted to institute a policy by which it would be clear to foreign powers that
Japan’s emperor was merely symbolic and real sovereignty resided with the shogun.

Libro:

Experto funcionario confuciano que intentó subrayar la importancia de reformas

gubernamentales pero que no tuvo éxito hasta que entró Yoshimune al poder.

 49. Ogyu Sorai 荻生 徂徠 (1666-1728)

Clase:

Substituye a Jakuseki, su solución es combinar la política económica y el talento humano – el

concepto del sai (eficacia), movilización de la capacidad creadora del ser humano. el bienestar
de la totalidad sobre el de cada individuo o sección de la sociedad. recupera la experiencia
administrativa china, impulsor de la indagación historiográfica.

Internet:

Ogyū Sorai (荻生 徂徠) (March 21, 1666, Edo, Japan – February 28, 1728, Edo), pen name
Butsu Sorai, was a Japanese Confucian philosopher. He has been described as the most
influential such scholar during the Tokugawa period. His primary area of study was in applying
the teachings of Confucianism to government and social order. He responded to contemporary
economic and political failings in Japan, as well as the culture of mercantilism and the
dominance of old institutions that had become weak with extravagance. Sorai rejected the
moralism of Song Confucianism and instead looked to the ancient works. He argued that
allowing emotions to be expressed was important and nurtured Chinese literature in Japan for
this reason. Sorai attracted a large following with his teachings and created the Sorai school,
which would become an influential force in further Confucian scholarship in Japan.

Libro:

 50. Los 47 rounin 浪人

Clase:

Internet:

The revenge of the forty-seven rōnin (四十七士 Shi-jū-shichi-shi, forty-seven samurai), also
known as the Akō incident (赤穂事件 Akō jiken) or Akō vendetta, is an 18th-century historical
event in Japan in which a band of rōnin (leaderless samurai) avenged the death of their
master. The incident has since become legendary.[1]

The story tells of a group of samurai who were left leaderless (becoming rōnin) after their
daimyō (feudal lord) Asano Naganori was compelled to perform seppuku (ritual suicide) for
assaulting a court official named Kira Yoshinaka, whose title was Kōzuke no suke. After waiting
and planning for a year, the rōnin avenged their master's honor by killing Kira. In turn, they
were themselves obliged to commit seppuku for committing the crime of murder. This true
story was popularized in Japanese culture as emblematic of the loyalty, sacrifice, persistence,
and honor that people should preserve in their daily lives. The popularity of the tale grew
during the Meiji era, in which Japan underwent rapid modernization, and the legend became
entrenched within discourses of national heritage and identity.

Fictionalized accounts of the tale of the Forty-seven Rōnin are known as Chūshingura. The
story was popularized in numerous plays, including bunraku and kabuki. Because of the
censorship laws of the shogunate in the Genroku era, which forbade portrayal of current
events, the names were changed. While the version given by the playwrights may have come
to be accepted as historical fact by some[who?], the first Chūshingura was written some 50
years after the event, and numerous historical records about the actual events that predate
the Chūshingura survive.

Libro:

Los ronin entraron en Edo a la residencia de un daimyo para vengar la afrenta de su señor,
Asano Naganori, después que este fuera obligado a suicidarse al romper las reglas del palacio
al intentar matar a Kira Yoshinaka. Los 47 cometieron seppuku después.