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Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 1994 by ASME

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF ORIFICE

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS IN HIGH SPEED ROTATING DISKS

S. Wittig, S. Kim, R. Jakoby, and I. Weif3ert

Luhrstuhl and Institut fur Thermische Stromungsmaschinen
Universitit Karlsruhe (T.H.)
Karlsruhe, Germany

n 1/min rotational speed

ABSTRACT p N/m2 pressure
pdf - probability density function
Experimental and numerical results of the flow through orifices Q kgK/J ideal flow function
in rotating disks are presented, with emphasis on basic physical r mm coordinate
phenomena. It is shown, that rotational effects strongly influence R J/kgK specific gas constant
the massflow discharged, a phenomenon which cannot be mod- T K temperature
elled by a stationary setup. U m/s circumferential velocity of orifices
The study includes the determination of discharge coefficients un- x mm coordinate
der variation of the length to diameter ratio, pressure ratio and
rotational speed. The pressure ratio covers low as well as criti- Greek symbols:
cal values, the maximum rotational speed is 10000 rpm which is e m2 /s3 dissipation rate
equivalent to a tangential velocity of 110 m/s. In order to under- C - isentropic coefficient
stand the flow structure, local flow velocities were measured by w 1/s angular velocity
means of a 2D Laser-Doppler-Velocimeter. Phase-resolved mea- 7 - pressure ratio
surements have been carried out in front of and behind the ori- 0 coordinate
fices.
A 3D Finite-Volume-Code with bodyfitted coordinates in a rotat- Subscripts:
ing frame of reference is employed for the numerical analysis and ax axial
the verification of its possibilities and limitations. The results re- in inlet
veal a very complex flow field, which is dominated by high velocity out outlet
gradients in close vicinity to the orifices. The comparison of the t tangential
computational solutions with the experimental data shows good t total
agreement. Based on the measurements in combination with the 0 settling chamber
numerical solution, a detailed insight into the physical properties 00 behind disk
of the flow is achieved.

LIST OF SYMBOLS
1 INTRODUCTION
A m2 area
c m/s velocity In order to improve the thermal efficiency of the basic cycle of gas
CD - discharge coefficient turbine engines, an increase of the turbine inlet temperature is a
d mm orifice diameter well-known necessity. These temperature levels exceed the criti-
D mm pitch circle diameter of orifices cal temperature of the blade material. Consequently, an efficient
k m2/s2 turbulent kinetic energy cooling system, which combines the demand of safe operation of
1 mm orifice length the engine with a minimized internal air mass flow, is required.
m kg/s massflow In addition, a large variety of other tasks, such as preventing the

Presented at the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition
The Hague, Netherlands — June 13-16, 1994
This paper has been accepted for publication in the Transactions of the ASME
Discussion of it will be accepted at ASME Headquarters until September 30, 1994

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 ingestion of hot gas into the turbine disk cavities, balancing axial turbulence
loads and many others, have to be fulfilled. To meet this demand, mesh labyrinth
the discharge characteristics of the various components like disks seal
and annular gaps with or without orifices, labyrinth seals etc.
have to be known. from junction
settling y y element
Concerning the discharge characteristics of orifices in disks, nu- chamber
merous investigations have been published in the past. Neverthe- y

less, most of them are based on a static setup. Herning (1962)

and Benedict. Wyler, Brandt (1975) for example, determined the
effect of edge sharpness. Orifices with radiused or chamfered in-
let corners have been studied by Hay and Spencer (1991) and

I
Rhode, Richards, Metger (1969), who also determined the influ- 9 ^, y
shell
ence of an inclined orifice axis. Similar studies are presented by
Hay, Henshall and Manning (1992). Lichtarowicz, Duggins and
Markland (1965) published measurements under variation of the rotating
1
orifice length, Jobson (1955) and Bragg (1960) on the influence of
-

