ES 13

Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies I

LECTURE 1
Introduction to the Concept of Stress
John Kenneth B. Musico
Institute of Civil Engineering
 1. Mechanics of Materials
2. Concept of Stress
3. Normal Stress
4. Shear Stress
5. Bearing Stress
6. Punching Stress

Outline
ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I
 Mechanics of Materials

Mechanics of materials is a branch of

mechanics that studies the internal effects
of stress and strain in a solid body that is
subjected to an external loading.

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Mechanics of Materials
3 Considerations in Design/Analysis

 STRENGTH

 SERVICEABILITY

 ECONOMICS

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Mechanics of Materials
3 Considerations in Design/Analysis

 STRENGTH

 SERVICEABILITY

 ECONOMICS

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Mechanics of Materials
3 Considerations in Design/Analysis

 STRENGTH

 SERVICEABILITY

 ECONOMICS

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Concept of Stress
• Internal forces don’t tell us if the given load is safely
supported by the structure.
• The internal force represents the resultant of elementary
forces distributed over the entire area 𝐴 of the cross
section.
• Failure depends upon the ability of the material to
withstand the intensity of the distributed internal forces.

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Concept of Stress

• The intensity of the

forces distributed 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
over a given section 𝜎=
is called the STRESS 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
of that section.
Units:

𝑁 𝑁
2
= 𝑃𝑎 (Pascal) 2
= 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Megapascal)
𝑚 𝑚𝑚

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Concept of Stress

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜎=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝐹
𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑠 ≥
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I
 Normal Stress
Axial Loading

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
Derivation

Assumptions
• Loading
• Perpendicular to
cross-section
• Centric
• Member
• Prismatic
• Homogenous
• Isotropic

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
𝜎 = Δ𝐹/Δ𝐴 Derivation
Δ𝐹 = 𝜎Δ𝐴

න𝑑𝐹 = න 𝜎 𝑑𝐴
𝐴

𝑃 = න 𝜎 𝑑𝐴
𝐴

𝑃 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 න𝑑𝐴
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐴
𝝈𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑷/𝑨

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
Formula

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃 Sign convention:

𝜎=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜎= (+) Tension
(-) Compression
𝐴
where
𝜎 = average normal stress at
any point in the cross-
section
𝑃 = internal resultant normal
force acting on the centroid
of 𝐴
𝐴 = cross-sectional area
where 𝜎 is determined

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
Maximum Average Normal Stress

To get the Maximum

Average Normal
𝑃 Stress, we select a
section where,
𝜎=
𝐴 1. 𝑷 is maximum, and/or
2. The cross-sectional
area 𝑨 is minimum

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
Tension vs Compression
Tension (+𝜎)

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
Tension vs Compression
Compression (-𝜎)

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Normal Stress
Example

The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a

thickness of 10 mm.
Determine the normal stresses acting on
points A, B, and C.

Answers: σA = 34.3 MPa (C); σB = 51.4 MPa (T); σC = 78.3 MPa (T)

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Shear Stress
Transverse Loading

• Loads are acting parallel to the cross-

sectional area
• Shear stress is due to the internal shear
force, 𝑉

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Average Shear Stress
Formula

NOTE: the distribution

𝑉 of shear stress
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = across a section
𝐴 cannot be assumed
to be uniform.

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Average Shear Stress
Bolts, pins, and rivets

Single Shear 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑃/𝐴 𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑭/𝑨

Double Shear 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑃/𝐴 𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑭/𝑨

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Average Shear Stress
Example
Two wooden planks, each 22 mm thick and 160 mm wide,
are joined by the glued mortise joint shown. Knowing that
“d” is equal to 80 mm and P is 30 kN, determine the
average shear stress experienced by the glued joint. If the
joint will fail when the average shearing stress reaches 1.5
MPa, what is the maximum load P that the member can
carry?

Answers:
τave = 2.44 MPa;
P = 18.48 kN

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Bearing Stress
Applications
• Special type of normal stress
• Commonly seen in
• Connections (pins, bolts, rivets)
• Base plates/bearing plates of columns

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Bearing Stress
Formula
Connections:
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 =
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑷
𝝈𝒃 =
𝒅𝒕
Note: Stress distribution is
complicated so contact area is
estimated as the bearing surface
area

Plates:
𝑷
𝝈𝒃 =
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Bearing Stress
Example
A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that is
supported by a concrete footing resting on undisturbed
soil. Determine (a) the bearing stress on the concrete
footing, (b) the size of the footing for which the average
bearing stress in the soil is 145 kPa.

Answers:
𝜎𝑏 = 3.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎;
b=525.23mm

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Punching Stress
Formula

• Special type of shear

stress
• Experienced when
punching a hole in a
member

𝑷
𝝉𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉 =
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒆

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 Punching Stress
Example

A 20-mm thick metal plate with

dimensions 150 mm by 120 mm is to
be punched with a 12 mm diameter
hole. The force P that will be used to
punch the hole is estimated to be 40
kN. Determine the punching shear
stress that will be developed.
Answer: 𝜏𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 53.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎

ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I

 1. Mechanics of Materials
2. Concept of Stress
3. Normal Stress
4. Shear Stress
5. Bearing Stress
6. Punching Stress

Outline
ES 13 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies I
 Next Meeting:
LECTURE 2
Strain Concepts

References:
• Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of materials. 6th Ed. SI. McGraw-Hill
• Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of materials. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall