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itrus fruit production and reproductive growth is one of the
quality are influenced by reasons that citrus fruit grown
many factors, including in tropical climates tend to have
climatic conditions and produc- lower TSS than that grown in
tion practices. subtropical climates.
In subtropical climates, the
CLIMATE
temperature usually falls below
70°F for several months dur- Within fairly broad parame-
ing winter. This period of cool ters of adequate soil and rea-
temperatures causes growth to sonably good cultural and crop
cease and citrus trees to become protection practices, climate is
dormant for about three months. the most important component of
The cool temperatures during the climate-soil-culture com-
this dormant period promote plex causing differences in fruit
floral induction. When warm quality among commercial citrus
spring temperatures, among production areas.
other things, stimulate the There is considerable di-
resumption of vegetative growth, versity among citrus cultivars
induced buds grow and produce in their response to climate,
flowers. especially as regarding market
In tropical climates, there quality of the fruit. For example,
is no period of cold temperature navel orange develops its best
to induce dormancy. However, eating and eye appeal qualities
with periods of less than ample in a Mediterranean-type climate
soil moisture (drought stress), with cool, wet winters and hot,
flushes of bloom and vegetative tive growth will reduce the resources dry summers. In wet, tropical
growth normally follow these drought available to developing fruit, resulting regions, navel fruit tends to be large
periods. in fruit with lower total soluble solids with poorly colored rinds and low
It is well documented that vegeta- (TSS). A period of dormancy, during TSS and acid in the juice.
tive and reproductive fruit growth which there is little or no vegetative Unlike navel, most grapefruit culti-
compete for available resources, such growth, reduces this competition for vars develop optimum internal quality
as carbohydrates (sugars) and mineral resources and results in fruit with in warm climates with little winter
nutrients. Flushes of heavy vegeta- increased TSS. The competition for chilling. Valencia orange is adapted
to a broad range of climates, produc-
ing excellent to acceptable fruit qual-
T
and often fruit color are poor. Quality he Florida Department of Citrus (FDOC) provides growers with up-to-date
of individual fruit varies significantly, resources to make informed business decisions. In addition to a variety of
even on the same tree. Heavily shaded monthly reports including economic indicators, retail sales trends, pro-
fruit borne on the interior of the cessed products statistics, imports and exports and fresh citrus shipments, the
canopy have less TSS than fruit on FDOC compiles an annual Florida Citrus Outlook with supply, demand and price
the exterior of the canopy. Insufficient projections to help growers plan for the upcoming season.
light contributes to reduced TSS con- Dr. Mark Brown, senior economist, utilizes information from the USDA Oc-
centration of interior fruit nourished tober 2011 citrus crop estimate to calculate potential scenarios for the 2011-2012
season. Once again, the numbers predict that Florida citrus will continue to be a
by heavily shaded leaves.
sustainable, vibrant industry and a key economic contributor to the state.
It is well established that shoots This season, both Florida and Brazil orange juice production levels are pro-
with fruit do not flower the follow- jected to increase, by 6 percent and 31 percent, respectively. Combined Florida-
ing year. A heavy fruit crop tends to Brazil orange juice production is expected to be up about 22 percent, but these
deplete carbohydrates and results in increases are offset by relatively large declines in the beginning inventories for the
a small crop and increased vegetative 2011-2012 season. As a result, the aggregate Florida-Brazil orange juice avail-
growth the following year. Pruning ability (new production plus beginning inventory) is projected to increase by 5.5
after a heavy crop additionally stimu- percent from last year.
lates vegetative growth and reduces Much of the increase in Brazil’s production, however, is expected to be used to
fruit yield the following year. Pruning rebuild inventories in Brazil. Therefore, the aggregate Florida-Brazil orange juice
after a light crop and before an ex- availability for the market may be similar to or decline from last year’s level. Over-
pected heavy crop can increase fruit all, orange juice availability and movement levels in 2011-2012 support relatively
size and help reduce alternate bear- strong pricing. Retail orange juice sales and U.S. orange juice consumption in
2011-2012 are estimated to decline by about 3 percent from last year due to lower
ing. Pruning or topping and hedging
availability and higher prices.
usually increase fruit size and packout This season’s Florida grapefruit crop is expected to be slightly larger than last
of fresh-market fruit by reducing crop year. Domestic fresh grapefruit shipments are projected to increase moderately
load, thus increasing net cash returns due to an estimated 19 percent decrease in Texas grapefruit production.
to growers. Grapefruit juice availability is expected to be down from last season as a result
of a reduction in the beginning inventory level. Grapefruit juice movement is
CONCLUSION projected to be down from last year due to lower availability and higher prices.
The improvement in citrus fruit Overall, the grapefruit juice supply and demand situation supports relatively high
production and quality that a grower grapefruit prices.
can achieve through choice of scion/ Total on-tree revenue for oranges, grapefruit and specialty citrus is projected to
rootstock combinations, good irriga- be $1.38 million, up 20.5 percent from last season, and the second highest total
tion management, balanced nutrition in history.
and proper pruning may easily be In spite of challenging economic conditions, the ongoing viability of the
overwhelmed by pests, diseases and Florida citrus industry remains strong. There are currently 71 million citrus trees
in commercial production, and the industry continues to contribute approximately
other injuries. Excessive leaf loss
$9 billion to the state economy.
will noticeably reduce flowering the FDOC will continue to help grow the market for the Florida citrus industry to
following spring and subsequent fruit ensure its sustainability for future generations, as well as its important contribu-
production. The primary causes of tions to Florida’s agriculture and economy.
leaf loss are freeze, tropical storm The complete Florida Citrus Outlook report is posted on FDOCGrower.com
injury, salt and water stress problems at https://fdocgrower.box.net/shared/2n5zfo2cur. Please join me in thanking Dr.
including drought stress and flooding Brown for 28 years of dedicated service to the citrus industry and wishing him
injuries, mites, greasy spot, herbicides well in his retirement. You can expect a seamless transition as Dr. Matt Salois
and pesticide toxicities. Excessive leaf joins FDOC as director of Economic and Market Research.
loss in the fall and in early winter is Please feel free to contact me at 863-537-3957 or bnorberg@citrus.state.fl.us
the worst thing that can happen to cit- if you have any questions.
rus trees. It will reduce accumulation The mission of the Florida Department of Citrus is to grow the market
of carbohydrates affecting flowering, for the Florida citrus industry to enhance the economic well-being
fruit set and fruit yield. Therefore, of the Florida citrus grower, citrus industry and the state of Florida.
good practices in citrus groves should For more information, visit www.FDOCGrower.com
be adapted to minimize negative plant
physiological stresses, improve tree
health and performance, and enhance
citrus trees to produce high yield of
good fruit quality.
Mongi Zekri is a multi-county citrus Column sponsored by the Florida Department of Citrus
Extension agent based in LaBelle. P.O. Box 9010, Bartow, FL 33831-9010