compressibility and Callaghan, Bowden (1949) were interested in

the discharge of orifices with square, elliptic and circular shape.
Based on experimental results of previous investigations, McGree-
han and Schotsch (1987) derived correlations considering a variety
of geometrical parameters.
The discharge behaviour of rotating orifices as an element of
the internal air system has been studied by Meyfarth and Shine
(1965), who varied the orifice number, diameter and arrangement.
Wiles (1976) also had a rotating setup, where he determined dis-
charge coefficients for disks with conical orifices of different num-
ber and diameter. Becker, Schwerdtner and Hosenfeld (1977)
investigated the discharge of radial orifices in rotating shafts.
As there is little data on the influence of rotation available, the
subject of this paper is to study the basic properties of the flow
through orifices in rotating disk systems. The discharge behaviour
is analyzed by means of local flow velocities as well as discharge
coefficients with variation of the most important parameters, such
as the pressure ratio, the rotational speed and the length to di-
ameter ratio.
2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1 Test Rig
For the determination of the discharge properties of orifices in
high-speed rotating disks, a test facility was built at the Insti-
tut fur Thermische Stromungsmaschinen (ITS). Compressor air
is discharged from a settling chamber through the flange of the
rig on the lefthand side as shown in Fig.1. To minimize pertur-
bations caused by the flange, the edges of the struts are rounded.
Additionally, a turbulence mesh is mounted to homogenize the
flow.
Fig. 1: Test rig "Rotating Disks"
be achieved. Due to the high circumferential velocity of the disk,
a labyrinth seal has been chosen for the sealing of rotor and sta-
tor. The unavoidable leakage loss of the seal was determined by
extensive calibration measurements with closed orifices to ensure
a high accuracy level.
The disk drive is located on the righthand side of the test-section,
where a DC-motor is connected to the drive-plug on the shaft by
a flexible clutch.
The optical access to the upstream side of the disk is realized by
a window in the housing (Fig.3). Downstream of the disk, the
air is discharged into the surroundings to avoid the influence of a
housing geometry.
The massflow discharged through the test section was measured
by one of three orifice flow meters, applicable to the appropri-
ate measurement range and connected to a calibrated differential
pressure gauge. The temperature of the gas flow in the orifice me-
ter, in the settling chamber and in the test section as well as the
ambient temperature is measured with NiCr-Ni thermocouples.
The corresponding static pressure is obtained from pressure taps
connected to a scanivalve and an absolute pressure gauge. The
pressure ratio across the orifice is defined as it = p o /p er , which
is the ratio of the static pressure in the settling chamber to the
ambient pressure. The pressure drop from the settling chamber
cover

Plwm-
.r- 4 ^_ Rotating Disk

AMlgier
A high degree of flexibility considering geometrical variations is
obtained by using cylindrical shells. The orifices are bored into
the shells, which provides easy modification of the geometry. The
length of the orifices can be varied by mounting disks of different
^
— PTN
thickness. The disks are fixed to the shaft using a flexible junc- ce
tion element, that is clamped by a nut. PC
80386
Programming
To meet the demand of high rotational speeds, precision bearings Fig. 2: LDV-Setup
are used. Thus, a maximum rotational speed of 10000 rpm could

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 to the test section housing turned out to be negligible. The con-
sistency of the measured discharge coefficients was checked by a Compressor Air
Housing
complete dismantling of the test section, followed by a reassem-
bly and a recalibration of the leakage losses of the labyrinth seal.
The uncertainties always were smaller than 2.5%.
1 Disk A
Glass Window
2.2 LDV-Setup
2-Channel Fibre-Probe
For the measurement of the flow velocities, a two-component
fibre-optic LDV-system provided by Dantec was used. The LDV-
system comprises a 4 W Argon-Ion laser in multi mode operation,
a standard optics with 40 MHz Bragg-cell, color and beam sep- Position 2 Position 1
arators and a 2D-fibre probe (Fig.2). The signals are detected
by a two-component photomultiplier setup in combination with
counter-processors. In order to determine the angular position Fig. 3: Probe arrangement
of the disk, an angular encoder and a Zech 1400A interface card
are used. The interface is equipped with an internal clock, which
operates with an internal oscillator or an external trigger. The of the fibre probe for measurements near and in the orifices is
encoder is generating one trigger signal per revolution to reset illustrated by Fig.3. If the probe is located at position 1, the tan-
the clock and 8192 impulses to be summarized within one cycle. gential and axial component of the flow field before and behind
Depending on the mode chosen, the position of the clock is a mea- the disk will be measured. Placing it into position 2, the flow
sure for the arrival time of the signals or the respective position of inside the orifices can be detected by measuring the radial and
the rotor. Working as a data link between the counter processors tangential component. A detailed error analysis of the measure-
and the computer (PC 80386), the interface card writes all data ment technique is carried out by Jakoby, Benz, Willmann and
into the computer memory. Wittig (1994).
Additionally, a Programmable-Trigger-Inhibit-Module (PTIM),
which was developed at our Institute, provides selective data ac-
quisition within pre-defined angular segments to save computer 3 NUMERICAL PROCEDURE
storage and processing capacity for measurements in rotating sys-
Corresponding to the experimental setup (section 2.1) the grid
tems.
for the numerical simulation is divided into three sections (Fig.4).
For the seeding, a Pallas RGB 1000 particle generator is used in The inflow region consists of a cylindrical housing with a central,
combination with CaCO 3 particles with a mean size of 1 tim. The rotating shaft, followed by the disk with orifices. As there is an
probe volume had a length of approximately 1 mm, its diameter extremely high ratio of housing area to orifice area, high velocity
was 0.3 mm. For reasons of a high degree of flexibility, backscat- gradients in the vicinity of the orifices occur. These gradients are
ter mode for the measurements was chosen. The arrangement resolved by an embedded, refined mesh (Fig.S). Behind the disk,

