College of Computing and Informatics

Department of Information System

Computer Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Group Assignment Group 2
Section B
Adisu Alemu CIR/030/08
Birhanu Abera CIR/075/08
Kidsit Nigguse CIR/178/08
Yeabsira Getahun CIR/302/08
Girma Asart CIR/142/08
Sara G/kidan CIR/243/08
Submitted to Mr. Abdu
Submission Date 14/03/2010
Operating systems
OBJECTIVE
• The objective of this lesson is to make the students
familiar with the basics of operating system.
• After studying this lesson you will be familiar with:
● Definition of operating system
● History of operating systems
● Functions performed by an operating system.
●Different types of operating systems.

Definition
• An operating system (OS) is a software program that
manages the hardware and software resources of a
computer.
• An operating system (OS) is system software that
manages computer hardware and software resources and
provides common services for computer programs.
• All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an
operating system to function.
History Phase I: Hardware Expensive,
Humans Cheap

• Hardware: mainframes
• OS: human operators
• Handle one job (a unit of processing) at a time
• Computer time wasted while operators walk around
the machine room
OS Design Goal
• Efficient use of the hardware
• Batch system: collects a batch of jobs before
processing them and printing out results
• Job collection, job processing, and printing out
results can occur concurrently
• Multiprogramming: multiple programs can run
concurrently
• Example: I/O-bound jobs and CPU-bound jobs

History Phase II: Hardware Cheap,

Humans Expensive

• Hardware: terminals
• OS design goal: more efficient use of human resources
• Timesharing systems: each user can afford to own
terminals to interact with machines
History Phase III: Hardware Very
Cheap, Humans Very Expensive

• Hardware: personal computers

• OS design goal: allowing a user to perform many tasks at
the same time
• Multitasking: the ability to run multiple programs
on the same machine at the same time.
 • Multiprocessing: the ability to use multiple
processors on the same machine.

History Phase IV: Distributed Systems

• Hardware: computers with networks

• OS design goal: ease of resource sharing among
machines.
 History of Operating Systems
• The OS performs basic tasks, such as:
● Controlling and allocating memory,
● prioritizing the processing of instructions,
● controlling input and output devices,
● Facilitating networking, and
● Managing files.
• The first computers did not have operating systems.
However, software tools for managing the system and
 ●simplifying the use of hardware appeared very quickly
afterwards, and gradually expanded in scope.
• Through the 1960s, several major concepts were
developed, driving the development of operating
systems.
• The development of the IBM System/360 produced a
family of mainframe computers available in widely
differing capacities and price points, for which a single
operating system OS/360 was planned (rather than
developing ad-hoc programs for every individual model).
By the 1990s, the microcomputer had evolved to the
point where, as well as extensive GUI facilities, the
robustness and flexibility of operating systems of larger
computers became increasingly desirable.

• Microsoft's response to this change was the development

of Windows NT, which served as the basis for Microsoft's
entire operating system line starting in 1999.
• Apple rebuilt their operating system on top of a UNIX
core as Mac OS X, released in 2001.
• The growing complexity of embedded devices has a
growing trend to use embedded operating systems on
them.
 Today

• Command line interface (or CLI) operating systems can

operate using only the keyboard for input.
• Modern OS's use a mouse for input with a graphical user
interface (GUI) sometimes implemented as a shell.
• The appropriate OS may depend on the hardware
architecture, specifically the CPU, with only Linux and
BSD running on almost any CPU.
• Windows NT has been ported to other CPUs, most
notably the Alpha, but not many.
• Since the early 1990s the choice for personal computers
has been largely limited to the Microsoft Windows family
and the Unix-like family, of which Linux and Mac OS X are
becoming the major choices.

• Personal computers
 IBM PC compatible - Microsoft Windows and smaller
Unix-variants (like Linux and BSD)
 Apple Macintosh - Mac OS X, Windows, Linux and BSD
• Mainframes - A number of unique OS's, sometimes Linux
and other UNIX variants.
• Embedded systems - a variety of dedicated OS's, and
limited versions of Linux or other OS's.

Unix-like
• The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating
systems, with several major subcategories including
System V, BSD, and Linux.
• The name "Unix" is a trademark of The Open Group
which licenses it for use to any operating system that has
been shown to conform to the definitions that they have
cooperatively developed.
• The name is commonly used to refer to the large set of
operating systems which resemble the original UNIX.

