EC0224 – COMMUNICATION LAB - I

Laboratory Manual

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
SRM UNIVERSITY
S.R.M. NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

EC0224 – COMMUNICATION LAB - I

(2008-2009)

Revision No: I Prepared By,

Date:

Authorized By,

HOD/ECE
 SRM University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

COMMUNICATION LAB - I
Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

EC0224 EVEN SEM – 2009

Name: ______________________________________
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Venue: ________________________________________
Title of Lab: ________________________________________
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Preparation Verification

Staff Signature ______________________

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 SRM University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
COMMUNICATION LAB – I

INDEX
EC0224 EVEN SEM – 2009

EXPT.
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT SCORE SIGNATURE
No.

\
 SRM University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

COMMUNICATION LAB - I
Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

EC0224 EVEN SEM – 2009

Name: _________________________________________

Section: Tick One M() TU () W() Th ( ) Fr ( )

Venue: ________________________________________

Title of Lab: ________________________________________

Preparation Verification

Staff Signature ______________________

Score _________________________

Completion Verification

Staff Signature _______________________

Date, Time __________________________

Score ______________________________

Comments:
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Report
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 SRM University
Electronics and Communication Engineering

COMMUNICATION LAB – I

INDEX
EC0224 EVEN SEM – 2009

EXPERIMENT NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT SCORE SIGNATURE

NUMBER
LAB 1 : AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the amplitude modulation and
demodulation and to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Transistor BC108, Resistors, Capacitors, AFO, CRO, Diode OA79,
Millimeter, Regulated power supply, Breadboard and connecting wires
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB):
Do the complete revision of Amplitude modulation and Demodulation and
find the modulation index for the modulating voltage of 6v and given Vc=6omv,
fc=50 KHz, fm=1KHz.
PART-I:
MODULATION THEORY:
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier
signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is
referred to as the modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called
as the modulation signal.
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of
the carrier wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided
the following two requirements are satisfied
1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency
components fm of the message signal m (t)
i.e. fc >> fm
2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is
greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given Vc = 50mV, fc = 500 KHz, fm = 100KHz.
Set modulating voltage Vm = 10 V.
Emax = 1.6 V, Emin = 0.7 V
Emax – Emin
Modulation index (m) = ------------------ X 100
Emax + Emin
= 39.13
TEST PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor
3. Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor
 4. Calculate Vmax and Vmin from the Output
PART-II:
DEMODULATION THEORY:
The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating
Signal from modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation.
The detector circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side
bands. Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the message,
independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by
extracting envelope.
An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the
modulation envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become
horizontal if the rate of modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the
modulation voltage is faster than the rate of voltage RC combination ,the output fails
to follow the modulation resulting distorted output is called as diagonal clipping : this
will occur even high modulation index.
The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit
impedance is less than circuit load (Rl > Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of
modulating signal. It is called “negative clipping “

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TEST PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is give as input to the
circuit.
3. The demodulated output is observed on the CRO
4. The various values of modulating voltage signal frequency corresponding
demodulated voltage and frequency are noted and the readings are tabulated.

LAB RESULT:
Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation were performed and the
modulation index for various modulating voltage were calculated.
QUESTIONS:
1. Based upon your general knowledge of AM and FM broadcasting by listening to
the radio name the frequency occupied by AM and FM broadcast stations?
2. What will happen, if modulation index is greater than 100%?
3. Audio signals are not transmitted by electromagnetic waves. Justify. the
statement.
4. An amplitude modulated amplifier has a radio frequency output of 50w at 100%
modulation. The internal loss in the modulator is low. What output power is
required from the modulator?
5. In what stage modulation is done in high – power A.M transmissions?

