INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Applied Aerodynamic Lab

Experiment No 8

Experiment Name: Measuring Pressure distribution along the surfaces of

NACA 0015 against different angle of attacks
Submitted to: Assistant Professor Muhammad Anwar

Dated: 02/01/18
Avionics-1/Section A/Group 2

Submitted by:
Name of students Registration No. Marks offered
M Zawar Hassan 150701016
M Umais 150701017
M Mushtaq 150701004
Hamza Babur 150701001

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

 INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents
Applied Aerodynamic Lab .............................................................................................................. 1
Experiment No 8 ............................................................................................................................. 1
Experiment Name: Measuring Pressure distribution along the surfaces of NACA 0015 against
different angle of attacks ................................................................................................................. 1
Submitted to: Assistant Professor Muhammad Anwar ............................................................... 1
Dated: 02/01/18 ........................................................................................................................... 1
Submitted by: .............................................................................................................................. 1
1. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 3
2. OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 3
3. APPARATUS ......................................................................................................................... 3
Subsonic wind tunnel flotek 1440: ............................................................................................. 3
Structure: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Specifications: ......................................................................................................................... 4
Operational Procedures: .......................................................................................................... 4
4. THEORY ................................................................................................................................ 4
5. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 6
6. READING............................................................................................................................... 7
7. CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................ 10
7.1. Mat LAB Code ............................................................................................................... 10
7.2. Graphs and comment ...................................................................................................... 11
8. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 19
9. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 20
ANNEXURE................................................................................................................................. 20
Marks distribution of group ...................................................................................................... 20
Marks distribution of individual members ................................................................................ 21

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1. ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out in order to calculate and study the co-efficient of
pressure Cp at different points on the wing. This is obtained by changing the angle of
attack. Other forces observed during the trial are drag and lift. They vary because of the
change in the angle of attack. The apparatus used was the Flow tech 1440 sub sonic wind
tunnel and the NACA 0015 airfoil. NACA airfoils are the airfoils developed by the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this lab to observe the co-efficient of pressure Cp of NACA 00155 airfoil.

3. APPARATUS
Subsonic wind tunnel flotek 1440:
This machine is made by GDJ Inc. who says about the machine that “FLOTEK Research Grade
wind tunnels let your students move beyond demonstration, to true application. FLOTEK wind
tunnels bring advanced aeronautic design principles to the high school, university or industrial
laboratory. “

Introduction:

As the name specifies the wind tunnel is used to study the movement of any object as the wind
passes by it inside a tunnel specially designed for this purpose. As the wind the passes by the object
some sort of aerodynamic forces are applied such as lift, drag etc. The effects of these forces on
the object are studied in detail through this wind tunnel.

This machine has been developed under strict guidelines and specifications to provide ultra-low
turbulence, straight-line (laminar) air flow, permitting true aerodynamic engineering, data
acquisition & analysis.

Structure:
As shown in the image the wind tunnel consists of a passage for movement of wind over the object
(mostly aero foil or a small sized model of a plane) to be inspected. It consists of easily accessible
and removable test section.

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Specifications:
• Test section that is 12” × 12” × 36”

• Test section speed is 0-90 mph (132 fps or 40m/s)

• Overall size 42" x 42" inlet and 14' overall length

• Power is 10 HP DC variables

• Fan has 24” composite blade with adjustable pitch

• The tunnel body is of 11 gauge steel

Operational Procedures:
Insert a static pressure port and connect it to the manometer. Level the manometer. Pour the colored
liquid in the reservoir of the manometer and maintain a zero reading level in the manometer tube
to which the static port is connected. Now start increasing the velocity the test section by turning
the speed knob. Increase the velocity gradually and take the manometer readings respectively at
different speed settings. Other set of study relating to the object placed in the test section can be
done through the computer.

4. THEORY
As the air flow over the surface of airfoil the pressure difference is generated. The pressure on
lower surface is smaller than upper surface.
In this experiment, we present an equation that is probably used more often in fluid flow
applications than any other equation. The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a
statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative
behavior that is usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure
in regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of
a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you consider pressure to be
energy density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase
at the expense of pressure energy. This is the well-known Bernoulli equation, named after
Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782)[1].

