269

FLUID MACHINERY GROUP

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE

SELECTION OF AXIAL FAN BLADE PROFILES
N. HAY, BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, MlMechE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nottingham
R. METCALFE, MPhil, CEng, MIMechE, MlED
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Trent Polytechnic, Nottingham
J. A. REIZES, ME, PhD
School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
~~

SYNOPSIS Existing data on a e r o f o i l s e c t i o n s s u i t a b l e f o r a x i a l flow fans are r e p l o t t e d on axes

of angle of incidence a g a i n s t camber angle. The carpet p l o t s so obtained permit t h e b e s t
operating conditions f o r each type of a e r o f o i l to be immediately i d e n t i f i e d and thus t h e most
s u i t a b l e section can be e a s i l y selected f o r a given specification. A design method based on the
use of these carpet p l o t s i s proposed and i l l u s t r a t e d with a numerical example.

1. INTRODUCTION S P i t c h length
I n t h e standard design method f o r a x i a l flow U Blade v e l o c i t y
fans it i s necessary t o choose the blade cross
section e a r l y i n the design process. With t h i s r Radial d i s t a n c e from t h e a x i s of the fan
choice made a s a t i s f a c t o r y design t o meet t h e
input s p e c i f i c a t i o n s can be evolved (1). The V Absolute velocity
complete blading s p e c i f i c a t i o n w i l l then c o n s i s t
of t h e type of blade section to be used, the W Relative velocity
number of blades, the chord length and t h e
stagger and camber angles a t any r a d i a l position. U
i Angle of incidence of an i s o l a t e d a e r o f o i l
(See nomenclature and Figure 1.) i n an i n f i n i t e f l u i d = al-< ( f i g u r e s 1
Successful designs of a x i a l flow fans have and 2 ) .
been produced using a l l t h e d i f f e r e n t types of
blade section f o r which a e r o f o i l data is a Angle of incidence of a e r o f o i l i n cascade
available, t h e more prominent being t h e
Gottingen series, t h e NACA 65 s e r i e s , t h e C4
= u
m
-
5 ( f i g u r e s 1 and 2 ) .
series and cambered p l a t e s . The choice of any
al,a2,am A i r angles (Figure 2 )
section has so f a r been a r b i t r a r y and dependent
only on t h e designer's experience and personal
8 Blade angle
preference ( 1 , 4 ) , a s there w a s no adequate
method of comparing and contrasting t h e
6 Deviation angle
performance of the various blade p r o f i l e s f o r
which data is readily available. Further, once
5 Stagger angle ; d i r e c t i o n of the chord of
the blade s e l e c t i o n has been made it is not easy
the blade r e l a t i v e t o the a x i a l d i r e c t i o n
t o s e l e c t t h e optimum operating point on t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c curves of the p a r t i c u l a r blade
9
Stage efficiency (n = *PTH - "LOSSES
f
section. I t w i l l be shown presently t h a t by
APTH
r e p l o t t i n g t h e a v a i l a b l e data i n t h e way pro-
posed i n t h i s paper it is possible t o compare
e Camber angle (angle between tangents t o
t h e camber l i n e a t its two extremities)
t h e various blade sections and f i n d the con-
= 8, - p ( f i g u r e 1)
d i t i o n s i n which each w i l l y i e l d t h e b e s t per- 2
formance. The r e p l o t t e d data presented here can
0 c/s = solidity
a l s o be used t o generate values of the optimum
camber angle @ and stagger angle C once t h e a i r
Ap Pressure r i s e across the fan
angles 01 and a2 (Figures 1 and 2) have been
determined from t h e design specifications. Thus
Subscripts
there is no need t o use empirical c o r r e l a t i o n s
as has been necessary previously.
C cascade
2. NOTATION i isolated
m mean
C Chord length ( a s t r a i g h t l i n e joining
the ends of the camber l i n e ) . U whirl
DRAG FORCE 1 befdre blade
CD Drag c o e f f i c i e n t =
4 P wjL x area 2 a f t e r blade
LIFT-FORCE
CL L i f t coefficient =
P w i 2 x area TH theoretical
c, -
YL:
K -= Interference c o e f f i c i e n t t blade t i p
cLi
P Presslire