ASSESSMENT:
PRELAB : 30 Pts
(Design (10), Circuit (10), Tabulation (10))
LAB PERFORMANCE : 30 Pts
VIVA : 15 Pts
LAB 2: FREQUENCY MODULATION:
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the Frequency modulation using IC
566 and to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
AFO, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, Bread board and connection ,
RPS
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB):
Do the complete revision of Frequency modulation and its modulation index
and also about IC 566 working principles.
THEORY:
Frequency modulation is a process of changing the frequency of a carrier wave
in accordance with the slowly varying base band signal. The main advantage of this
modulation is that it can provide better discrimination against noise.
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IC 566
A VCO is a circuit that provides an oscillating signal whose frequency can be
adjusted over a control by Dc voltage. VCO can generate both square and triangular
Wave signal whose frequency is set by an external capacitor and resistor and then
varied by an applied DC voltage. IC 566 contains a current source to charge and
discharge an external capacitor C1 at a rate set by an external resistor. R1 and a
modulating DC output voltage.
The Schmitt trigger circuit present in the IC is used to switch the current
source between charge and discharge capacitor and triangular voltage developed
across the capacitor and the square wave from the Schmitt trigger are provide as the
output of the buffer amplifier.
The R2 and R3 combination is a voltage divider, the voltage VC must be in
the range ¾ VCC < VC < VCC. The modulating voltage must be less than ¾ VCC the
frequency Fc can be calculated using the formula
Fo = 2 (Vcc-Vc) R1 C1 Vcc
For a fixed value of Vc and a constant C1 the frequency can be varied at 10:1
similarly for a constant R! C1 product value the frequency modulation can be done at
10:1 ratio.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TEST PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The modulating signal FM is given from an AFO (1KHZ)
3. For various values of modulating voltage Vm the values of Fmax and Fmin
are noted
4. The values of the modulation index are calculated.
LAB RESULT:
Thus the FM circuit using IC566 was performed and the modulation index was
found .
QUESTIONS:
1.What will be the changes in the wave under FM when the amplitude or frequency
of the modulating signal is increased ?
2. The FM station have less noise while receiving the signal. Justify your answer.
3. What happens when a stronger signal and a weaker signal both overlap at the same
frequency in FM?
4. Name two applications of two way mobile radio?
5. Which mathematical expression is used to decide the side band amplitudes in a FM
signal ?

ASSESSMENT:
PRELAB : 30 Pts
(Design (10), Circuit (10), Tabulation (10))
LAB PERFORMANCE : 30 Pts
VIVA : 15 Pts
LAB 2: PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the pulse amplitude modulation and
demodulation and to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
. Transistor, AFO, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, RPS.
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB):
Do the complete revision of Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
theory.
THEORY:
Pulse amplitude modulation is a scheme, which alters the amplitude of
regularly spaced rectangular pulses in accordance with the instantaneous values of a
continuous message signal. Then amplitude of the modulated pulses represents the
amplitude of the intelligence.
A train of very short pulses of constant amplitude and fast repetition rate is
chosen the amplitude of these pulse is made to vary in accordance with that of a
slower modulating signal the result is that of multiplying the train by the modulating
signal the envelope of the pulse height corresponds to the modulating wave .the Pam
wave contain upper and lower side band frequencies .besides the modulating and
pulse signals.
The demodulated PAM waves, the signal is passed through a low pass filter
having a cut –off frequencies equal to the highest frequency in the modulating signal.
At the output of the filter is available the modulating signal along with the DC
component
PAM has the same signal to noise ratio as AM and so it is not employed in
practical circuits
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TEST PROCEDURE:
MODULATION
1. Make the circuit as shown in circuit diagram
2. Set the pulse generator output to be 41Vpp at 100HZ
3. Set AFO output at 2 Vpp 100HZ
4. Observe the output wave form on a CRO
5. Tabulate the reading.
DEMODULATION:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure
2. Given the modulated output with AFO used to the input of the circuit.
3. Vary the potentiometer so that modulating signal is obtained.
4. Measure the amplitude of the signal and verify with that of the input.
LAB RESULT:
Thus the pulse amplitude modulation was performed and its corresponding
demodulation was also performed.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the process of sampling an analog signal at a high rate ?
2. Which multiplexing technique is used to transmit both digital and analog signals?
3. Why PAM is not preferable in digital transmission?
4. Which device is used to track PAM frequency variations in the clock recovery
circuit ?
4. What kind of switches are commonly used in PAM multiplexers?

ASSESSMENT:
PRELAB : 30 Pts
(Design (10), Circuit (10), Tabulation (10))
LAB PERFORMANCE : 30 Pts
VIVA : 15 Pts
Lab3: PRE –EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS CIRCUITS
In this lab, you will learn how the characteristics of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
differ from each other.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor, AFO, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, RPS.
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB):
Do the complete revision of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis theory.