Microsoft Windows
• The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems
originated as a graphical layer on top of the older MS-
DOS environment for the IBM PC.
• Modern versions are based on the newer Windows NT
core that first took shape in OS/2 and borrowed from
OpenVMS.
• Windows runs on 32-bit and 64-bit Intel and AMD
computers, although earlier versions also ran on the DEC
Alpha, MIPS, and PowerPC architectures (some work was
done to port it to the SPARC architecture).
• Basically, an Operating System has three main
responsibilities:
(a) Perform basic tasks such as recognizing input from
the keyboard, sending output to the display screen,
keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.
(b) Ensure that different programs and users running at
the same time do not interfere with each other.
(c) Provide a software platform on top of which other
programs can run.
Operating Systems
• The operating system is the most important program that
runs on a computer.
• Operating system is an interface between computer and
user.
• It is responsible for the management and coordination of
activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer.

Operating System
(OS) is system software, which acts as an interface between a
user of the computer and the computer hardware.
• The main purpose of an Operating System is to provide
an environment in which we can execute programs.
• The main goals of the Operating System are:
(i) To make the computer system convenient to use,
●To make the use of computer hardware in efficient way
●Operating System may be viewed as collection of
●software consisting of procedures for operating the
computer and providing an environment for execution of
programs.
●It is an interface between user and computer.
 ●So an Operating System makes everything in the
computer to work together smoothly and efficiently

OS functions
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users

Memory Management

• Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are

in use by whom, what part are not in use.
• In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will
get memory when and how much.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do
so.
• De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs
it or has been terminated

Device Management
• Keeps tracks of all devices. The program responsible for
this task is known as the I/O controller.
• Decides which process gets the device when and for how
much time.
• Allocates the device in the most efficient way.
• De-allocates devices.

File Management
• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The
collective facilities are often known as file system.
• Decides who gets the resources.
• Allocates the resources.
• De-allocates the resources.
• It manages the hardware and software resources of the
system.
 In a desktop computer, these resources include such
things as:
 The processor (is an electronic circuit that can execute
computer programs)
 Memory
 Disk Space
 (On a cell phone, they include the keypad, the screen, the
address book, the phone dialer, the battery and the
network connection).

Types of Operating Systems

There are generally many types, categorized based on the
types of computers they control and the sort of
applications they support. Some of the categories are:
 Types of Operating Systems

1 Batch Operating System.

2 Multi Programming Operating System.
3 Multitasking Operating System.
4 Multi-user Operating System.
5 Multithreading.
6 Time Sharing System.
7 Real Time Systems.
8. Distributed Operating Systems

Batch Operating System

• Is simple operating system and its major task was to
transfer control from one job to the next.
• The job was submitted to the computer operator in the
form of punch cards.
• The operating systems was always resident in memory.
• Common Input Device were Card readers and Tape
drivers.
• Common output device line printers, tape drivers and
card punches
• Users did not interact with the computer system, but he
prepared a job(comprising of the program, data and
some control information)
• Small resident kernel sequences jobs for one or more
batch streams using a job control interface.
Goal
• Minimize setup time, minimize idle time.

Multi Programming Operating System.

• Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of
programs simultaneously by a single processor.
• In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in
main memory at a time.
• The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the
main memory.
• If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches
from that job to another job.
• Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

 Advantages:
• Efficient memory utilization
• Throughput increases
• CPU is never idle, so performance increases.

Multitasking Operating System

• Allows two or more users to run programs at the same
time.
• Some operating systems permit hundreds or even
thousands of concurrent users.

Multi-user Operating System

• Provides regulated access for a number of users by
maintaining a database of known users.
• Refers to computer systems that support two or more
simultaneous users.
• Another term for multi-user is time sharing.
Example
• All mainframes and are multi-user systems.
• Unix
 Multithreading
• It isalso known as threading.
• It is an excution model that allows a single process to
have multiple code segments (i.e threads) run
concurrently with in the context of that process.
• Multithreading is the ability of an operating system
proccess to manage its use by more than one user at a
time.
• Even to manage multiple requests by the same user.

Time Sharing System

• Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
• Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between
them.
• In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so
it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.
• Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
• Examples: Multics, UNIX, etc.
Real time Operating

• Well-defined fixed-time constraints.

• There is typically very little user interface capability.
• Resources are managed so that a particular operation
executes precisely the same every time.
• Real-Time systems may have either hard or soft real-
time.
Hard real-time
• Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
• Conflicts with time-sharing systems, usually not
supported by general-purpose operating systems.
Soft real-time
• Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
• Quality of Service
• Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
• There is typically very little user interface capability.
• Resources are managed so that a particular operation
executes precisely the same every time.
• Real-Time systems may have either hard or soft real-
time.

Distributed Operating Systems

• Distribute the computation among several physical
processors.
• Loosely coupled system–each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicate with one another
through various communications lines, such as high-
speed buses or network communication.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
• Resources Sharing
• Computation speed up
• load balancing
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Fail-Safe
• Communications
• May make use of commodity platforms.
• OS has to cater for resource sharing.
• May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.