ANTIDERIVATIVES

Rules of Integration:
xn+1
(1)  xn dx = n + 1 + c (power rule) wher n ≠  1
(2)  K f (x) dx = K  f (x) dx (Constant factor rule)
(3)  [ f (x) + g (x) ] dx =  f (x) dx +  g (x) dx ( Sum rule)
(4)  dx = x + c
(5)  0 dx = Constant
(ax +b)n + 1
(6)  (ax + b)n dx = a (n + 1) + c
1 1
(6)  (ax + b) dx = a ln (ax + b) + c
1 1
(7)  (ax + b) dx = a ln (ax + b) + c
1
(8)  x1 dx =  x dx = lnx + c
𝑎𝑥
(9)  axdx = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
+ c
(10)  e dx = e + c
x x

ex
(11)  ex dx =  + c
dx x
(12)  2 = Sin1 + c
a x 2 a
1 1 x
(13)  a2 + x2 dx = a tan1 a + c
dx 1 x
(14)  = Sec1 + c
x x a2 2 a a
dx 1 xa
(15)  2 2 = 2a ln x + a + c
x a  
dx 1 a+x
(16)  2 = ln +c
a  x2 2a  a  x 
dx
(17)  2 = ln (x + x2 + a2) + c
x + a2
dx
(18)  2 2 = ln (x + x2  a2) + c
x a
1 1 x
(19)  a2  x2 dx = 2 x a2  x2 + 2 a2 Sin1 a + c
1 1
(20)  a2 + x2 dx = 2 x a2 + x2 + 2 a2 ln (x + a2 + x2 ) + c
1 1
(21)  x2  a2 dx = 2 x x2  a2  2 a2 ln (x + x2  a2 ) + c
Standard Formulae For Trigonometric Functions:
(1)  Sinx dx = Cosx + c
(2)  Cosx dx = Sinx + c
(3)  tanx dx = lnSecx + c
(4)  Cotx dx = lnSinx + c
x 
(5)  Secx dx = ln (Secx + tanx) + c = ln tan  +  + c
2 4
x
(6)  Cosecx dx = ln (Cosesx  Cotx) + c = ln tan 2 + c

(7)  Sec2x dx = tanx + c

(8)  Cosec2x dx = Cotx + c Supporting
(9)  Secx tanx dx = Secx + c formulae
(10)  Cosecx cotx dx= Cosec x + c

Flow Chart of Sinx:

(1)  Sinx dx =  Cosx + c
1  Cos2x 
(2)  Sin2x dx =  
 2  dx
(3)  Sin3xdx =  Sin2x  Sinx dx =  (1  Cos2x) Sinx dx
1  Cos2x 2
(4)  Sin4x dx =  (Sin2x)2 dx =   dx
 2 
(5)  Sin5xdx =  (Sin2x)2  Sinxdx =  (1  Cos2x)2 Sinxdx

Flow Chart of Cosx:

(1)  Cosxdx = Sinx + c

(2)  Cos2x dx =  
1 + Cos2x 
dx
 2 
(3)  Cos3xdx =  Cos2x  Cosx dx =  (1  Sin2x) Cosxdx

(4)  Cos4xdx =  (Cos2x)2 dx =  

1 + Cos2x 2
dx
 2 
(5)  Cos5x dx =  (Cos2x)2  Cosx dx =  (1  Sin2x)2 Cosxdx

Flow Chart of tanx:

(1)  tanx dx = ln Secx + c
(2)  tan2x dx =  (Sec2x  1) dx
(3)  tan3x dx =  tan2x  tanx dx =  (Sec2x  1) tanx dx
(4)  tan4x dx =  tan2x  tan2x dx =  (Sec2x  1) tan2x dx
(5)  tan5x dx =  (tan2x)2 tanxdx =  (Sec2x  1)2 tanx dx
Flow Chart of Secx:
(1)  Secx dx = ln (Secx + tanx) + c
(2)  Sec2x dx = tanx + c
(3)  Sec3x dx =  Sec2x  Secxdx =  (1 + tan2x) Secx dx
(4)  Sec4x dx =  Sec2x  Sec2xdx =  (1 + tan2x) Sec2x dx
(5)  Sec5xdx =  (Sec2x)2  Secx dx =  (1 + tan2x)2 Secx dx
Flow Chart of Cotx:
(1)  Cotx dx = ln Sinx + c
(2)  Cot2x dx =  (Cosec2 x  1) dx
(3)  Cot3x dx =  Cot2x  Cotx dx =  (Cosec2x  1) Cotxdx
(4)  Cot4x dx =  Cot2x  Cot2xdx =  (Cosec2x  1) Cot2xdx
(5)  Cot5x dx =  (Cot2x)2 Cotx dx =  (Cosec2x  1)2 Cotx dx
Flow Chart of Cosecx:
x
(1)  Cosecx dx = ln (Cosecx  Cotx) + c = ln tan 2 + c
(2)  Cosec2x dx =  Cotx + c
(3)  Cosec3x dx =  Cosec2x  Cosecxdx =  (1 + Cot2x) Cosecx dx
(4) Cosec4x dx =  Cosec2x  Cosec2xdx =  (1 + Cot2x) Cosec2xdx
(5)  Cosec5xdx =  (Cosec2x)2  Cosecxdx =  (1 + Cot2x)2 Cosecxdx

