BRIEF NOTES

shown in Fig. 2. From the classical solutions of the unstiffened pressure and t h e torsional rigidity of the stiffeners is concerned
cylindrical shells under pure bending or axial compression, it is
seen t h a t they are approximately equal. This result was ob-
tained b y many authors [2, 3 ] . I n this Note, it is shown that
the ratio of the buckling stress resultants, Nb/Nc, of the stiffened
cylinders with t h e inclined stiffeners a t the various angles from
0-90 deg with the longitudinal direction is between 1.2 and 1.27,
when v — 0.333. By comparison of the ratio of the critical loads
for unstiffened shells and for the stiffened shells, it is found t h a t the
latter is higher. For the ring-stiffened cylinders, the ratios from
1.3 to i.8 were obtained in reference [4] in an experimental in-
vestigation. From the theoretical studies for the case of cylin-
ders stiffened by rings, Timoshenko [5] predicts a value of about
1.3 as the ratio of the buckling stresses for the two loading eases.
Therefore, the ratios of t h e buckling loads from 1.2 to 1.27 ob-
tained in this Note are very reasonable values for t h e stiffened
shells.
2 I n this Note, it also has been found t h a t the most effective
angle of inclination is in the neighborhood of y = 65 deg when the
stiffened cylinders are under axial compression. Therefore, t h e
present analysis has very good agreement with the results ob-
tained in [1] as far as the most effective angle of inclination is con-
cerned. In other words, the most effective angle of inclination
will not be changed too much due to the different loading condi-
tions.
3 As far as t h e buckling load due to t h e effect of internal
the results obtained in this Note are the same as discussed in [1].
4 T h e cases of cylinders stiffened by rings ( 7 = 90 deg) or
stringers ( 7 = 0 deg) are also studied in this Note. T h e buck-
ling loads for these two particular cases are also shown in Fig. 2
and have very good agreement with those obtained b y many
other authors [6, 7].
References
1 Lee, R. L., and Lu, S. Y., "General Instability of Inclined-Stiff-
ened Cylinders Under Bending," JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS,
Vol. 36, No. 3, TRANS. ASME, Vol. 91, Series E, Sept. 1969, pp. 403-
407.
2 Abir, D., and Nardo, S. V., "Thermal Buckling of Circular
Cylindrical Shells Under Circumferential Temperature Gradients,"
Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 12, Dec. 1959.
3 Seide, P., and Weingarten, V. I., "On the Buckling of Circular
Cylindrical Shells Under Pure Bending," JOURNAL OF APPLIED
MECHANICS, Vol. 28, No. 1, TKANS. ASME, Vol. 83, Series E, Mar.
1961, pp. 112-116.
4 Lundquist, E . E., "Strength Tests of Thin-Walled Duralumin
Cylinders in Pure Bending," NACA TN-479, 1933.
5 Timoshenko, S., Theory of Elasticity Stability, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1961.
6 Becker, H., "General Instability of Stiffened Cylinders,"
NACA TN-4237, July 1958.
7 Dow, M. B., and Peterson, J. P., "Bending and Compression
Tests of Pressurized Ring-Stiffened Cylinders," NASA TN-D-360,
Apr. 1969.

Free Vibration of a Beam With One End I = area moment of inertia

Spring-Hinged and the Other Free The end conditions are as follows:
At x = 0
K. R. CHUN1 2/(0, 0 = 0
i
Introduction (2)
K^-yQO, t) = EI~y(0,t);
T H E normal functions and the natural frequencies of vibrating ox ox"
beams can be found in textbooks [1, 2] 2 for different combinations At a; = I
of end conditions; free, clamped, and ideally hinged (or simply
supported). This Note considers t h e free vibration of a beam y(l, 0 = 0
ox2
hinged a t one end by a rotational spring with a constant spring
(3)
constant and t h e other end free. The "spring hinged-free"
beam includes t h e "simply supported-free'' beam and t h e ;—, yd, 0 = 0.
" clamped-free" beam as the limiting cases of the zero spring con-
stant and the infinite spring constant, respectively. Normal Assuming a solution of the form
functions derived here can be of use to an approximate analysis
such as the Ritz method for rectangular plate vibrations [3] when y{x, t) = Y{x){Ci sin pt + C2 00s pi)
one ]3air of the parallel edges are of the spring hinged-free type. the frequency equation is obtained as

