INTRODUCTION

The absence of illness does not thoroughly explain “Health”, it can as well be described as wellness

of the body and mind. More technically, health can be defined from two perspectives – bodily and

psychological health. Otherwise referred to as physical and mental health. A state of well-being

due to regular exercises, adequate nutrition, sufficient rest, sensitivity to signs of sickness and

when to seek help is referred to as Physical health. A person’s wellness is showcased by his body

composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular stability, and adaptability. Mental wellness

refers to psychological and emotional welfare.

As defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), mental health is “a state of

wellness in which an individual discovers and harnesses his abilities, make headways regardless

of stress encountered in life, can complete tasks adequately and profitably with substantial end

product, and also contributes immensely to the uplift of his or her locality.” (Nordqvist, 2015).

A means of enabling people to take charge of their health is through Health Protection. It

encompasses a broad range of social and ecological interventions that are intended to be of

tremendous help and protection to an individual’s life not just by concentrating on treatment

and cure for illnesses but also preventing its root cause. It is therefore important to discuss the

elements of health promotion.

Health promotion has 3 essential elements:

1. Good governance for health: For health promotion to thrive, it requires policy

makers from all facets of leadership to ensure health is a focal point of government

policy. This implies health must be the first point of call in all decision making

processes and policies that counteract illness and injuries to people be prioritised.

These policies must, however, be in line with private sector impetus alongside
 public health goals without neglecting laws that encourage healthy and safe

urbanisation by enforcing traffic laws, improving air and water conditions, and

creating a safe environment (World Health Organisation, 2016).

2. Health Literacy: To make appropriate health decisions, people require information,

knowledge and skills. Also, they must be granted the opportunity to make those

decisions and be guaranteed an environment where the populace demand for

improved health is prioritised (World Health Organisation, 2016).

3. Healthy Cities: The role of a city in promoting excellent health is important.

Passionate and dedicated leadership at domestic levels are integral to healthy

Urbanisation and improving precautionary measures in grass root health care

systems (World Health Organisation, 2016).

Health promotion encompasses empowering communities and their populace and

also, enforcing broader sociopolitical means targeted towards improving health. Due to

the supplements of health promotion, nurses are now an integral part of healthcare

delivery, improving societal wellness, and attending to the health necessities of

domestic communities (Raingruber, 2017).

The Puberty period is a significant due to physical and social changes experienced.

More particularly, a change of lifestyle and attitude towards health issues. During

this time, the totality of individuals health systems tend to be unpredictable and the

interaction between the mind and the body peaks. Adolescents tend to experience

abjection, restlessness leading to lower levels of life satisfaction and health status.

Additionally, a decline in mental health shows a negative relationship with healthy

 behaviours and a positive correlation with the use of substances capable of inducing

negative health issues in adult life.

This is saddening because maintaining a healthy adolescent life could be subject to

attaining a stable psychological equilibrium. Drinking, ingesting illicit drugs, use of sedatives,

unsafe sex, lack of fitness and bad diet are some of the many factors associated with youths in

the adolescence period who are just getting to understand life (Brassai, Piko & Steger, 2011).

Involvement of youths in physical activity is of utmost interest to education and health

professionals. The health benefits of physical activity are not limited to a reduced probability

of becoming overweight but also, improved emotional wellness. For example, physically active

children tend to attain an elevated level of self -esteem and stay in good shape. Academic

benefits of physical activity include improved academic performance and achievements,

enhanced levels of concentration, academic preparedness, and awareness. However, it is

proven that a lot of young individuals lack physical activity thereby missing its associated

benefits. The declined in physical activity levels starts before high school education and

deteriorates through classes in high school.