shaft disk
com pressor orifice
air

inflow^
region

outflow
region

outer wall
Fig. 4: Numerical grid

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 reasonable boundary conditions have to be defined in order to
simulate the free jet condition of the experimental setup. There-
fore, the flow is discharged into a large housing, whose influence
on the discharge behaviour is assumed to be negligible.
Fig. 5: Detailed geometry modeling using an embedded, refined
grid
The computational results were obtained by using a commer-
cial finite-volume code (TASCflow3D), where the time averaged
Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a non-orthogonal, body-
fitted grid. This code uses a second order discretization scheme,
the so called Linear Profile Scheme (LPS) combined with Physical
Advection Correction (PAC) terms (TASCflow User Documenta-
tion (1993)). Due to the rotation of the disk, the flow through the
orifices is of unsteady, three-dimensional type. Choosing a rotat-
ing coordinate system, a reduction to a steady three-dimensional
type of flow is possible. The turbulence characteristics of the
flow are described by the well-known standard k-c-model (Laun-
der and Spalding (1974)). For the determination of the near-wall
velocity, the logarithmic wall function was used. Due to the oc-
curance of high Mach numbers, compressibility effects were con-
sidered. More details of the numerical code are described in the
TASCflow User Documentation (1993).
3.1 Grid Generation
The basic configuration consists of a rotating disk with two ori-
fices as shown in Fig.4. Due to the symmetry of the setup, a
reduction of the grid to a 180 0 segment is possible. In the static
case, a further reduction of the grid to a 90° segment could be
carried out due to the symmetry of the flow through the orifice.
However, the investigation of rotational effects requires the choice
of a 180° segment.
The resolution of pressure and velocity gradients is achieved by
a local grid refinement as shown in Fig.5. Consequently, the ap-
proximation of the circular geometry of the orifice is improved.
In order to resolve recirculation zones in front of and behind the
orifice, the embedded grid is extended into the tangential direc-
tion. The total number of nodes of the main and embedded grid
is 60,000. The grid independence of the calculated discharge co-
efficients and the velocities in front of and behind the disk was
tested by use of refined grids.
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3.2 Boundary conditions
In the rotating frame of reference, the disk is a stationary wall and
the housing rotates with negative angular velocity. Downstream
of the disk, the influence of the outer wall on the discharge char-
acteristics can be neglected due to the extremely small ratio of
orifice to outflow area of 0.0005. At the inlet boundary, a pressure
specified opening with presupposed axial inflow direction is used.
In the downstream section, recirculation zones in the outlet cross-
section may occur. Therefore, the outlet boundary condition is a
pressure specified opening where, according to the experimental
setup, the static pressure is equal to the ambient pressure, allow-
ing the appearance of small recirculation flows in the outlet area.
In the plane of geometric symmetry, periodic boundary condi-
tions are set. The axis of rotation, corresponding to a collapsed
plane with degenerated cells, is preset with symmetric boundary
conditions.
4 RESULTS
In the following chapter, an overview on the influence of rotation
on the flow field and the discharge behaviour is given. With the
exception of Fig.12, all the results presented refer to a rotating
frame of reference, introduced by Fig.6.
r1 _I Lr^
Ca
T 0
\x1 I1-14
rotating 46
disk 61
Fig. 6: Frame of reference
4.1 Flow field in the vicinity of rotating ori-
fices
The difference between the rotating and the non-rotating case is
shown by Fig.7, where the numerical solution for a stationary and
a rotating orifice is presented for a circumferential intersection (r
= const.). The thickness of the disk is I = 40mm with the orifice
diameter d = 15mm and the radial position of the orifice axes
r = 105mm.
In the non-rotating case, the well-known flow structure with con-
vergent afflux, separation at the inlet corner, vena contracta and


