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Micrometers and Nanometers Microorganisms are measured in even smaller units, such as
__________ and __________.
van Leeuwenhoek The first person to see bacteria.
Zaccharias Janssen He is credited with making the first compound microscope
around 1600.
Joseph Jackson Lister It was not until about 1830 that a significantly better microscope
was developed by __________.
Light Microscopy It refers to the use of any kind of microscope that uses visible
light to observe specimens.
Compound Light Microscopy Several types of the answer from the previous question.
Darkfield Microscopy
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Differential Interference
Contrast (DIC) Microscopy
Fluorescence Microscopy
Confocal Microscopy
Compound Light Microscope It has a series of lenses and uses visible light as its source of
illumination.
Illuminator Light source
Condenser Has lenses that direct the light rays through the specimen.
Diaphragm It opens and closes to permit more or less light into the viewing
area.
Coarse Adjustment It is used with the scanning or low power lenses.
Fine Adjustment It is used with the high- power and oil immersion lenses.
Objective lenses The lenses closest to the specimen.
2000 X Some compound light microscopes can achieve a total
magnification of __________ with the oil immersion lens.
Resolution or Resolving Power It is the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and
structure.
This is the time when cells are most active metabolically and is
preferred for industrial purposes where, for example, a product
needs to be produced efficiently.
Stationary Phase This is the time when the growth rate slows, the number of
microbial deaths balances the number of new cells, and the
population stabilizes.
Period of equilibrium.
Death Phase This is the time when the number of deaths eventually exceeds
the number of new cells formed. This phase continues until the
population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the number of
cells in the previous phase or until the population dies out
entirely.
Plate Counts Direct Measurements of Bacterial Growth
Filtration
Tortora, Funke, & Chase (2016)
Metabolic Activity This method assumes that the amount of a certain metabolic
product, such as acid or CO2, is in direct proportion to the
number of bacteria present.
Dry Weight One of the better ways to measure the growth of filamentous
organisms is by __________. In this procedure, the fungus is
removed from the growth medium, filtered to remove
extraneous material, and dried in a desiccator. It is then
weighed. For bacteria, the same basic procedure is followed.
Tortora, Funke, & Chase (2016)
Differential Media This media make it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired
organism from other colonies growing on the same plate.
Blood Agar A medium that microbiologists often use to identify bacterial
species that destroy red blood cells.
Mannitol Salt Agar Example of agar which is both selective and differential.
Enrichment culture This is also a selective medium, but it is designed to increase
very small numbers of the desired type of organism to
detectable levels.
Streak Plate Method The isolation method most commonly used to get pure
cultures.
Refrigeration It can be used for the short-term storage of bacterial cultures.
Deep-freezing and Lyophilization Two common methods of preserving microbial cultures for long
(freeze-drying) periods.
Deep-freezing It is a process in which a pure culture of microbes is placed in a
suspending liquid and quick-frozen at temperatures ranging
from -50°C to -95°C.
Lyophilization (freeze-drying) During this process, a suspension of microbes is
quickly frozen at temperatures ranging from -54°C to -72°C, and
the water is removed by a high vacuum (sublimation).
Tortora, Funke, & Chase (2016)
Superoxide radicals or superoxide These are formed in small amounts during the normal
anions respiration of organisms that use oxygen as a final electron
acceptor, forming water.
Superoxide dismutase Neutralizes the answer in the previous question.
Aerobic bacteria Types of bacteria that produce SOD
Facultative anaerobes growing
aerobically
Aerotolerant anaerobes
O2 and H2O2 SOD converts the superoxide radical into __________ and
__________.
Peroxide anion It is the active principle in the antimicrobial agents hydrogen
peroxide and benzoyl peroxide.
Water and Oxygen Catalase converts H2O2 into __________ and __________.
Oxygen When a drop of hydrogen peroxide is added
to a colony of bacterial cells producing catalase, __________
bubbles are released.
Water Peroxidase converts H2O2 into ______.
Hydroxyl radical It is another intermediate form of oxygen and probably the
most reactive. It is formed in the cellular cytoplasm by ionizing
radiation.
Aerobic respiration Type of respiration that produces traces of the answer in the
previous question.
Obligate anaerobes Type of bacteria that usually produce neither superoxide
dismutase nor catalase.
Aerotolerant anaerobes Microorganisms that cannot use oxygen for growth, but they
tolerate it fairly well.
* Many of the aerotolerant bacteria characteristically ferment
carbohydrates to lactic acid.
Lactobacilli Common examples of lactic acid–producing aerotolerant
anaerobes
Microaerophiles Microorganisms that grow only in oxygen concentrations lower
than those in air.
Superoxide radicals; Peroxides The limited tolerance of the answer in the previous question is
probably due to their sensitivity to __________ and
__________, which they produce in lethal concentrations under
oxygen-rich conditions.
Organic Growth Factors Essential organic compounds an organism is unable to
synthesize are known as __________; they must be directly
obtained from the environment.
Amino acids, purines, pyrimidines The answer in the previous question required by some bacteria.