The factors responsible for physical activity among youngsters has been studied to

acquire understanding about factors that explain participation in physical activity (Page et al.,

2005). Parental support for school-related issues, loneliness, students’ evaluation of school and

their peers as a precursor for knowledge acquisition and alteration, and moments with friends

are all important factors in predicting risk behaviour that students exhibit. Factors associated

with school levels refers to policy components of health promotion that includes: school

regulations, interventions, student participation, and parental engagements. The educational

system impacts students by establishing an extensive and standardised structure to which youth
have a place until the age of 18. The role of educational institution in providing a proper

education has been the primary focus of research; but, school is additionally an imperative

structure from the health point of view and may function as a platform for propelling health

problems, potentially influencing students' health demeanors and practices (Tesler, Harel-

Fisch, & Baron-Epel, 2016).

According to planned models of health advancements and education, the college

principal is charged with the responsibility of incorporating intervention schemes and executing

health changes all through the school. Thus, the principal’s perspective, administration, and

strategies directly affect the improvement and outline of a reasonable health conduct culture to

be embraced by students and their instructors. Health promotion policies in colleges vary in

line with the necessities of the particular institution; a school may take to the bullying

phenomenon, underline issues of mental wellness or prioritise appropriate dietary patterns as

well as consumption of health improving foods.

Observations from a case study named Bonnie reveals that the manner with which an adolescent

in the early phases of psychological alterations approaches his/her health issues is critical. This

individual may, however, be incorporated into ecological and socio-organizational health

advancement levels. This is fundamental to accomplish the best outcomes that will see her

recapture her vitality and enthusiasm to return to playing dodge ball. In a view to understand

bonnie’s condition, it is important to start off with the individual level. This will be helpful in

assessing the best technique to tackle her case (Tesler, Harel-Fisch, & Baron-Epel, 2016).

To maximise protective elements, prevention and proactivity on psychological illness,

a complete turnaround from less proactive diseases models which treat symptoms only when

they surface, is required. For our situation, we will concentrate on means of preventing
depression that for focuses on improving psychological wellness and hamper the occurrence of

depressive issues in adolescents (Gladstone, Beardslee & O’Connor, 2011). Depression in

adolescents is an overwhelming condition that results in educational dysfunction, social and

psychological distress.

Bonnie’s state of depression requires care and attention. Hence, the SMART goal of

this piece. The use quality index can help improve the substandard situation. To comprehend

and handle Bonnie’s situation, a few health advancement exercises should be integrated within

the depression management techniques. In the first place, Bonnie’s parents need to keep track

of her situation. Enforcing preventive interventions in colleges is appropriate for many reasons.

Depression in kids and adolescents is an essential issue from a public health viewpoint: statistics

have shown that 2.5% of children experience depression while it is 8.3% in adolescents with

high recursive rates, which mostly result in poor psychological, social and academic outcome,

and is related to an aggravated likelihood for other mental issues. Additionally, 30% of

adolescents experience depressive disorders that fall short of the class of symptoms of

depression that are clinically relevant (Cuijpers et al., 2014). At the peak of depression for

adolescents, they tend to avoid friends, stop taking part in activities they have always enjoyed

and usually, getting a poor grade. If a depressed teen is just moody or irritable for the maximum

of about two days, it is still acceptable, but if by any chance the symptoms appear coupled with

insomnia, loss of appetite, or fatigue, and it is recursive every day then, expertise of a

professional must be sought after which might require consulting a psychiatrist. Therapy is

however seen by teens as an embarrassment and punishment, so they will definitely not seek

special treatment for adolescent depression alone (Vann,2010). Treating depression by

discussing it with mental health provider is called psychotherapy. In a more general term, it is
referred to as talk therapy. Depression can be effectively treated with diverse kinds of

psychotherapy such as psychological, behavioural treatment or interpersonal treatment.

Psychotherapy might be done one-on-one, with relatives or in a gathering. Teens can be

educated through open sessions about depression, its causes, how to identify it and find better

approaches to adapt and initiate behavioural adjustments or feelings. They also thought how to

set realistic objectives, recapture a sense of bliss and self-control, devise means to ease

symptoms of depression such as displeasure and gloom, and finding their footing in difficulty

(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016).

No particular diet has been proven to suppress the feeling of depression, but a healthy

and appropriate diet will definitely be helpful over time. Our bodies typically make particles

called free radicals, yet these can initiate damage in cells, ageing, and various complications.