Fr r 11 rri i,,, ,, i r

t
stationary r r r I r'r direction '"- r r, ,,,.
I
I
r
disk r
r r r
1I1
I of motion r" ^^ ii
,.

r 1 r r ,,---- 11

1 1
, , ,.,.. . ^///

ill 1 1 1 1 1 1
: 1 i r, r,
r t t t I,i I i,
I , I t
I, I I„ I, I , r
III
100 m/s t r , I i„ r, r
rrI I,t I I I t I
lit
till? I,I„t 1 r I t I

a) n = 0 b) n = 4500rpm (U/c ¢x = 0.38)

Fig. 7: Influence of rotation - computation (-,r = 1.1, 1 = 40mm, d = 15mm)

dissipating core on the downstream side of the disk is obtained.
Considering a rotational speed of 4500 rpm (U/e = 0.38) and a
pressure ratio of 7r = 1.1, there is a tangential afflux due to the
rotating frame of reference. Consequently, the velocity vectors at
the inlet plane show an inclination angle towards the orifice axis,
which leads to separation and a large recirculation zone on the
"suction side", filling almost the whole length of the orifice. The
velocity vectors in the exit cross-section turn out to be almost
perpendicular to the disk, due to the relatively large ratio of ori-
fice length-to-diameter, which is causing a tangential acceleration
of the flow. In the exit plane, the tangential flow velocity is al-
most equal to the disk speed. The jet discharged is deflected into
the tangential direction, due to the crossflow of the stationary air
(rotating frame of reference).

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 0 -

0
U
-o
EN
u I
>..0
0I
o O
a)

O
I

—100 —50 0 50 100

r [mm]

Fig. 9: Tangential velocity distribution - measurement

(7r = 1.1, U/c ax = 0.38, n = 4500rpm, l = 40mm, d = 15mm, x = 61mm)

The velocity profiles of the outflow region measured in a cross-
section at x = 61mm are shown by Fig.8 and 9, presenting the
axial and the tangential component for a clockwise rotating disk.
The two orifices of the disk are mirrored in the two peaks of
the axial velocity distribution. The "wake flow" of the jets dis-
charged is expressed by a "tail" extending into the circumferential
direction. Towards the center of the disk, a recirculation zone is
indicated by negative axial velocities, being detected for small
radial coordinates. With the exception of the peaks, the general
velocity profile has a concave shape like a soup-plate. On the
outside of the measuring plane, the jets are dragging ambient air.
Therefore, there are no negative velocities. In the center, the
swirl flow causes a recirculation zone.
The tangential velocity distribution in the vicinity of each orifice
is characterized by a small, local maximum followed by a mini-
mum and a large maximum. Since in the rotating frame of refer-
ence, the flow is discharged into a crossflow of ambient air, there
The vector plot in Fig.10 gives a superposition of the measured
axial and tangential component along the trajectory of the ori-
fice axes. As outlined in the plot, the angular extension of the
orifice is 8°. On the other hand, the extension of the core of the
jet is approximately 4 0 at x = 46mm. This is a consequence of
the separation bubble on the suction side of the orifice (Fig.7),
blocking parts of the flow area. The reattachement of the flow
takes place in the rear part of the orifice, but the core of the jet is
confined to the pressure side. Fig. 10 also shows an expansion of
the jet into the downstream direction, due to secondary motions
and the wake of the crossflow.
76
70 50 nv's
C 55

is a three-dimensional flow around the jets with rotating stag- . 0

C 50 }

nation points, which are represented by the small, local maxima.

The small peaks are below the disk speed, because the stagnation 455 76 =1.1
U/e a = 0.38
point is not located in this measuring plane. The wake regions n
are also rotating with the speed of the disk, causing the two large direction =
I1=40
40mm
mm pM
maxima. As shown by Fig.10 and Fig.7b), the flow in the exit of motion a=15 mm
r=105 mm
plane of the orifices is perpendicular to the disk. With increas- 3070............ . .
10 ' 110 120
ing axial distance, the jets are deflected into the circumferential
^ o
[ ]

direction, which is expressed in a reduction of the tangential ve-

locity component. Accordingly, the minima mentioned above are
representing the core of the jets. Fig. 10: Downstream side of the disk - measurement