THEORY:

PRE-EMPHASIS:
The circuits are the transmitting side of the frequency modulator. It is used to
increase the gain of the higher frequency component as the input signal frequency
increased, the impendence of the collector voltage increase. If the signal frequency is
lesser then the impendence decrease which increase the collector current and hence
decrease the voltage.

DE-EMPHASIS:
The circuit is placed at the receiving side. It acts as allow pass filter. The
boosting gain for higher frequency signal in the transmitting side is done by the pre-
emphasis circuit is filtered to the same value by the low pass filter. The cut off
frequency is given by the formula
Fc = 1/2π RC

Where R = 2 π fc L
DESIGN FORMULA:

Fc = 1/2 π R C (assume =R = 10 KΩ, C = 0.01μf)

R = 2 π fc L; L=1/ 2 π fc
TEST PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram for the pre-
emphasis and de-emphasis circuits
2. A power supply of 10V is given to the circuit
3. For a constant value of input voltage the values of the frequency is varied and
the output is noted on the CRO
4. A graph is plotted between gain and frequency
5. The cut frequencies are practical values of the values of cut off frequency \are
found, compared and verified.
LAB RESULTS:

The characteristics of pre –emphasis and de emphasis circuits were studied and a
graph was drawn between gain (in db) and frequency.
QUESTIONS:
1. Which range of frequencies are more prone to noise interference?
2. How to reduce the noise during transmission in FM ?
3. Which technique is used at the receiver side to reconstruct the original signal?
4. What should be the time constant for the de emphasis circuit?
5. Why pre-emphasis is done after modulation?
ASSESSMENT:
PRELAB : 30 Pts
(Design (10), Circuit (10), Tabulation (10))
LAB PERFORMANCE : 30 Pts
VIVA : 15 Pts
LAB 5: AMPLITUDE MODULATION USING MATLAB®
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the Amplitude Modulation simulation using
MATLAB®
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB, Computer installed with Windows XP or higher Version.
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB):
Do the complete revision of Amplitude Modulation theory and know few functions in
MATLAB.
PART-I:
MATLAB® INTRODUCTION

MATLAB® is a programming language and numerical computing

environment. The name MATLAB® is an acronym for “Matrix Laboratory”. As it
name suggests it allows easy manipulation of matrix and vectors. Plotting functions
and data is made easy with MATLAB®. It has a good Graphic User Interface and
conversion of matlab files to C/C++ is possible. It has several toolboxes that possess
specific functions for specific applications. For example Image Processing, Neural
Networks, CDMA toolboxes are name a few. An additional package, Simulink, adds
graphical multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and
embedded systems. Simulink contains Blocksets that is analogous to Toolboxes. It
was created by Mathworks Incorporation, USA. MATLAB® has become a defacto
programming language for Engineers. Writing MATLAB programs for modulation
applications require knowledge on very few functions and operators. The operators
mostly used are arithmetic operators and matrix operators. To know more type in the
command prompt ‘help ops’. MATLAB will give a list in that to know on specific
operator say addition type in the command prompt ‘help plus’. MATLAB will give
how to use and other relevant information.

Commonly used graphical functions are plot, figure, subplot, title, and
mathematical functions are sin and cos only. The mathematical functions sin and cos
are self explanatory. The graphical function figure will create a new window and then
subsequent graphical commands can be applied. The plot function usually takes two
vectors and plot data points according to given vector data. In this case it will time Vs
signal. Subplot function is used when two or more plots are drawn on the same figure.
As title function suggests it helps to write title of the graph in the figure. For further
details type ‘help plot’ or ‘help subplot’ in the command prompt and learn the syntax.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a vector ‘t’ (time) that varies from zero to two or three cycles with an
interval 1/1000 or 1/5000.
2. Create a message signal with single sine frequency or combination of few sine
frequencies. All the frequency used in message signal should be less than the
carrier frequency likewise amplitude of message signals should be less than
carrier amplitude. [AmSin(2πfmt)]
3. Create a carrier signal. [AcSin(2πfct)]
4. Create the modulated signal using the AM equation [Am
(1+maSin(2πfmt))Sin(2πfct) ]
5. Plot the AM signal. Verify the practical modulation index with theoretical one.

TEST PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB® software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB® logo will appear and after few moments Command Prompt will
appear.
3. Go to the File Menu and select a New M-file. (File NewM-file) or in the left
hand corner a blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M-file will appear with a title ‘untitled’
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with
appropriate name. To execute the program Press F5 or go to Debug Menu and
select Run.
6. After execution output will appear in the Command window .If there is an error
then with an alarm, type of error will appear in red color.
7. Rectify the error if any and go to Debug Menu and select Run.

