SUMMARY

FLEXURAL DESIGN OF RC CROSS SECTIONS ˘

GENERAL FORMULATION AND TABLES

SHEAR DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS

TORSION IN RC ELEMENTS

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES:

STRESS LIMITATION
CRACK CONTROL
DEFLECTION CONTROL

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 SUMMARY

FLEXURAL DESIGN OF RC CROSS

SECTIONS:

GENERAL FORMULATION AND

TABLES

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 Analysis versus Design

Verification problem: Design problem:

Determining the strength Creating a beam that will

of a beam with given carry a specified load or
dimensions and reinforcement. combination of loads.

DESING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES:
EN 1992-1-1

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DESING MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR RC STRUCTURES (EN 1992−1):
CONCRETE

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS

1. plane sections remain plane.

2. A complete bond exists between the steel and the concrete; that
is, the strain in the steel is the same as in the adjacent concrete.

3. the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored. (that is, all

tension is resisted by steel).
4. the stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the
design stress/strain relationship given in 3.1.7 (here we assume
the rectangular distribution).

5. the stresses in the reinforcing or prestressing steel are derived

from the design curves in 3.2.

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 DESING MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR RC STRUCTURES (EN 1992−1):
CONCRETE

Assumption 4)
Stress-strain relations for the design of cross-sections (3.1.7 EC2)

Bi-linear stress-strain relation (conservative)

Parabola-rectangle diagram for concrete under
compression

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MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TAB. 3.1)

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λ=> define the effective height of
the compression zone

η => define the effective strength

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 DESING MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR RC STRUCTURES (EN 1992−1):
STEEL
Design assumptions (3.2.7)

Es=200GP
Stress-strain diagrams of typical
reinforcing steel

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

Bending with or without axial force (6.1)

εcu f cd
c’ Rs '
As’
0.8x Rc
εs '

H d
A

Rs
As
c
ε s > ε yd
B

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

1) Horizontal equilibrium 0.8 f cd Bx + σ A − σ s As = 0

'
s
'
s

2) Rotation equilibrium M Rd = 0.8 f cd Bx ( d − 0.4 x ) + σ's As' ( d − c ' )

εc εc
Plane sections + perfect bond εs = ( d − x ) ; εs = ( x − c' )
'

x x
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

1) Assuming that the rebars in tension and compression are yielded:

0.8 f cd Bx + f yd As' − f yd As = 0

 M Rd = 0.8 f cd Bx ( d − 0.4 x ) + f yd As ( d − c )
' '

0.8 f cd Bx = f yd As (1 − β )
As'
β=
As

f yd As f yd As (1 − β ) ρM d (1 − β )
ρM = x= =
f cd Bd 0.8 f cd B 0.8
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

2) Assuming that the rebars in tension and compression are yielded:

0.8 f cd Bx + f yd As' − f yd As = 0

 M Rd = 0.8 f cd Bx ( d − 0.4 x ) + f yd As ( d − c )
' '

M Rd 0.8 f cd Bx ( d − 0.4 x ) + f yd As' ( d − c ' )

2
=µ=
Bd f cd Bd 2 f cd

0.8 x (0.8 ⋅ 0.4) x βρM ( d − c )

2 '
M Rd
2
=µ= − 2
+
Bd f cd d d d
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

0.8 x (0.8 ⋅ 0.4) x2 βρ M ( d − c ' ) ρ M d (1 − β )

µ= − 2
+ x=
d d d 0.8

ρM (1 − β )
2 2
βρ M ( d − c ' )
µ = ρM (1 − β ) − +
2 d

 ρM (1 − β )2 c' 
µ = ρM 1 − −β 
 2 d 

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS: VERIFICATION PROBLEM

GIVEN: GEOMETRY OF SECTION (B; d)

STEEL IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION ( ; )
MATERIAL PROPERTIES ( ; )

As' f yd As
β= ρM = M 0 = Bd f cd2

As f cd Bd

 ρM (1 − β )2 c' 
µ = ρM 1 − −β  M Rd = µ ⋅ M 0
 2 d 

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS: DESIGN PROBLEM

GIVEN: GEOMETRY OF SECTION (B; d)

RATIO BETWEEN STEEL IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION (β)
MATERIAL PROPERTIES ( ; )

As' M Rs = M sd M 0 = Bd f cd 2
β=
As

 '
  ' 2
 
1 M
1 − β c  −  1 − β c  − 2 sd (1 − β )2 
ρM =
(1 − β )  
2
d  d M0
 

As f yd = ρ M Bdf cd As' = β ⋅ As

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
NON−DIMENSIONAL FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

DEFINITION OF NON−DIMENSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS:

We define the following non−dimensional parameters
x
ξ= Non−dimensional position of the neutral axis
d
σ s ' σ's
k= ;k = Non−dimensional stress in the rebars
f yd f yd
As'
β= Reinforcement ratio
As
c c'
δ = ;δ' = Non−dimensional concrete cover
d d
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
NON−DIMENSIONAL FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

The fundamental equations can be rewritten as:

1) 0.8 f cd Bd ξ + k f yd βAs − kf yd As = 0
'

2) M Rd = 0.8 f cd Bd 2 ξ (1 − 0.4ξ ) + k ' f yd β As d (1 − δ' )

εc εc
ε s = (1 − ξ ) ; ε s = (ξ − δ' )
'

ξ ξ

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
NON−DIMENSIONAL FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

