Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE
Size 5 - 10 µm 1-3 µm
Cell Wall Only in fungi/algae Present
Cytoplasmic membrane Present Present
Nuclear membrane Present Absent
Genetic information DNA DNA
(>1 chromosome) (1 chromosome)
III. GRAM-POSITIVE and GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
Gram staining is based on the ability of bacteria cell wall to retain crystal violet dye
during solvent treatment. The cell walls for Gram-positive microorganisms have a higher
peptidoglycan and lower lipid content than Gram-negative bacteria.
An expanded role for the penicillins came from the discovery that natural penicillins can
be modified chemically by removing the acyl group to leave 6-aminopenicillanic acid and
then adding acyl groups that confer new properties. These modern semi-synthetic
penicillins such as Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, and Oxacillin have various specific properties
such as: resistance to stomach acids so that they can be taken orally, a degree of
resistance to penicillinase (a penicillin-destroying enzyme produced by some bacteria)
extended range of activity against some Gram-negative bacteria. Although the penicillins
are still used clinically, their value has been diminished by the widespread development
of resistance among target microorganisms and also by some people's allergic reaction
to penicillin.
A. Cephalosporins
Beta-lactams with a similar mode of action to penicillin but with less allergenicity.
B. Streptomyces-derived Antibiotics