Following identies are employed to find the trigonometric integrals:

1
(1) Sinx Cosy = 2 [ Sin (x + y) + Sin (x  y) ]
1
(2) Cosx Siny = 2 [ Sin (x + y)  Sin (x  y) ]
1
(3) Cosx Cosy = 2 [ Cos (x + y) + Cos (x  y) ]
1
(4) Sinx Cosy = [ Cos (x + y)  Cos (x  y) ]
2
(5) Sin2x + Cos2x = 1 (6) 1 + tan2x = Sec2x
1  Cos2x
(7) 1 + Cot2x = Cosec2x (8) Sin2x = 2
1 + Cos2x Sin2x
(9) Cos2x = (10) Sinx Cosx =
2 2
x x
(11) 1  Cosx = 2Sin22 (12) 1 + Cosx = 2Cos22
3Sinx  Sin3x 3Cosx + Cos3x
(13) Sin3x = (14) Cos3x=
4 4

(15) 1  Sin2x = 2 Cos2  4  x  (16) Sin (x) =  Sinx
 

(17) Cos (x) = Cosx (18) Cos  2  x  = Sinx
 
Basic Formula # 01:
[ (x) ]n+1
 [  (x) ]n   (x) dx = n+1 +c
If n   1 we can use basic formula # 01 by two ways.
(1) Direct Method (2) Substitution Method
Basic Formula # 02:
 (x)
 dx = ln  (x) + c
 (x)
Combination Rules For Trigonometric Functions:
Rule # 1: If there is any power of Sinx with 1 power of Cosx. We suppose Sinx as function. (or) let t = Sinx.
Rule # 2: If there is any power of Cosx with 1 power of Sinx. we suppose Cosx as function. (or) let t = Cosx.
Rule # 3: If there is any power of tanx with square power of secx then we suppose tanx as function. (or) let t = tanx.
Rule # 4: If there is any power of Secx with 1 power of tanx. we suppose one less power of Secx as function. (or) let t = Secx.
Rule # 5: If there is any power of Cotx with square power of Cosecx then we suppose Cotx as function. (or) let t = Cotx.
Rule # 6: If there is any power of Cosecx with 1 power of Cotx then we suppose Cosecx as function. (or) let t = Cosecx.

Integral of Sin / Cos :

POWER

ODD EVEN BOTH ODD

Sin2 + Cos2 = 1 * Cos2 = * Solve anyone
1 + Cos2 Even and Odd
2 * Solve with Odd
* Sin2 = power
1  Cos2 Both Even
2 * Solve to Both

* In Case of tanx/Secx Break even power.

Integration of Irrational Algebraic functions by Trigonometric Substitution Method:

(1)  a2  x2 dx  x = aSin / x = aCos
(2)  x2 + a2 dx  x = a tan
(3)  x2  a2 dx  x = aSec
(4)  ax + b dx  ax + b = t2
(5)  (ax + b)r/s dx  ax + b = ts
Integration by completing the square method:
If the integrals are of the form.
dx
 or  Quadratic dx
Quadratic
The following tips can be used to evaluate such integrals.
This technique is known as “completing the square method”
* Make the coefficient of x2 unity by taking it’s numerical coefficient outside the square root sign.
* Complete the square in terms containing x by adding and subtracting the square of half the coefficient of x.
* Use proper formula
1
Five Standard Cases of  dx:
1 (x) 2 (x)
1 dx
Case # 01: Integral of the form 
Linear Linear
Rule of evaluate: let Z = Linear
1 dx
Case # 02: Integral of the form 
Quadratic Linear
Rule to evaluate: let Z = Linear
Case # 03: Integral of the form
1 dx 1 dx
 (or) 
(Linear) Quadratic r
(Linear) Quadratic
r is positive integer.
1
Rule to evaluate: let Linear = z
Case # 04: Integral of the form
x dx

(pure quadratic) puire quadratic
Rule to evaluate:
1
let x = y and in the resulting integral put pure quadratic = z

1 dx
Case # 5: Integral of the form  pure quadratic
(pure quadratic)
Rule to evaluate:
1
let x = y and in the resulting integral put pure quadratic = z

Integration by parts:

 U  V dx = U  Vdx    
du
 dx   vdx  dx
Combination Rules For Liate Functions:
Rule # 1: If first function is Algebraic and Second is logarithmic then.
let U = log. V = Alg
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 2 : If first function is Algebraic and Second is Trigonometric then.
let U = Alg. V = Trig
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 3 : If first function is Algebraic and Second is Inverse Trigonometric then.
let U = Inv.Trig V = Alg
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 4: If first function is Algebraic and Second is exponential then.
let U = Alg. V = exp
differentiate Integrate.
Rule # 5 : If first function is exponential and Second is Trigonometric then.
let U = Trig. V = exp.
differentiate Integrate.

Formula:
 ex { f (x) + f  (x) } dx = ex f (x) + c

Area Under The Curve:

b b
A = a y dx. (or) A = a  (x ) dx