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 100
O — experiment
computation
tI
75
U)
axial velocity
E
`—' 50
>,
U d = 15 mm
0 25 1= 40 mm
a) 7 = 1.1
n = 4500 rpm
x = 61 mm
0
r = 105 mm

0 50 100 150
[O]

Fig. 11: Comparison of experimental and numerical results

A comparison between the experimental and numerical results is
presented in Fig.11, where the axial velocity distribution accord-
ing to Fig.10 (x = 61mm) is shown. The experimental determi-
nation of mean velocities has been carried out by an ensemble
averaging of the single counts within an angular range of 0.5°
(Jakoby, Benz, Willmann, Wittig (1994)). Along the whole line of
constant radius, 40,000 valid counts have been attempted, which
is a good compromise between acceptable statistics and measure-
ment duration.
Comparing the LDV-data and the computational results, the pre-
dicted velocity distribution is characterized by sharper and higher
peaks.. In general however, good agreement was obtained.
Changing into a stationary frame of reference for a better illus-
tration of the measured data, the flow field on the upstream side
of the disk is presented by Fig.12. There is a convergent type
of flow, which is charcterized by a very low velocity level. Even
at a distance of -14 mm to the inlet corner, the axial velocity
does not exceed 10 m/s. The averaged tangential velocity in this
measuring plane is approximately 2.5m/s. Consequently, an ex-
treme acceleration of the flow occurs within the entrance region
of the orifices. Changing back into the rotating frame of refer-
ence, Fig.13 shows the predicted velocity distribution along the
orifice axis. The acceleration of the flow takes place within a very
small range from —10mm < x < +5mm. In the orifice, the axial

10 •
150
direction 0 — axial
O — tangential
of motion
orifice
N 100

E
C It=1.1 flow
>S
C 10 m/s U/c. = 0.38
>< n = 4500 rpm U
=40 mm 0 direction d = 15 mm
t° CD 0 I = 40 0 r
r=105 m
\\\\111111^^ n 4500 rpm
stationary r = 105 mm
frame of —50 - I - -
20 reference -25 0 25 50 75
so 70 eo 90 100 x [mm]

[ O ]

Fig. 12: Velocity distribution on the upstream side - measure- Fig. 13: Velocity distribution along the orifice axis - computa-
ment tion

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 velocity in the center is decreasing into the downstream direction,
because there is an eccentric shift of the velocity maximum. On
the outside, the velocity is sinking rapidly, due to the tangential
deflection of the jet. The behaviour of the tangential component
is similar to the axial one.
4.2 Influence of rotation on the discharge be-
haviour
In addition to the general influence of rotation on the flow field
of orifices in disks, the discharge behaviour is of major inter-
est. Therefore, the well-known discharge coefficient CD, which is
defined in the context of labyrinth seal analysis (e.g. Waschka,
Scherer, Kim and Wittig (1992)) as the ratio of the real and the
ideal massflow, is used.
771 lrx To (1)
CD = _
mid=i QidealpoA
2 k 2p^ "^
Qideal=
R(h-1)^^po ) — (Po )
The influence of rotation is characterized by the ratio of the tan-
gential velocity of the orifices to the ideal axial velocity of the flow:
w • D diameter are causing a scatter of CD.
mideal
U= 2 caz=
P^ A
In this definition, D is the pitch circle diameter, w the angular
velocity of the disk and A the orifice area.
Fig.14 shows the discharge behaviour of our basic orifice geome-
try discussed. With increasing ratio of U/c ar , there is a reduction
of the discharge coefficient, because the growing inclination an-
gle of the afflux is leading to enlarged separation at the orifice
inlet corner. When the pressure ratio rises, the influence of com-
pressibilty causes an enlargement of the vena contracta (see e.g.
Bragg (1960)) leading to an increase of CD. The maximum rota-
tional speed of the rotor was 10, 000rpm, which is equivalent to
U = 110m/s. Due to the increase of car for rising pressure ratio,
1.00
0.75
— 0.
U° 0.50
0.25
0.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
U ^Cax
Fig. 14: Discharge behaviour of rotating orifices Fig. 15: Influence of 1/d - measurement
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U/car is diminishing, if the angular velocity remains constant.
Therefore, there are different maximum values of U/c ar for each
line of constant pressure ratio. A qualitative comparison of our
experimental and numerical results shows fairly good agreement.
There is a representation of the physical tendencies. In the course
of our present studies, the reasons for the quantitative differences
of approximately 10% are analyzed in detail.
4.3 Influence of the length to diameter ratio
The influence of the length to diameter ratio is illustrated by
Fig.15, showing the measured discharge coefficients versus 1/d for
three ratios of U/c ar . The continuous lines represent functional
approximations. For the non-rotating case, the well-known de-
velopment of CD (e.g. Hay and Spencer (1991), McGreehan and
Schotsch (1987)) has been obtained. Considering very small 1/d-
values, the separation at the inlet corner and the contraction of
the jet is dominating the discharge behaviour, the discharge co-
efficient is rather small. If the length of the orifice is increased,
CD is growing until the maximum is reached within a range of
(2) 1.5 < 1/d < 3. If 1/d is increased even further, the friction losses
are dominating the development of CD, which is expressed in a
steady decrease.
The appearance of different discharge coefficients for constant 1/d
is explained by the large variety of geometries which have been
considered. Orifices with constant 1/d but different length and
(3)
As the disk is rotating, the lower curves of Fig.15 are obtained,
showing the discharge coefficients for U/c ar = 0.27 and U/c ar =
0.60, which is corresponding to a rotational speed of 4500rpm
and 10000rpm, respectively. First of all, orifices with 1/d 1
are influenced by rotational effects, which is expressed by a dra-
matic decrease of CD. For such geometries, the influence of the
pressure side wall causes a compression of the vena contracta (see
Fig.16). Additionally, strong separation on the suction side leads
to a further reduction of the flow area, reducing the massflow
discharged. There is only little deflection of the flow through the
orifice. Increasing the orifice length, there is reattachement of the
flow on the suction side wall. The enclosed low pressure separa-
tion bubble causes an expansion of the vena contracta, leading to
1.0
0— n 1.1
o — U/cu. = 0
x-,r=1.5
A — U/c a , = 0.27
+— = 0.60
n = 1.2
0.8 O
— measurement
--- computation
U
e e
e '
0.6
geometry.
number: 2
length: 40.0 mm
diameter: 15.0 mm
0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I/d

