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VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

S.R.M.NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PS7203 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Question Banks

UNIT I OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

2-Marks
1. Why is protection needed for power system?
2. What do you mean by zone of protection?
3. What do you mean by an internal and external fault?
4. What is reverse power or directional relay?
5. What do you mean by primary and backup protection?
6. What is a through fault?
7. What is time setting and plug setting in over current relays?
8. What is static over current relay
9. State the draw backs of Overcurrent protection.
10. State the trip law of Reactance relay.
11. What is meant by reclosure?
12. What is instantaneous OC relay?
13. What is Thermal relay?
14. How will you adjust the MTA of a directional relay?
15. What scheme can be used to protect the parallel feeders and ring feeders?
16. Why does the fault current vary between a minimum and a maximum at any location?
17. Differentiate phase fault and ground fault.
18. Can protective relay prevent faults?
19. Why is speed of protection so important?
20. Give an estimate of circuit breaker operating time and relay operating time.

16- Marks
1. Explain the implementation of over current relay using induction disk.
2. For the system shown below, design the complete OC protection using the IDMT relays.
Thus,
decide the CT ratios, the plug settings and the TMS at all locations.

Load current 115A 80A 100A 77A 70A

Minimum fault current 1500A 1000A 780A 585A 390A

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Maximum fault current 6000A 5000A 3000A 2000A 1000A

3. Explain the following

1. HRC Fuse and its current versus time characteristics.
2. Thermal relay.
3. Plug setting and time sitting in over current relay.
4. instantaneous OC relay.
4. Explain Various zones of Protection.
5. Explain the protection of Parallel and Ring feeders.
6. Explain the draw backs of Overcurrent Protection.
8. Explain construction of Different types of over current protection Relays and its
characteristics.
9. Explain the procedure for time setting of relays on a ring main feeder system.
10. The generator impedance does not affect the fault current to a great extent in the
low-voltage distribution system. Explain.

UNIT II EQUIPMENT PROTECTION

2- Marks
1. What factors cause spill current on external fault in case of transformer differential
protection?
2. What is phenomenon of inrush in transformer?
3. Which harmonic is the most dominant in the inrush waveform? write all harmonic
currents and its typical magnitudes.
4. Why does the percentage differential relay fail to detect high resistance winding to core
faults?
5. What do you mean by over-fluxing or over-excitation? What is the significance of
the (V/f) ratio?
6. Why does the fault current vary between a minimum and a maximum at any location?
7. Which harmonic is the most dominant in the inrush waveform?
8. Why is over-fluxing harmful for the transformer?
9. What is ground fault and phase fault?
10. What are the various faults to which a turbo-alternator is likely to be subjected?
11. Why conventional differential protection cannot detect inter-turn faults on the same
phase?
12. Differentiate between longitudinal and transverse differential protection.
13. Why does a generator need to be tripped in case of loss of excitation?
14. Can a generator be allowed to run with its prime mover lost? If not, why?
15. Draw the Electrical circuit of Generator.
16. What is inter turn faults in transformer?
17. List the interconnection of generator.
18. Define Sympathetic inrush current.
19. What is grounding transformer?

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20. State the relationship between P e and Q e of a generator before and after loss of prime
mover.

16-Marks

1. Explain how the transformer is protected against incipient faults and analysis of trapped
gases.
2. Explain the different Abnormal operating conditions of turbo alternator and its protection
against abnormal operating conditions.
3. Explain the longitudinal differential protection of generator.
4. Explain the phenomenon of inrush? What are the factors on which the magnitude of
inrush current depends?
5. Explain the protection of transformer against incipient faults.
6. (i) Longitudinal and Transverse differential protection of turbo alternator.
(ii) Protection of turbo alternator against rotor faults.
7. What do you mean by over fluxing or over excitation? Explain how to protect the
transformer against over fluxing.
8. (i) Explain the protection of transformer against inter turn faults.
(ii) Explain High resistance ground faults in transformer.
9. What are the rotor faults and how to prevent them?
10. Explain how generator behaves during unbalanced loading and over speeding.

UNIT-3 DISTANCE AND CARRIER PROTECTION OF

TRANSMISSION LINES
2-Marks
1. State the draw backs of Overcurrent protection.
2. State the trip law of Reactance relay.
3. What is three- stepped Distance Protection?
4. What is permissive inter trip?
5. What is meant by reclosure?
6. What are the situations where DTOC relays are preferred over IDMT relays?
7. Why distance protection is needed for transmission line?
8. What are the effect or arc resistance on the reach of simple impedence relay?
9. State the trip law of Mho relay
10. What is meant by reach of relay?
11. Draw the R-X diagram for Mho relay.
12. Draw the R-X diagram for reactance relay.
13. Compare reactance relay and mho relay.
14. What are the need for carrier aided protection of transmission line?
15. What is Inter trip?
16. What is phase comparison relaying?
17. What is unit type carrier aided directional comparison relaying?
18. What is longitudinal differential scheme?
19. What is under impedance relay?

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20. State the reasons or factors contributing to inaccuracy of Distance relay reach.

16- Marks
1. List the possible causes for loss of excitation and explain protection against loss of
excitation using offset Mho relay.
2. Explain in detail about Carrier Aided Distance schemes for acceleration of Zone-II
3. Explain about the trip contact configuration for the three stepped distance protection.
4. Discuss in detail about the distance protection of a three phase line.
5. What is reactance relay? Describe in detail the operating Principle, implementation and
also the various performance of reactance relay.
6. What is Unit type carrier aided directional comparison relaying? Explain.
7. What is Mho relay? Describe its implementation.
8. What is three stepped distance protection? Discuss in detail.
9. Explain how coupling and trapping of the carrier into the desired line section takes place.
10. Briefly explain the phase comparison relaying scheme.