@ I Mach E 1978 Proc Instn Mech Hngrs Vol192

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270 N. HAY,R. METCALFE AND J. A. REIZES
2. CARPET PLOTS
I n the design s i t u a t i o n t h e usual procedure i s
t o s t a r t by making a judicious choice of l i f t
c o e f f i c i e n t . This l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t can be
achieved by various combinations of camber and
incidence angles f o r each type of blade. I t
would therefore seem s e n s i b l e t o p l o t C on
axes of camber and incidence. I n choosing C
L c o r r e c t t h e data i n Figures 3, 4 , 5 and 6 t o
L
it i s a l s o d e s i r a b l e t o work i n a region where
C /C i s high t o ensure high e f f i c i e n c y , and
wkicg i s s u f f i c i e n t l y away from stall t o avoid
problems a t off design operating conditions.
Therefore curves of CL!CD, stall and proximity
t o s t a l l a r e useful guidelines i n t h e choice of
cL'
Figures 3, 4 , 5 and 6 show carpet p l o t s
prepared from e x i s t i n g data f o r c i r c u l a r a r c
cambered p l a t e s (1,7), and f o r the Gottingen
( 4 , 7 ) , NACA 65 (7,8) and C4 (9) a e r o f o i l s
p l o t t e d i n t h i s way. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
cL and C /C Da r e given as a function of camber
angle an3 angle of incidence. Curves i n d i c a t i n g
0
s t a l l and 2 before stall occurs a r e a l s o shown
on these figures. S t a l l i s defined a s occurring
when t h e drag c o e f f i c i e n t increases t o twice i t s
minimum value.
I t should be emphasised t h a t the data have
been converted where necessary so t h a t t h e
angle of incidence a . used f o r p l o t t i n g a l l the
data i s r e f e r r e d t o khe chord of an i s o l a t e d
a e r o f o i l as defined i n Figure 1.
3. COMPARISON OF BLADE PROFILES
The p l o t f o r c i r c u l a r arc cambered p l a t e s
(Figure 3) shows t h a t t h e b e s t operatigg range
i s when t h e camber angle i s between 25 and 45O,
with a n angle of incidence of about two degrees.
I n t h i s region the l i f t t o drag c o e f f i c i e n t
r a t i o is a maximum and the region i s s u f f i c i e n t l y
away from the stall l i n e f o r s a f e off design
operation.
Similarly t h e Gottingen p r o f i l e s considered
(F$gure 4)oshow an i d e a l operating area between
10 and 30 camber angle and angle of incidence
0 CD would a l t e r t h e efficiency through CD/CL but
of between 0 and 4O, which gives a 2O margin of
incidence angle a t l e a s t before stall occurs.
The NACA 65 p r o f i l e s (Figure 5) show b e s t
performance a t high camber and incidence angles.
Regions of p o s i t i v e a s w e l l as negative incidence
stall are indicated. The C4 p r o f i l e s a l s o show
a s u i t a b i l i t y f o r high camber angles operating
a t high c o e f f i c i e n t s of l i f t . Thg range of s u i t -
a b l e incidence angle i s between 2 and 7 O f a l l i n g
between the ranges of t h e Gottingen and NACA
series.
I t may be imrtiediately seen from Figures 3 ,
4, 5 and 6 t h a t a cambered p l a t e w i l l be less
e f f i c i e n t than t h e other p r o f i l e s as t h e maximum
value of C / C i s 33 a g a i n s t 45 (Gottingen),
L D
60 (NACA) and 100 ( C 4 ) . Additionally any small
deviation from the optimum incidence angle w i l l
incur a severe penalty with cambered p l a t e s as
a large decrease i n t h e l i f t / d r a g r a t i o occurs.
The optimum performance of the NACA s e r i e s
i s seen to be superior t o the Gottingen s e r i e s
as the maximum value of cL/CD is 60 i n the
former and 45 i n the l a t t e r case. Further the
Gottingen s e r i e s is s u i t a b l e f o r small deflection
angles (small values of 8) whereas the NACA
s e r i e s i s s u i t a b l e f o r a much l a r g e r range of
deflection angles. Thus t h e optimum a e r o f o i l
s e c t i o n can be selected depending on t h e
Proc lnxtn 'decli Enprs V d 192
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d e f l e c t i o n angle required. The C4 s e r i e s i s
s u i t a b l e f o r very high blade loading, and o f f e r s
the b e s t l i f t t o drag r a t i o .
4. EXTENSION OF THE PLOTS TO CASCADES
I n order t h a t t h e blade p l o t s may be used i n t h e
cascade regime of fan desiqn it i s necessary t o
take account of the interference of adjacent
blades. The most s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t r e s u l t i n g
from blades being i n close proximity t o one
another i s a change i n the c o e f f i c i e n t t o l i f t .