1) 0.8 f cd Bd ξ + k f yd βAs − kf yd As = 0
'

k ' f yd βAs kf yd As
Dividing by: f cd Bd 0.8ξ + − =0
f cd Bd f cd Bd

As f yd As ' f yd
Defining: ω= ; ω' = = βω
f cd Bd f cd Bd

0.8ξ + k ' ω '− k ω = 0.8ξ + k ' βω − k ω = 0

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
NON−DIMENSIONAL FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

1) M Rd = 0.8 f cd Bx ( d − 0.4 x ) + σ's As' ( d − c ' )

Dividing by: Bd 2 f cd

M Rd k ' f yd βAs d (1 − δ' )

2
= µ = 0.8ξ (1 − 0.4ξ ) + =
Bd f cd Bdf cd
= 0.8ξ (1 − 0.4ξ ) + k ' ω ' (1 − δ ') = 0.8ξ (1 − 0.4ξ ) + k ' βω (1 − δ ')

µ = 0.8ξ (1 − 0.4ξ ) + k ' βω (1 − δ ')

M Rd
Given
2
=µ
Bd f cd
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
NON−DIMENSIONAL FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

0.8ξ + k'βω − kω = 0

( )
µ = 0.8ξ 1− 0.4ξ + k'βω 1− δ' ( )
εc εc
εs =
ξ
( )
1− ξ ; ε s = (ξ − δ )
'

ξ
'

Once a strain diagram is defined the behaviour of

the cross−section if completely defined. We can
therefore derive tables that can be used for design.
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
TABLE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

1. Define β and δ’
2. Set a strain diagram (setting ξ and εc)
3. Compute the strain in the rebars:

εc εc
εs =
ξ
( )
1− ξ ; ε s = (ξ − δ )
'

ξ
'

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
TABLE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

4. Compute the stress in the rebars and

the coefficients k and k’:
 σ Eε
 k= s = s s = s = c
ε (
ε 1− ξ )
se ε s < ε yd
 f yd Esε yd ε yd ε yd ξ


( )
k = sign ε s = sign ε c
(
 1− ξ  )
 
 ξ 

 σ ' E ε ' ε ' ε ξ − δ'
 k' = s = s s = s = c
( )
se ε's < ε yd
 f yd Esε yd ε yd ε yd ξ


( )

k = sign ε 's = sign ε c
(
ξ − δ'  )
 
 ξ 

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
TABLE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

5. Using the first fundamental equation

compute:

0.8ξ
ω=−
(
k 'β − k )

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
TABLE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

6. Using the second fundamental equation

compute

( )
µ = 0.8ξ 1− 0.4ξ + k'βω 1− δ' ( )

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
TABLE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

Now, if we consider all the possible strain diagrams

corresponding to failure, and follow the previous steps
we can build a table:
εcu
c’
As’
εs '

H d
A

As
c
ε s > ε yd
B
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
TABLE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

step csi 0.01 δ’ = 0.06 Beta Beta

0 0.1
ec csi es es'′ k k' w mu w mu
0.0035 0.01 0.3465 -0.0175 1 -1 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007
0.0035 0.02 0.1715 -0.007 1 -1 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014
0.0035 0.03 0.1132 -0.0035 1 -1 0.024 0.024 0.022 0.021
0.0035 0.04 0.084 -0.00175 1 -0.88 0.032 0.031 0.029 0.029
0.0035 0.05 0.0665 -0.0007 1 -0.35 0.040 0.039 0.039 0.038
0.0035 0.06 0.0548 4E-19 1 2E-16 0.048 0.047 0.048 0.047
0.0035 0.07 0.0465 0.0005 1 0.25 0.056 0.054 0.057 0.056
0.0035 0.08 0.0403 0.00088 1 0.438 0.064 0.062 0.067 0.065
0.0035 0.09 0.0354 0.00117 1 0.583 0.072 0.069 0.076 0.073
0.0035 0.1 0.0315 0.0014 1 0.7 0.080 0.077 0.086 0.082
0.0035 0.11 0.0283 0.00159 1 0.795 0.088 0.084 0.096 0.091
0.0035 0.12 0.0257 0.00175 1 0.875 0.096 0.091 0.105 0.099
0.0035 0.13 0.0234 0.00188 1 0.942 0.104 0.099 0.115 0.108
0.0035 0.14 0.0215 0.002 1 1 0.112 0.106 0.124 0.116
0.0035 0.15 0.0198 0.0021 1 1 0.120 0.113 0.133 0.124
0.0035 0.16 0.0184 0.00219 1 1 0.128 0.120 0.142 0.132
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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
USE OF TABLES : DESIGN

Given MSd, B, material properties, c, c’

→ d?, As?, As’? 1. Assume δ and δ’
2. Choose β
3. Choose the neutral axis
position (I want to achieve
good ductility).
4. From the tables read the
corresponding µ
5. Compute d
M Rd = M Sd
M Sd
d=
Bfcdµ

6. From the table read ω and compute As and As’

7. Check if δ and δ’ are consistent otherwise iterate

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
USE OF TABLES : DESIGN

Given MSd, B, material properties, c, c’, d

→ As?, As’?

1. Compute µ: M Rd = M Sd
M Sd
µ=
f cd Bd 2
2. Look at the table and search the corresponding µ (or
the first greater than) starting from small β values.
3. If the position of the neutral axis is too low (no good
ductility) increase beta.
4. Read omega on the table and compute As and As’

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 ANALYSIS OF RC SECTIONS
USE OF TABLES : VERIFICATION

Given MSd, B, d, c, c’, materials, As, As’

1. Compute β
2.Compute ω:
3.Loot at the table and search for the
corresponding ω value (or the first smaller
than) in the column for the proper beta
value.
4.Read µ and compute MRd.

µf cd Bd = M Rd
2

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