100 m/s
--A.
a) l/d = 0.5 b) l/d = 5.33
Fig. 16: Influence of 1/d on the flow field - computation (. = 1.1 n = 10000rpm, d = 15mm)
increased discharge coefficients. Consequently, the lines of con
stant U/c a in Fig.15 are converging for increasing length.
,
5 SUMMARY
A study on the basic properties of the flow through rotating ori-
fices and a discussion of discharge coefficients was presented. The
flow has been analyzed by experimental and numerical methods.
The experimental activities covered the determination of local
flow velocities in a rotating frame of reference, using a 2D Laser-
Doppler-Velocimeter. The measurements had been carried out in
front of and behind high speed rotating orifices, where an angular
resolution of 0.5° could be obtained. Furthermore, discharge coef-
ficients had been determined, varying the most important param-
eters. For the numerical predictions, a 3D Finite-Volume-Code
with body-fitted coordinates and local grid embedding had been
used. The experimental and numerical data about the flow con-
veyed a revealing insight into the physical phenomena.
The parameters which have been investigated, consisted of the
pressure ratio, the rotational speed and the ratio of length to di-
ameter. Considering long, sharp edged orifices, the influence of
rotation causes a separation bubble on the suction side of the
orifice, which is almost filling the whole length. The maximum
of the axial velocity is shifted towards the pressure side. In a ro-
tating frame of reference, there is an inclined inflow and an axial
outflow.
Regarding the influence of the length to diameter ratio, orifices
with l/d 1 are mostly affected by rotation. Due to the influ-
ence of the pressure side wall, causing a compression of the vena
contracta and a strong separation on the suction side, there will
be a maximum reduction of the massflow discharged, if the disk
rotates. Increasing the orifice length, there is a reattachement of
the flow on the suction side wall, leading to an enclosed low pres-
sure separation bubble. Consequently, an expansion of the vena
contracta is causing increased discharge coefficients for constant
rotational speeds.
The results and conclusions presented in this paper show, that ro-
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direction
of motion
tational effects strongly influence the flow through orifices. Pre-
sently, extensive studies are under way on the influence of ra-
diused inlet corners, which was found to be of significant impor-
tance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to M. Heldner and H. Guntner for their assis-
tance in carrying out the measurements, M. Hlilou for his co-
operation in producing the numerical data and H. Zimmermann
of "Motoren- and Turbinen-Union", Munchen, for helpful discus-
sions. This work was supported by the "Forschungsvereinigung
Verbrennungskraftmaschinen e.V.".
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