UNIT IV BUSBAR PROTECTION

2-Marks
1. Describe the unique features of a busbar, from the point of view of application of its
protection.
2. Maloperation of busbar protection causes large disturbances to the system. Explain.
3. Why does a busbar differential scheme have a tendency to operate for external faults?
4. What is Stabilizing resistance? How to decide its value?
5. Why we go for high impedance busbar differential protection scheme?
6. Define stability ratio with respect to busbar differential protection.
7. What are the need for high impedance busbar protection?
8. What is stability ratio of high impedance busbar differential scheme?
9. What is supervisory relay?
10. While normal load is being supplied, an open circuit takes place in one of the pilot
wires. What will be the consequences as far as the busbar differential relay is concerned?
11. Explain the selection of CT ratio in case of busbar protection.
12. Draw the circuit model of saturated CT.
13. What is the significance of Stability Ratio of High Impedance Busbar Differential Scheme
14. What are the busbar protection requirments?
15. Explain bus protection by backup line relays.
16. What are the causes of faults experienced on busbars.
17. Explain the operation of the CT beyond the knee point of the B-H curve.
18. Discuss the behaviour of a CT in deep saturation. What are its implications for the busbar
differential protection?
19. How is the value of stabilizing resistance and its wattage decided?
20. What is the typical range of values of stability ratio for a high impedance busbar
differential scheme?

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16- Marks
1. Sketch the high impedance busbar differential protection for a three phase busbar having
one incoming and 2 outgoing feeders.
2. A 132 kV busbar consists of two incoming lines and four outgoing lines. The system is
solidly earthed and the switchgear capacity is 3000 MVA at 132 kV The parameters are:
Maximum full-load current in one line = 500 A Rs = CT secondary resistance = 0.7 ohm,
R lead wire = 2.0 ohm, Relay load (1 A relay is used) = 1.0 ohm, CT magnetizing current up
to 120 V = 0.28 mA/V (assumed linear), CT saturation voltage V knee > 120 V.
(i) If the over-current relay in the spill path is set at 1.0A and the voltage setting V set is
100 V, find
(a) The maximum 'through fault' current up to which the scheme will remain
stable.
(b) Whether the answer in part (a) is commensurate with the switchgear capacity.
(c) The minimum internal fault current which will be detected by the scheme.
(d) The setting for detecting minimum internal fault current of 500 A?
(e) The value of the stabilizing resistance.
(ii) It is required that a break in the pilot wire from a CT carrying a current of 25A and
more should be detected by the supervisory relay. Calculate the setting of the supervisory
relay?
3. Explain the high impedance busbar differential protection scheme and derive the
expression for maximum external fault current up to which the differential protection
scheme remains stable and minimum fault current that can be detected by the scheme.
4. Explain the need for supervisory relay with suitable diagram.
5. Sketch the high impedance busbar differential protection for a three phase busbar having
four incoming and 5 outgoing feeders.
6. Explain the behavior of busbar differential protection scheme on internal and external
faults.
7. Explain the actual behavior of a protective CT and draw its circuit model in saturated and
non-saturated conditions.
8. Explain In the case of high impedance busbar differential scheme, how will you find out
the minimum internal fault current for which the scheme will operate?
9. While normal load is being supplied, an open circuit takes place in one of the pilot wires.
what will be the consequences as far as the busbar differential relay is concerned?Suggest
an add-on to the differential relay, to avert a possible maloperation in the above scenario.
10. Explain Minimum Internal Fault That Can Be Detected by the High Impedance Busbar
Differential Scheme

UNIT V NUMERICAL PROTECTION

2- Marks
1. What are the advantages of numerical relays over conventional relays?
2. Draw the block diagram of the numerical relay.
3. What do you mean by aliasing?
4. What happens if the sampling frequency is less than the Nyquist limit?
5. Compare the FIR and IIR filters.

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6. Write the trigonometric Fourier series representation.

7. Compare analog and digital domain representation of signals.
8. What is wavelet analysis and how it will be used for numerical protection?
9. What is least error squared technique?
10. What are the need of digital filtering in power system relaying?
11. What is IIR filter?
12. What is numerical over current protection?
13. Compare FIR and IIR filters.
14. What do you mean by Fourier analysis? Explain
15. For numerical relaying purpose the differential equation gets converted into a linear
algebraic equation. Explain
16. Is sample and hold circuit an absolute must?
17. State the methods to analyse the reference wave.
18. Draw the block diagram of numerical protection of transformer.
19. What are weights?
20. What are the need for carriea aided protection?

16- Marks
1. Explain the numerical overcurrent protection of transmission line. Derive the necessary
equations.
2. Explain numerical transformer differential protection scheme.
3. Explain the process of development of new numerical relay using flowchart.
4. Explain the numerical overcurrent protection algorithm with flowchart.
5. Explain Fourier analysis and least error squared technique.
6. Explain the sample and derivative methods of estimating the rms value and phase angle
of a signal. Clearly state the underlying assumptions.
7. Explain the statement that all numerical relays have the same hardwarebut what
distinguishes the relay is the underlying software.
8. Discuss in detail about Digital filters.
9. How do sampling theorem help in conversion of analog signals into digital signals.
10. Discuss about Mann and Morris method.

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