Based on the fact that brain and mood-boosting chemical serotonin is linked with

carbohydrates, Bonnie will have to make her Carb diet choices wisely. She must be restrained

from sugary substances. Instead, she should consume smart carbs like whole grain rather than

cake and cookies which are classified as simple carbs. Fruits, vegetables, turkey, tuna, and

chicken must be an integral part of her diet as they contain amino acid referred to as tryptophan,

which will assist in serotonin building. Let her feed on protein several times daily. Especially

when she needs to relax and regain strength (Goldberg, 2016.)

Exercise has been proven by well-structured studies to be an integral tool for elevating one's

mood and relieving the symptom of depression. It has also been demonstrated that improved

physical activity, especially mind-based stress reduction techniques such as yoga, qigong and

tai chi improves anxiety symptoms. During exercises, the body is stimulated, endorphins are

produced as well as serotonin both of which are neurotransmitters that relieve depression. That
does not fully outline the role of exercise in alleviating depression. Bonnie’s regular

participation in physical activities she enjoyed such as dodge ball will definitely help elevate

her self-esteem, raise confidence levels and improve her social communication (Lawson and

Towey, 2015).

Finally, Teenagers, have a tendency to go to bed late and get less rest than other age

brackets, this could possibly be a contributing factor to mood instability such as depression.

Teens who have confident and lively companions,, who was dynamic and influential in their

school groups, and cherished their academic performance had more rests at nights. Teens whose

development is tracked by their parents also had good night sleeps. Generally, social factors

outclass developmental factors as a precursor for ascertaining teens sleep pattern, especially

indicating the significance of parental, associate, and school connections in improving healthy

rest practices (Mercola, 2013).

In 1990, the Penn Resiliency Program was deloped by a team of ardent researchers from the

University of Pennsylvania. The objectives of PRP are to help avoid and minimise symptoms

of depression by encouraging mind flexibility, promoting positive reasoning, ability to adapt to

the different conditions, and teaching means of devising solution. These set objective are

achieved with PRP’s training modules made up different sessions such as twelve 90-minute

for boys and girls within age range 10-14 delivered in batches of almost 10-12 youths (Gillham

et al., 2012). The program comprises of two modules: cognitive-behavioral and social critical

thinking. Members are shown how their pessimistic beliefs influence their feelings and conduct.

As provided in the module, participants learn psychological restructuring capability that assists

them to recognise their cynical view and to provoke them by taking a careful look at the proof,

thus constructing their ability to precisely evaluate circumstances. In the same vein, members
also learn successful ways of dealing with stress and strategies for primary leadership,

decisiveness, communication, and recreation. These abilities are presented and rehearsed

through productions, group dialogues and exercises, speculative illustrations, kid's shows,

stories, amusements, and worksheets. Furthermore, the young are urged to do short assignments

and log personal records of experience between training periods (Gillham et al., 2012).

PRP is intended to be school-based and is frequently actualized as an after school program or

during regular college period. Notwithstanding, the program can likewise be executed in an

essential care setting. The program serves both as a general (focusing on an entire populace)

and as an auxiliary/demonstrated (focusing on youths prone to high-risk) mediation.

Facilities of the program include developers of PRP and members of the research,

including graduate and post-graduate students studying psychology, and also school workforce

and professional mental health experts who get comprehensive training in the approach and

continuous supervision (Gillham et al., 2012).

Child and youth psychiatry manages people experiencing a quick formative change in physical,

psychological, emotive, informative, and relational circles. All children merit regard for their

independence rights, however active and more established adolescents exist at different phases

of development. Along these lines, it can safely be said that the typical 16-year-old, due to less

scholarly abilities, has far less of a suspicion of definitive results of his practices on his close

and transitional term future than does the 19-year-old. Second, it is likely that guardians are

able to exercise authority over their kids than they can over their adolescents, because of their

physical presence, self-sufficiency and semi-dependence on their parents. Thus, it is evident

that similar clinical conditions demand that the CAPs channel their skills to varying degrees of

developmental achievements (Sondheimer, 2010).