I n the design method of Wallis (1) blades
were considered t o be i n cascade above
s o l i d i t i e s of unity. Further work by Wallis (2)
considered a blend from i s o l a t e d t o cascade
conditions. The following method of correcting
t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of l i f t i s an a l t e r n a t i v e
blending method s u i t a b l e f o r t h e form of data-
presentation given i n t h i s paper.
wislicenus (5) shows curves of l i f t r a t i o
K ( = C / C ) p l o t t e d a g a i n s t space/chord r a t i o
( s / c F c f o F f l a t p l a t e s . Later work by Nakashima
and Shiramoto (3) based on Gottingen p r o f i l e s
shows very s i m i l a r r e s u l t s . These a r e shown i n
Figure 7 where K i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t space/chord
r a t i o f o r d i f f e r e n t stagger angles. Using t h i s
p l o t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of l i f t f o r a cascade i s
obtained a s
CLc = KCLi (1)
Whether t h i s change i s an increase o r a decrease
is l a r g e l y dependent on t h e value of t h e stagger
0
angle. Stagger angles below 50 r e s u l t i n a re-
duced c o e f f i c i e n t of l i f t .
Some change i n t h e drag c o e f f i c i e n t i s a l s o
expected ( 6 ) b u t the data f o r t h i s has not y e t
been developed i n s u f f i c i e n t l y e x p l i c i t form t o
be useful f o r design purposes. Although it is
c l e a r t h a t any change i n CD w i l l a l t e r t h e
p o s i t i o n and value of t h e maximum l i f t t o drag
curve, it w i l l be assumed f o r t h e t i m e being
t h a t the changes i n drag c o e f f i c i e n t a r e of
second order importance, u n t i l f u r t h e r data from
c u r r e n t research i s t o hand. Any v a r i a t i o n i n
not t h e pressure r i s e which i s primarily
dependent on C
L'
5. COMPARISON W I T H OTHER METHODS OF CHOOSING
LIFT COEFFICIENT
I n order t o test the v a l i d i t y of the carpet p l o t s ,
comparisons were made w i t h other methods of
choosing l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t .
Wallis (1) advocates t h e use of t h e corre-
l a t i o n s due to Howell and C a r t e r . These a r e
presented i n t h e form of p l o t s of (a1 - u2)
a g a i n s t a2 f o r d i f f e r e n t s o l i d i t i e s . These
f i g u r e s are entered with an approximate camber
angle (8 1 a l -
a*) and the optimum l i f t coeff-
i c i e n t i s then read off t h e curves. T h e ' l o c i
of the optimum p o i n t s given by t h i s method have
been transposed onto t h e e - aiplane used f o r
the carpet p l o t s . The r e s u l t s a r e shown i n
Figure 8 f o r t h e Gottingen p r o f i l e s and i n
Figure 9 f o r t h e NACA p r o f i l e s . I t may be seen
t h a t i n both cases the optimum region comes out
i n t h e same p o s i t i o n on t h e 0 - uiplane a s the
optimum plateau given by t h e carpet p l o t s . But
the carpet p l o t s show additionally the position
of t h e s e l e c t e d operating p o i n t i n r e l a t i o n t o
s t a l l and a l s o allow t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e
@ IMechE 1978
 A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE SELECTION OF AXIAL FAN BLADE PROFILES
a e r o f o i l p r o f i l e i t s e l f to be made. These
additional advantages a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e
method using the correlations.
As a f u r t h e r check a fan design by Eck
( 4 , p.285) was a l s o transposed onto t h e 8 - ai
plane. The design which uses Gottingen p r o f i l e
blades gave points near t h e optimum area of t h e
blade p l o t s , as shown i n Figure 4 . Eck assumes
some expertise i n fan design t o be necessary
since t h e choice of the c o e f f i c i e n t s of l i f t
from root t o t i p of t h e blade i s made i n h i s
procedure by inspection of t h e blade perfomance
curves ( C and C a g a i n s t % ) . This i s not
L possible t o c a l c u l a t e Av from eqGation (81, a2
necessary when &e carpet p l o t s presented i n
t h i s paper a r e used a s they enable t h e designer t o
make h i s choice simply and c l e a r l y .
6. PROPOSED DESIGN METHOD
The following design method is based on the use of
t h e carpet p l o t s and t h e C correction curves, and
L
i l l u s t r a t e s the ease with which t h e task can be
undertaken with the help of t h i s data.
I t was mentioned e a r l i e r t h a t i n drawing
f i g u r e s 3, 4 , 5 and 6 the data obtained from
wind tunnels were converted where necessary so