LAB RESULT:
Thus the amplitude modulation was simulated and the modulation index for
various modulating voltage were calculated.

QUESTIONS:
 1. What is the difference between stem and plot functions?
2. What is the use of clean and close statements?
3. Find the answer the following program code
a=[1 2 3] ; b=[4 5 6]; c=[a;b] ; d=[ a b];
4. Explain the following file formats .m, .asv, .mat used in MATLAB
5. What is use of “;” command?
ASSESSMENT:
PRELAB : 30 Pts
(program)
LAB PERFORMANCE : 30 Pts
VIVA : 15 Pts
LAB 6: FREQUENCY MODULATION USING MATLAB®
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the Frequency Modulation simulation using
MATLAB®
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB ,Computer installed with Windows XP or higher Version.
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB):
Do the complete revision of Frequency Modulation theory and know few functions in
MATLAB.
PART-I:
MATLAB® INTRODUCTION

MATLAB® is a programming language and numerical computing

environment. The name MATLAB® is an acronym for “Matrix Laboratory”. As it
name suggests it allows easy manipulation of matrix and vectors. Plotting functions
and data is made easy with MATLAB®. It has a good Graphic User Interface and
conversion of matlab files to C/C++ is possible. It has several toolboxes that possess
specific functions for specific applications. For example Image Processing, Neural
Networks, CDMA toolboxes are name a few. An additional package, Simulink, adds
graphical multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and
embedded systems. Simulink contains Blocksets that is analogous to Toolboxes.It was
created by Mathworks Incorporation, USA. MATLAB® has become a defacto
programming language for Engineers.

Writing MATLAB programs for modulation applications require knowledge

on very few functions and operators. The operators mostly used are arithmetic
operators and matrix operators. To know more type in the command prompt ‘help
ops’. MATLAB will give a list in that to know on specific operator say addition type
in the command prompt ‘help plus’. MATLAB will give how to use and other
relevant information.

Commonly used graphical functions are plot, figure, subplot, title, and
mathematical functions are sin and cos only. The mathematical functions sin and cos
are self explanatory. The graphical function figure will create a new window and then
subsequent graphical commands can be applied. The plot function usually takes two
vectors and plot data points according to given vector data. In this case it will time Vs
signal. Subplot function is used when two or more plots are drawn on the same figure.
As title function suggests it helps to write title of the graph in the figure. For further
details type ‘help plot’ or ‘help subplot’ in the command prompt and learn the syntax.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a vector ‘t’ (time) that varies from zero to two or three cycles with an
interval 1/1000 or 1/5000.
2. Create a message signal with single sine frequency. All the frequency used in
message signal should be less than the carrier frequency likewise amplitude of
message signals should be less than carrier amplitude. [AmSin(2πfmt)]
3. Create a carrier signal. [AcCos(2πfct)]
4. Create the modulated signal using the FM equation [Ac Cos(2πfct+βSin(2πfmt) ]. β
stands for modulation index. Choose value more than 1.
5. Plot the FM signal.
TEST PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB® software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB® logo will appear and after few moments Command Prompt will
appear.
3. Go to the File Menu and select a New M-file. (File NewM-file) or in the left
hand corner a blank white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M-file will appear with a title ‘untitled’
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M-file with
appropriate name. To execute the program Press F5 or go to Debug Menu and
select Run.
6. After execution output will appear in the Command window .If there is an error
then with an alarm, type of error will appear in red color.
7. Rectify the error if any and go to Debug Menu and select Run.

LAB RESULT:
Thus the Frequency modulation was simulated and the modulation index for
various modulating voltage were calculated.

QUESTIONS:
 1. Write MATLAB statement to display 9 (3 by 3) within a same window.
2. Find the answer Lowzero after executing following code.
LowZero=10; Lowzero=15;
lowzero=Lowzero+2*LowZero;
3. Write a code to plot 10Hz cos signal.
4. What is meant by script m-file and function m-file?
5. Find the answer for following statement 10 / 2 \ 5 - 3 + 2 * 4

ASSESSMENT:
PRELAB : 30 Pts
(program)
LAB PERFORMANCE : 30 Pts
VIVA : 15 Pts