For velocity V:

Bernoulli’s equation for incompressible steady flow is given by:

𝑃1 +
1
2
⍴air × 𝑉12 + ⍴air𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 + 12 ⍴air × 𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡2+⍴air𝑔ℎ2 …….. 1

Wind tunnel is at the same level so h1=h2 and equation 1 becomes:

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𝑃1 + 2
1
⍴𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝑉1 2
= 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 + 2
1
⍴𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 2
…….. 2
Where P1=Patm
𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 − 𝑷𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕=∆𝑷 = ⍴ liquid × 𝒈 × ∆𝒉 …… 3
∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1= height of the column
Arranging 2

2(𝑃1−𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = √ + 𝑉12 …..4
⍴air

V1 is generally taken as zero. Wind at the inlet is considered to be stationary.

So 𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 becomes

2(𝑃1−𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = √ …….5
⍴air
Where 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = ⍴ liquid × 𝑔 × ∆ℎ … … 𝟑
Hence 𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 equals to
𝟐×( ⍴ liquid ×𝒈×∆𝒉)
𝑽𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝑽 = √ …….6
⍴𝒂𝒊𝒓

Where ∆ℎ= height of the column

For pressure coefficient Cp:

From Bernoulli equation,

𝑃∞ + 2
1
⍴∞ × 𝑉∞ 2
=𝑃+2
1
⍴∞ × 𝑉 2
……7

⍴
1 𝑉 2
2
𝑷 − 𝑷∞= ∞ × 𝑉∞ (1 − )……8 2
2 𝑉∞

𝟏
As 𝒒∞ = 𝟐 ⍴𝑽𝟐 …….9

𝑷−𝑷∞ 𝑽𝟐
=(𝟏 − )……10
𝒒∞ 𝑽∞𝟐

𝑷−𝑷∞ 𝑽𝟐
𝑪𝒑 = =(𝟏 − )……11
𝒒∞ 𝑽∞𝟐

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5. METHODOLOGY
 First all the safety measures were confirmed of the wind tunnel. The starting button was
off. The control knob was set to zero. The manometer tubes were verified either they had
blockages or they were clearly perfect to use.
 The aerodynamic body NACA 0015 was attached properly and the screw was properly
tightened up. Three meters distance from the intake was cleared so that there may occur
no hindrance while operating the subsonic wind tunnel.
 The experiment was started by the permission of the instructor.
 The voltages supplied were of three phase AC operating at 220 volts.
 The operating or starting button was on so to operate the wind tunnel.
 The control panel knob was gradually raised till 54 m/s and we started to measure the
readings.
 We gave certain angle of attack namely 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5,10 and 12.5. and started to measure
the pressure distribution of on the aerodynamic body.
 We measured the pressure distribution on both sides of the aerodynamic body NACA
0015.
 Readings were recorded of the pressure distribution with which the pressure difference,
local velocity, v infinity and Co-efficient of pressure were calculated.
 After performing the experiment all the equipment’s were properly handed to the
instructor.

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6. READING
Table 1 Angle of Attack = 0 degrees

Init. 𝑥
Final Col. Level ∆h ∆𝑃 V V∞
Tube no. Col.Level Cp
mm m 𝑁𝑚−2 m/s m/s 𝑐
mm
1 LE 52 100 0.048 470.88 27.67 -0.714 21.13 0.00
2 LE 52 115 0.063 618.03 31.70 -1.250 21.13 0.14
3 LE 52 123 0.071 696.51 33.65 -1.536 21.13 0.29
4 Middle 52 125 0.073 716.13 34.12 -1.607 21.13 0.43
5 Middle 52 121 0.069 676.89 33.18 -1.464 21.13 0.57
6 TE 52 118 0.066 647.46 32.45 -1.357 21.13 0.71
7 TE 52 102 0.05 490.5 28.24 -0.786 21.13 0.86
8 TE 52 100 0.048 470.88 27.67 -0.714 21.13 1.00
9 LE 52 100 0.048 470.88 27.67 -0.714 21.13 0.00
10 LE 52 115 0.063 618.03 31.70 -1.250 21.13 0.14
11 LE 52 123 0.071 696.51 33.65 -1.536 21.13 0.29
12 Middle 52 125 0.073 716.13 34.12 -1.607 21.13 0.43
13 Middle 52 121 0.069 676.89 33.18 -1.464 21.13 0.57
14 TE 52 118 0.066 647.46 32.45 -1.357 21.13 0.71
15 TE 52 102 0.05 490.5 28.24 -0.786 21.13 0.86
16 TE 52 100 0.048 470.88 27.67 -0.714 21.13 1.00