t h a t the angle of incidence a . i s r e f e r r e d t o t h e
chord of an i s o l a t e d aerofoil'and defined a s
( f i g u r e 1)
a =
i
a l - <
I n t h e case of a fan it may be shown (10) t h a t ,
s i n c e the d i r e c t i o n of the flow i s changed by the
fan blades each blade behaves a s i f t h e velocity
a t i n f i n i t y were the mean velocity w ( f i g u r e 2 ) .
Thus when using the carpet p l o t s formfan calcul-
a t i o n s a should be s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a and t h e
angle ofmincidence a should be used &or a where
C i
a: = a - 5 (3)
m stagger angle, c, can be obtained from equation ( 3 )
This s u b s t i t u t i o n accounts f o r t h e change
i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of the flow only and does not
include t h e e f f e c t s of blade interference which
a r e covered separately by the C correction curves.
L
To i l l u s t r a t e t h e design method a f r e e
vortex design approach i s chosen; b u t t h e p l o t s
a r e applicable j u s t as well to other design appro-
aches. A numerical example i s given i n Appendix 1.
I t i s assumed t h a t no gilide vanes a r e
present and t h a t the i n l e t flow i s a x i a l and
uniform. The velocity t r i a n g l e s i n f i g u r e 2
i l l u s t r a t e t h i s s i t u a t i o n . I t may be shown from
f i g u r e 1 t h a t f o r the fan
ap = (am - ac) - -e + 6
2 2
Now taking the deviation, 6 , a s given by W a l l i s ( 2 ) ,
where,
m = 0.23 + 0.002a:
2'
equation ( 4 ) becomes
a2 = (am- a )
C
- e(o.5 - -1m
6 other design methods ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) no attempt is made t o
If t h e required pressure r i s e is t o be
achieved t h e a c t u a l f l u i d angle, a , given by
equation 6 must be equal t o t h a t oztained from t h e
velocity t r i a n g l e s i n figure 2, namely
@ IMechE1978
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271
(7)
The value of Av can be calculated from the
U
relationship
A value of rl has t o be estimated s i n c e a t the
beginning of t h e design only Ap, p , u and v
1
are known. With an assumed value f o r n i t IS
U
from equation ( 7 ) and a1 and a can be evaluated
since, m
A f i r s t approximation f o r 0 can be obtained
from equation ( 4 ) if it i s assumed t h a t a zz 6 .
The s e l e c t i o n of t h e a e r o f o i l type is made at'this
point. Figures 3 , 4 , 5 o r 6 o r similar curves f o r
other blade p r o f i l e s can be used t o choose a suit-
a b l e value of C and uc. The i n i t i a l choice of
C and a i s a r k i t r a r y , t h e e a s i e s t procedure i s t o
ckoose Cc and a such t h a t C /C i s a maximum f o r
the p a r t t c u l a r Galue of 6. 3 c% be obtained from
the relation
2 cos a ( t a n a1
m
- tan a 2 )
a = (11)
I t i s now possible t o obtain t h e value of t h e
correction f o r the l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t , since the
and u i s now known. A new value of u can be calc-
ulated from t h e new values of C and C /CD and a
new correction obtained. A max$$um of E r e e o r
four i t e r a t i o n s a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o obtain s t a b l e
values of CLcl C /C and u. For the p a r t i c u l a i
LC D
values of 8, t h e chosen value of ct and t h e
i t e r a t e d value of u , t h e a i r e x i t Sngle can be
calculated from equation ( 6 ) . I f t h i s value is
d i f f e r e n t from the desired value of a 2 obtained
from equation ( 7 ) , a new value of t h e incidence
angle a ' can be chosen by
C
(4) where a ' i s t h e value obtained from equation (6).
Usually a maximum of t h r e e i t e r a t i o n s i s s u f f i c i e n t
t o converge t h e value of a t o the desired value.
Values of camber angje, 8, on e i t h e r side of
t h e i n i t i a l value of 8 should a l s o be t r i e d . Since
f o r each t3 there i s only one value of c( which w i l l
give a value of t h e a i r e x i t angle equaf t o the
desired value, it i s possible to p l o t a curve of
a a g a i n s t 8 on the appropriate carpet p l o t . The
cgoice of the value of a and 8 t o be used w i l l
C
depend on t h e c r i t e r i o n chosen t o optimize the
design. The above method ensures t h a t t h e f l u i d i s
(d) turned through t h e c o r r e c t angle, whereas, with
a s c e r t a i n t h a t t h i s has been achieved.
7. CONCLUSION
Plots of available blade data have been developed
which should render blade cross section s e l e c t i o n
Proc Instn Mrch E n p Vol 192
212
N. HAY, R. METCALFE AND J. A. REIZES