 However, from the legal point of view, similar guidelines apply to all youngsters up to

age 18 years. Guardians must agree to treatment; children may consent or difference. Whenever

parents and kid reach a consensus, care can continue quickly; when they deviate, falling back

on essential moral contemplations is required. Since the security of the youngster is

fundamental, parents, as well as kid restriction to psychiatric intercession, is ignored in the case

of unforeseen danger. At the point, the illustration discussed above, guardians' assent and

children contradict, these same standards are utilised as thinking fundamentals, but because of

development disparity, the will be employed differently (the equity guideline) (Sondheimer,

2010).

Thus in Bonnie’s case, the activity of parental will is adequate to bring about her

participation. Conversely, for more seasoned adolescents, it is best for a CAP to arrange an

initial meeting with the parents, both to examine the grievance and its unique circumstance tries

out appropriate techniques that may convince the 16-year-old to shift ground from opposing

the psychiatrist to agreeing. Also, the parent's ability to make a firm structure for the kid ought

to without any doubt, get consideration. Privacy is a constant worry in work with children since

guardians (be they people or offices) generally start to care for the adolescents. The Guardian

expects evaluation reports from the child’s therapist even if is just to improve care for the

children (Sondheimer, 2010).

In the process of assessing the new patients, the doctor ought to get some information about

his/her mental disorder history if any. The patient should be questioned to know if he/she has

ever bared the idea of suicide. Correspondingly, all new patients ought to be screened for liquor

abuse utilising the CAGE questionnaire. A brief mental status examination ought to be recorded
in the graph. Any patient who demonstrates proof of the depressed state of mind, nervousness

or substance manhandle ought to be questioned about recent stressors and suicidal thoughts and

experience a full psychiatric assessment to confirm emotional stability or presence of disorder

(Gliatto and Rai, 1999).

It is essential to ascertain the efficacy of therapeutic interventions to figure out which treatments

were more helpful, and for which sort of disorder it worked for. Specialists who evaluate

treatment are keen on the effectiveness of counselling, whether it has been successful or not,

under what circumstances is counselling efficacious, and what results are seen as adequate such

as reduction of side effect, conduct change, or personal satisfaction (Boundless, 2016).

While surveying the adequacy of treatment, specialists regularly depend on blended strategy

plans, which implies utilising both quantitative and subjective outlines.

Lamentably, various hypothetical models employed as a part of therapy, for example,

meetings and perceptions, lack quantitative information to help their adequacy and depend

exclusively on qualitative information. Under normal circumstances, procedures should utilise

blended techniques to give both quantitative and qualitative information. Each kind of

information offers unique types of data, together providing a better assessment of the treatment

(Boundless, 2016).

Quantitative techniques incorporate arbitrarily structured clinical trials, correlational

investigations through the period of counselling, and about particular guidance procedures and

result factors. One method of obtaining quantitative information is using inventories.

These sorts of stocks may be given at the commencement of treatment when the client gets into

therapy and after that, close to the end. The distinctions in scores would then be inspected to

decide whether there is the appreciable quality of life if the troubling side effects have
diminished, and different components that demonstrate the viability of the active therapeutic

approach (Boundless, 2016).

Qualitative techniques otherwise referred to as Subjective methods may include directing,

translating, and summarising interviews; transcribing and summarising treatment sessions;

investigating single sessions or advising cases; or utilising perceptions made and detailed by

the therapy specialist. Subjective information can give individual data that can't be measured

or adequately represented or analysed by quantitative techniques. Numerous psychotherapists

are convinced that the subtleties of psychotherapy can't be appropriately described by

quantitative, poll style perception, and want to depend only on their individual clinical

encounters and calculated contentions to help the kind of therapy they perform (Boundless,

2016).

In conclusion, various researchers over time have discovered that some finding utilised as a

part of past analysts are one-sided and inadequate since psychotherapies seem to help

discourage young people over a short period of time, but are not any more fundamentally

positive over a period of 6-month. Youth can get cured and return to their normal lives if and

only if they adhere strictly to the design treatment procedure.