Table 2 Angle of Attack = 2.5 degrees

Init. Final Col. 𝑥

∆h ∆𝑃 V V∞
Tube no. Col.Level Level Cp
m 𝑁𝑚−2 m/s m/s 𝑐
mm mm
1 LE 52 122 0.07 686.7 33.42 -1.50 21.13 0.00
2 LE 52 122 0.07 686.7 33.42 -1.50 21.13 0.14
3 LE 52 123 0.071 696.51 33.65 -1.54 21.13 0.29
4 Middle 52 123 0.071 696.51 33.65 -1.54 21.13 0.43
5 Middle 52 117 0.065 637.65 32.20 -1.32 21.13 0.57
6 TE 52 114 0.062 608.22 31.45 -1.21 21.13 0.71
7 TE 52 98 0.046 451.26 27.09 -0.64 21.13 0.86
8 TE 52 95 0.043 421.83 26.19 -0.54 21.13 1.00
9 LE 52 78 0.026 255.06 20.36 0.07 21.13 0.00
10 LE 52 102 0.05 490.5 28.24 -0.79 21.13 0.14
11 LE 52 115 0.063 618.03 31.70 -1.25 21.13 0.29
12 Middle 52 118 0.066 647.46 32.45 -1.36 21.13 0.43
13 Middle 52 116 0.064 627.84 31.95 -1.29 21.13 0.57
14 TE 52 114 0.062 608.22 31.45 -1.21 21.13 0.71

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15 TE 52 104 0.052 510.12 28.80 -0.86 21.13 0.86

16 TE 52 102 0.05 490.5 28.24 -0.79 21.13 1.00

Table 3 Angle of Attack = 5 degrees

Init. Final Col. 𝑥

∆h ∆𝑃 V V∞
Tube no. Col.Level Level Cp
m 𝑁𝑚−2 m/s m/s 𝑐
mm mm
1 LE 52 151.5 0.0995 976.10 39.84 -2.55 21.13 0.00
2 LE 52 156 0.104 1020.24 40.73 -2.71 21.13 0.14
3 LE 52 138 0.086 843.66 37.04 -2.07 21.13 0.29
4 Middle 52 133 0.081 794.61 35.95 -1.89 21.13 0.43
5 Middle 52 124 0.072 706.32 33.89 -1.57 21.13 0.57
6 TE 52 113 0.061 598.41 31.19 -1.18 21.13 0.71
7 TE 52 98 0.046 451.26 27.09 -0.64 21.13 0.86
8 TE 52 96 0.044 431.64 26.49 -0.57 21.13 1.00
9 LE 52 58 0.006 58.86 9.78 0.79 21.13 0.00
10 LE 52 81 0.029 284.49 21.51 -0.04 21.13 0.14
11 LE 52 95 0.043 421.83 26.19 -0.54 21.13 0.29
12 Middle 52 99 0.047 461.07 27.38 -0.68 21.13 0.43
13 Middle 52 99 0.047 461.07 27.38 -0.68 21.13 0.57
14 TE 52 102 0.05 490.50 28.24 -0.79 21.13 0.71
15 TE 52 97 0.045 441.45 26.79 -0.61 21.13 0.86
16 TE 52 92 0.04 392.40 25.26 -0.43 21.13 1.00

Table 4Angle of Attack = 7.5 degrees

Init. Final Col. 𝑥

∆h ∆𝑃 V V∞
Tube no. Col.Level Level Cp
m 𝑁𝑚−2 m/s m/s 𝑐
mm mm
1 LE 52 195 0.143 1402.83 47.76 -4.11 21.13 0.00
2 LE 52 158 0.106 1039.86 41.12 -2.79 21.13 0.14
3 LE 52 145 0.093 912.33 38.52 -2.32 21.13 0.29
4 Middle 52 136 0.084 824.04 36.60 -2.00 21.13 0.43
5 Middle 52 125 0.073 716.13 34.12 -1.61 21.13 0.57
6 TE 52 98 0.046 451.26 27.09 -0.64 21.13 0.71
7 TE 52 98 0.046 451.26 27.09 -0.64 21.13 0.86
8 TE 52 96 0.044 431.64 26.49 -0.57 21.13 1.00
9 LE 52 52 0 0 0.00 1.00 21.13 0.00
10 LE 52 70 0.018 176.58 16.94 0.36 21.13 0.14
11 LE 52 84 0.032 313.92 22.59 -0.14 21.13 0.29

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12 Middle 52 90 0.038 372.78 24.62 -0.36 21.13 0.43