easier and clearer for t h e d e s i g n e r . A d e s i g n The iterated v a l u e s of a2 are given i n table 2.

method based on t h e s e p l o t s has been proposed These show reasonable convergence on t h e r e q u i r d
which r a t i o n a l i s e s t h e choice of optimum l i f t co- v a l u e of o2 (second column) after t h r e e
e f f i c i e n t and y i e l a a l l t h e a n g l e s r e q u i r e d t o iterations.
d e f i n e t h e blade geometry.
r/rt eo U a o
C
APPENDIX 1

I n order t o demonstrate t h e p r o f i l e s e l e c t i o n 0.6 25 (20.5) l.O(l.215) 4.5 (2.8) 49.6 (51.3)

and d e s i g n method, a t y p i c a l problem taken from
Wallis (1) (p.220 design B ) i s worked through. 0.7 25(27.3) 0.84(0.822) 2.3(2.6) 57.8(57.4)

0.8 25(27.3) 0.67(0.636) 1.8(2.6) 62.4(61.1)

Flow : 1200 f t 3/min 5.66 m 3/s
0.9 25(27.3) 0.46(0.494) 3.2(2.6) 64.2(64.7)
Head rise : 2 in water 50.8mm water
(498.3N/m2) 1.0 25(27.3) 0.35(0.4) 4.8(2.6) 65.0(67.1)
Speed : 1430 rev/min

Hub diameter : 18 i n 0.457m Table 1. Fan blade d e t a i l s

a21 a 11 111 ,plI
T i p diameter : 30 i n 0.762~1 r/rt a2 2 a2

E f f i c i e n c y ( 0 ): 80%
Hub 0.6 44.97 46.17 45.68 45.24 44.27
5.66 0.7 54.54 54.03 54.26 54.62 59.5
Axial v e l o c i t y v1 =
1/4 (0.7622 -
0.4572)
=19.38
m/s
Hub Conditions 0.8 60.68 59.7 60.42 60.63 60.73

u = 1430 x n x 0.457 = 34.22m/s 0.9 64.94 64.62 65.42 64.94 64.96

60
= ALL= 498.3
= 14.86m/s Tip 1.0 68.07 68.61 68.59 68.45 68.42
AvU npu .8 x 1.225 x 34.22
-1 34.22
a = tan = 60.48O Table 2. Iterated v a l u e s of a2
1 19.38
-1 34.22 - 14.86 The method d e s c r i b e d i n this paper g i v e s similar
a2 = tan = 44.97O
19.38 v a l u e s t o Wallis. The o n l y major d i f f e r e n c e i s

a = tan
-1 34.22 - 14.86/2
= 54.12O
a t the hub where i n t h e p r e s e n t design the uni-
m 19.38 form camber a n g l e of 25O w a s r e t a i n e d . Wallis
does n o t check whether the a i r l e a v e s t h e b l a d e
Now from equation (4) assuming a = 6 a t t h e d e s i r e d value of a2. For example, .using
C h i s f i g u r e s a t r/r = 0.7, a = 53.8', whereas
2
then e = 2(a - a = 20° the desired v a l u e Ts 54.5O and a t r/r = 1.06
m 2
An i n s p e c t i o n of t h e c a r p e t p l o t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t
0
a = 69.3 whereas t h e d e s i r e d v a l u e 1s 68.1 .
AZthough t h e d i f f e r e n c e s are small i n t h i s case,
both Gottingen and C4 p r o f i l e s would g i v e h i g h t h e y could be s i g n i f i c a n t i n other s i t u a t i o n s and
v a l u e s of CL/CD. However, Wallis (1) s o l v e d t h e it i s as w e l l t o check.
problem using cambered p l a t e s , t h e r e f o r e d a t a
from f i g u r e 3 w i l l be used i n t h i s example. Using REFERENCES
a camber of 20°, from f i g u r e 3 t h e first estimates
are a = 3O, CL = 0 . 7 and C /CD = 27. From 1. Wallis, R.A., Axial flow f a n s , Design and
equatfon (11) u = 1.22 and k o m equation (3) P r a c t i c e , George Newnes 1961.
5 = 51.1O. Using f i g u r e 1 , K = 0.95 which
modifies C t o 0.67 and CLc/CD t o 26. 2. W a l l i s , R.A., A r a t i o n a l i s e d approach t o
Lc
For t h e s e v a l u e s 0 = 1.25, and frgm equations (6) blade element d e s i g n , a x i a l flow f a n s , 3rd
and ( 1 2 ) a2 = 46.76' and ac = 4.8 . A u s t r a l i a n Conf. on Hydraulics and F l u i d
Further i t e r a t i o n s on a2 l e a d to a = 5.7O, Mechs., Paper No. 25999, 1968.
.
u = 0.96, 5 = 48.4 0 Note t h a t this is near t h e
s t a l l l i n e as d e f i n e d i n this paper. S i m i l a r 3. Nakashima, Y. and Shiramoto, Design method
0
c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r 8 = 25O and 30 y i e l d of t h e axial-flow b l a d e row on modified
isolated aerofoil t h e o r y w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e ,
0 0
e = 2s0 a = 4.5 u = 1.0 5 = 49.6 B u l l . of t h e JSME 1973, 16, No. 93, p.541.
0
e = 30° a = 4.9O o = 0.89 5 = 49.2 4. Eck, B., Fans, 1973, Pergamon, p.286.