Analysis Kl fi_ 1
t a n r„l — t a n h rnl (4)
The beam is hinged a t x = 0 by a rotational spring such t h a t EI \r„l/ Vcos r„l- cosh r„l •')-
the bending moment a t x = 0 is proportional to the slope of t h e
As K —>- 0, equation (4) becomes
beam a t x = 0 with a spring constant K. The other end a t x = I
is free. tan r„l = tanh r„l
For transverse vibration in t h e ^-direction of a slender beam
which is the frequency equation for t h e simply supported-free
about the hinge, the equation of motion is [1]
beam [1].
As K —*• °°, equation (4) becomes
EI (1)
ox* ol* cos r„l • cosh rnl = — 1
where which is the frequency equation for the clamped-free beam [1].
The roots (r„l) of equation (4) for a number of if-values are
m = mass per unit length of beam
shown in Table 1.
E = Young's modulus
The normal mode function Yn becomes

1 (cos rnx — cosh r„x)

Member, Senior Technical Staff, Northrop Corporate Labora- F„ = -
tories, Hawthorne, Calif. Assoc. Mem. ASME. EI \rnlj \Djn
2
Numbers in brackets designate References at end of Note.
Manuscript received by ASME Applied Mechanics Division, May,
1972; final revision, August, 1972. (I). (sin r„x + sinh r„x) + (sin r„x — smb. r„x). (5)

1154 / DECEMBER 1 972 Copyright © 1972 by ASME Transactions of the ASME

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 BRIEF NOTES
Table 1 Roots (r„l) monic field in a n acoustic medium is governed by a single Helm-
holtz equation. For an acoustic medium with a disordered sub-
(r /)
n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n - J n - 6
structure the equation to be solved is a Helmholtz equation with
EI" n = 1
a randomly varying propagation constant; i.e.,
0 3.926 591 7.068 581 10.210 089 13.351 763 16.493 357
932 3.927 805 7.069 291 10.210 666 13,352 143 i6.493 664
0.415
782 3.938 466 7.075 616 10.215 046 13.355 499 16.496 383
(V2 + /co2[l + 6M(x)]>p = 0 (1)
0.735
1.247 917 4.031 139 7. 134 132 10.256 621 13.387 756 16.522 725 2 2
I Here, V is the Laplacian operator and fa is the mean (i.e., en-
•1.722 ,742 4.399 523 7.451 057 10.521 785 13.614 188 16.719 626
1.856 '787" 4.649 726 7.782 671 10.897 588 14.014 861 17.133 516
semble averaged) medium propagation constant, i.e.,
100
1.875 104 4.694 091 7.854 757 10.995 541 14.137 168 17.278 760
fcoa = c o 2 / V

Table 2 Values of ( C / D ) „
where w is the frequency and 1 with ( ) denoting

K*
EI n = 1 n 2 n = 3
(§1 n 4 n - 5 n * 6
ensemble average. Further, /x(x) is a centered (i.e., (u) = s 0)
random function of position with unit variance and e gives a
0.943 1.000 99 0.998 918 256
0.01 11.53 57 488 0.999 0.999 394 measure of t h e strength of the variations in wave speed, c, t h a t
3.615 90 0.923 560 0.988 408 0.990 203 0.992 573 0.993 974
0.1 results from the substructure.
1 1.054 59 0.765 515 0.878 924 0.911 077 0.930 500 0.942 931
Starting from equation (1), one may derive the following equa-
0.210 003 0.297 765 0.427 508 0.512 682 0.576 527 0.625 743
10
tion on the mean field, (<p(x)), by a variety of methods [1-4] 2
100 0. 024 956 0.043 588 0. 072 267 0. 098 263 0..I22 922 0. 146 273

(V2 +fcoa)<<p(x)>+ / 9H(x, x,)(<p(xi))dxi = 0. (3)