13 Middle 52 92 0.04 392.4 25.26 -0.43 21.13 0.57
14 TE 52 95 0.043 421.83 26.19 -0.54 21.13 0.71
15 TE 52 90 0.038 372.78 24.62 -0.36 21.13 0.86
16 TE 52 88 0.036 353.16 23.96 -0.29 21.13 1.00

Table 5Angle of Attack = 10 degrees

Init. Final Col. 𝑥

∆h ∆𝑃 V V∞
Tube no. Col.Level Level Cp
m 𝑁𝑚−2 m/s m/s 𝑐
mm mm
1 LE 52 228 0.176 1726.56 52.99 -5.29 21.13 0.00
2 LE 52 172 0.12 1177.2 43.75 -3.29 21.13 0.14
3 LE 52 152 0.1 981 39.94 -2.57 21.13 0.29
4 Middle 52 140 0.088 863.28 37.47 -2.14 21.13 0.43
5 Middle 52 126 0.074 725.94 34.36 -1.64 21.13 0.57
6 TE 52 113 0.061 598.41 31.19 -1.18 21.13 0.71
7 TE 52 97 0.045 441.45 26.79 -0.61 21.13 0.86
8 TE 52 95 0.043 421.83 26.19 -0.54 21.13 1.00
9 LE 52 54 0.002 19.62 5.65 0.93 21.13 0.00
10 LE 52 64 0.012 117.72 13.84 0.57 21.13 0.14
11 LE 52 78 0.026 255.06 20.36 0.07 21.13 0.29
12 Middle 52 85 0.033 323.73 22.94 -0.18 21.13 0.43
13 Middle 52 88 0.036 353.16 23.96 -0.29 21.13 0.57
14 TE 52 92 0.04 392.4 25.26 -0.43 21.13 0.71
15 TE 52 89 0.037 362.97 24.29 -0.32 21.13 0.86
16 TE 52 87 0.035 343.35 23.63 -0.25 21.13 1.00

Table 6Angle of Attack = 10 degrees

Init. Final Col. 𝑥

∆h ∆𝑃 V V∞
Tube no. Col.Level Level Cp
m 𝑁𝑚−2 m/s m/s 𝑐
mm mm
1 LE 52 231 0.179 1755.99 53.43 -5.39 21.13 0.00
2 LE 52 170 0.118 1157.58 43.38 -3.21 21.13 0.14
3 LE 52 149 0.097 951.57 39.34 -2.46 21.13 0.29
4 Middle 52 134 0.082 804.42 36.17 -1.93 21.13 0.43
5 Middle 52 119 0.067 657.27 32.69 -1.39 21.13 0.57
6 TE 52 99 0.047 461.07 27.38 -0.68 21.13 0.71
7 TE 52 93 0.041 402.21 25.57 -0.46 21.13 0.86
8 TE 52 91 0.039 382.59 24.94 -0.39 21.13 1.00

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9 LE 52 52 0 0 0.00 1.00 21.13 0.00

10 LE 52 66 0.014 137.34 14.94 0.50 21.13 0.14
11 LE 52 79 0.027 264.87 20.75 0.04 21.13 0.29
12 Middle 52 85 0.033 323.73 22.94 -0.18 21.13 0.43
13 Middle 52 89 0.037 362.97 24.29 -0.32 21.13 0.57
14 TE 52 91 0.039 382.59 24.94 -0.39 21.13 0.71
15 TE 52 92 0.04 392.4 25.26 -0.43 21.13 0.86
16 TE 52 96 0.044 431.64 26.49 -0.57 21.13 1.00

7. CALCULATIONS
ℎ1 = 52𝑚𝑚
ℎ2 = 100𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 − ℎ1 80 − 52
∆ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = = = 0.028 m
1000 1000

ℎ2 − ℎ1 100 − 52
∆ℎ = = = 0.048 m
1000 1000
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔∆ℎ = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.048 = 470.88Nm−2
2∆𝑃 2 ∗ 470.88
V=√ = √ = 27.67ms −1
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 1.23

2𝜌 𝑔∆ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 2 ∗ 274.68
V∞ = √ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = √ = 21.13ms−1
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 1.23
𝑉 2 27.67 2
𝐶𝑝 = 1 − ( ) = 1 − ( ) = −0.714
V∞ 21.13

7.1. Mat LAB Code

Code for only one plot is shown as the other will be the same only datasets will be different.