S i n c e t h e design c r i t e r i o n is m a x i m u m e f f i c i e n c y 5. Wislicenus, G.F., F l u i d mechanics of t u r b o

by v i r t u e of maximum value of CL/CDr t h e design machinery, 1947, M c G r a w - H i l l .
0
with 8 = 25 is chosen (see f i g u r e 3 ) . N o t e t h a t
t h i s design also g i v e s t h e h i g h e s t margin from 6. S c h l i c h t i n g , H., Boundary l a y e r t h e o r y ,
stall. 1960, 4 t h E d i t i o n , M c G r a w - H i l l .
S i m i l a r c a l c u l a t i o n s a t o t h e r radial
s t a t i o n s g i v e t h e r e s u l t s shown i n Table 1. The 7. R i e g e l s , F.W., Aerofoil sections,
numbe=in b r a c k e t s are t h o s e obtained by W a l l i s ( U . Butterworths, 1961.

@ IMechE 1978

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 A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE SELECTION OF AXIAL FAN BLADE PROFILES 213

8. Emery, J.C., Erwin, J . R . , Herrig, L.J. and 9. Ruglen, N. , Low speed wind tunnel tests on a
Felix, A.E., Systematic two-dimensional series of C4 section aerofoils, Australian
cascade tests of NACA 65 series compressor Aero. Research Labs, Note 275 (1965).
blades at l o w speeds, NACA report 1368
(1958). 10. Vavra, M.H., Aero-thermodynamics and flow in
turbomachinery, Wiley 1960.

AVu -,I
_- ZL

Fig. 1. Definitions and profile nomenclature Fig. 2 Inlet and outlet velocity triangles

\
1.0
'r
10

8 -
-
ECK DESIGN ----
CL =1.L
\

6-

L-

2-
CL =
0-

-2 -

-4 -

-6 I I I I I
I I I I I
-6' I I I
I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 LO L5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 LO 15
eo eo
Fig. 3. Carpet plot for circular arc cambered plates Fig. 4. Carpet plot for Gottingen profilet

@ I Mech E 1978 Proc Instn Mech Ennrs Vol 192

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 274 N. HAY. R. METCALFE A N D J. A. REIZES

a;
a:
1L
11
12
12
10
10
a
a
6

-, 6

L
2
2
0

-L
--- 0

-4 -2

I I I I I I I I I -4
-f
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 LO 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 LO
e' eo
Fig. 5. Carpet plot for NACA 65 profiles Fig. 6. Carpet Not for C4 profiles

"i
12

-
S
C
- 2 0.5
--- 1.0
I I I I

Fig. 7. Interference coefficient Fig. 8. Loci of optimum points from Howell and Carter correlations
for Gottingan profiles

Roc lnitn Mech tngrv Vol 192 @ IMechE 1978

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 A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE SELECTION OF AXIAL FAN BLADE PROFILES 275

1L

12

10

6
ao
L

- 2

- L -
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 LO 45
I 8"

Fig. 9. Loci of optimum points from Howell and Carter correlations

for NACA 65 profiles

This paper is pirblisliedfor wriffen discussion. The MS was receiwd on 19th

Febriianp I976 aiid was accepfrdfor publication oii 30tli March 1977. 343.

@ IMechE1978 Ruc Instn Mech Engn VoI 192

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