The values of (C/D)n are shown in Table 2. The integral operator appearing in t h e equation is to be taken
The natural frequencies are given by over the extent of t h e medium. T h e kernel appearing in this
operator is defined in terms of an infinite series involving statis-

Acknowledgment
Pn =
V rn*EI

^—
m
= (r,0*V
T>
ml
l
\ET_
4
(6)
tical moments of all orders defined on fj,(x) as well as an appro-
priate Green's function for t h e mean medium field equation.
The terms of the series can be arranged in powers of e. Thus, for
a weakly inhomogeneous solid, it is justified to truncate the
This work was supported by Northrop Corporate Laboratories, series and thereby obtain an approximation to 311 (x, xi). Re-
Northrop Corporation, Hawthorne, Calif. taining only a single term of t h e series we write t h e following
expression for 311 (x, xi), which is applicable for a medium of un-
References bounded extent.
1 Jacobson, L. S., and Ayre, R. S., Engineering Vibrations, Mc-
Graw-Hill, New York, 1958, pp. 482-496. 31l(x, Xi) = e 2 foW(r) exp (ik0r)/iirr, (4)
2 Den Hartog, J. P., Mechanical Vibrations, 4th ed., McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1956. where
3 Young, D., "Vibration of Rectangular Plates by the Ritz
Method," JOURNAL or APPLIED MECHANICS, Vol. 17, TRANS. ASME, Ar(r) = (n(x)/4xi); r = x - Xi, (5)
Vol. 72, 1950, p. 448.
is t h e correlation function. Equation (5) implies homogeneous
statistics.
The plane wave solutions of equation (3) are given by

A Note on the Mean Field Dispersion (tp(x)) ~ A exp (i/ce-x), (6)

Spectra for Media With Disordered
Substructures
J. J. M e C O Y 1
IT is a well-known fact t h a t t h e dispersion spectra for solids
with ordered substructures, i.e., a periodic lattice or a laminated
medium, exhibit a multiplicity of branches. Further, it is known
that t h e "optical" branches, which have no counterpart in t h e
dispersion spectrum for a solid without a substructure, possess
cutoff frequencies above which t h e branches define nonspatially
decaying waves. The question m a y be raised as to whether the
equations t h a t govern the ensemble averaged fields in solids with
disordered substructures will predict dispersion spectra with these
same characteristics. This Note is directed toward answering
this question.
An investigation of the question for the solid medium is greatly
complicated by the presence of two wave modes and the coupling
that results from their interaction with t h e substructure. Ac-
cordingly, we consider t h e simplified problem of an "acoustic"
medium; i.e., one t h a t admits a single wave mode. The time har-
1
Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Mechanical
Engineering, The Catholic University, Washington, D. C.
Manuscript received by ASME Applied Mechanics Division, April,
1972.
where the unit vector e gives the propagation direction. B y sub-
stitution it is readily seen t h a t equation (3) is satisfied by equa-
tion (6) provided the pair of values (k, to) satisfy the characteris-
tic equation,
exp [L{k0r — k-r)]
¥ - h1 N(r) dr (7)
4-rr
;
If k and co are allowed to range over all complex numbers, then
equation (7) may be viewed as defining surfaces in t h e four di-
mensional (k, co) space. I t is common practice to restrict co to
take on only real numbers. Then, equation (7) defines curves in
the three-dimensional (k, to) space. A graphical representation
of these curves on Cartesian axes labeled (Re k, I m k, to) is termed
the dispersion spectrum. A single continuous curve is termed a
branch of t h e spectrum. A point on a branch of the spectrum
t h a t lies in t h e I m k = 0 plane corresponds to a nondecaying
plane wave solution of equation (2). Points on a branch of the
spectrum t h a t lie outside the I m k = 0 plane define spatially de-
caying or evanescent waves. T h e dispersion spectrum for a
medium without a substructure contains a single branch (two
if you count t h e same wave propagating in opposite directions
twice) and t h a t branch is given graphically by a straight line in the
I m k = 0 plane. The dispersion spectrum for a medium with a
Numbers in brackets designate References at end of Note.

Journal of Applied Mechanics DECEMBER 1 9 7 2 / 1155

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