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7.2. Graphs and comment

Figure 1 Pressure Distribution at Upper Surface when the angle of attack is 0 degrees

At 0 degrees angle of attack the upper surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we
can see that as the x/c changes the pressure co-efficient changes and reaches at the highest point
at 0.4 x/c this is the point which also has the center of pressure point where there is the maximum
co-efficient of pressure.

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Figure 2Pressure Distribution at Lower Surface when the angle of attack is 0 degrees

At 0 degrees angle of attack the lower surface of the aero foil gives same graph as of the upper
surface. The above graph where we can see that as the x/c changes the pressure co-efficient
changes and reaches at the highest point at 0.4 x/c this is the point which also has the center of
pressure point where there is the maximum co-efficient of pressure.

Figure 3Pressure Distribution at Upper Surface when the angle of attack is 2.5 degrees

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At 2.5 degrees angle of attack the upper surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we
can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes and reaches at the highest
point. At 1 x/c this is the point which also has the center of pressure point where there is the
minimum co-efficient of pressure. This is where the boundary layer trips from laminar flow and
becomes turbulent.

Figure 4Pressure Distribution at Lower Surface when the angle of attack is 2.5 degrees

At 2.5 degrees angle of attack the lower surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we
can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes. At 0.45 x/c reaches at the
highest point. This is where the boundary layer trips from laminar flow and becomes turbulent.

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Figure 5Pressure Distribution at Upper Surface when the angle of attack is 5 degrees

This is also a point where the boundary layer trips from laminar flow and becomes turbulent. At
5 degrees angle of attack the upper surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we can
see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes and reaches at the highest point.
At 0.9 the co-efficient of pressure is 0. At 1 x/c starts increasing again.

Figure 6Pressure Distribution at Lower Surface when the angle of attack is 5 degrees

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This is also a point where the boundary layer trips from laminar flow and becomes turbulent. At
5 degrees angle of attack the lower surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we can
see that as the x/c increases the pressure co-efficient changes.

Figure 7Pressure Distribution at Upper Surface when the angle of attack is 7.5 degrees

As the angle of attack increases the upper surface pressure distribution also increases until
separation occurs. At 7.5 degrees angle of attack the upper surface of the aero foil gives the
above graph where we can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes and
reaches at the highest point. At 0.9 the co-efficient of pressure is 0. At 1 x/c starts increasing
again. The graph is similar to the graph at 5 degrees.

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Figure 8Pressure Distribution at Lower Surface when the angle of attack is 7.5 degrees

As the angle of attack increases the lower surface pressure distribution also increases until
separation occurs. At 7.5 degrees angle of attack the lower surface of the aero foil gives the
above graph.

Figure 9Pressure Distribution at Upper Surface when the angle of attack is 10 degrees

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At 10 degrees angle of attack the upper surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we
can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes and reaches at the highest
point. The graph is similar to the graph at 7.5 degrees.

Figure 10Pressure Distribution at Lower Surface when the angle of attack is 10 degrees

At 10 degrees angle of attack the lower surface of the aero foil gives the above graph where we
can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes.

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Figure 11Pressure Distribution at Upper Surface when the angle of attack is 12.5 degrees

Here the pressure measured at the point of separation is the same for all taps along the separated
flow. At 12.5 degrees angle of attack the upper surface of the aero foil gives the above graph
where we can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes and reaches at the
highest point 5.4. The graph is similar to the graph at 10 degrees.

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Figure 12Pressure Distribution at Lower Surface when the angle of attack is 12.5 degrees

Here the pressure measured at the point of separation is the same for all taps along the separated
flow. At 12.5 degrees angle of attack the lower surface of the aero foil gives the above graph
where we can see that as the x/c is at 0 and the pressure co-efficient changes respectively.

8. CONCLUSION
The relation of the upper and lower surface with the co-efficient of pressure remains
more or less same. As the angle of attack increases the co-efficient of pressure change
across the wing varies. The decrease along the length of the wing is steeper as the angle
of attack increases.

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9. REFERENCES

1. http://www.flotekind.com/#
2. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=naca0015-il

ANNEXURE

Marks distribution of group

Total Marks Marks offered
Formatting 10
Abstract 5
Objective 1
Apparatus 1
Methodology 3
Readings 5
Calculations 5
Results and discussion 5
References 2
Table of content 3

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Marks distribution of individual members

Names of group member Marks offered
Comments and
interpretation
(out of 5)
Conclusion
(out of 5)

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