1.

0 Introduction
What is 3D printer? 3D printer is known as a tolls to create physical objects .It’s also a modern
technology which printed an object that making three-dimensional solid objects and virtual
objects from digital data. It’s also known as rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing.
Additive processes is used to achieve the creation of the 3D printed object. Objects that need
to be printed could be any shapes that you want to create. It printed out the object layer by layer
and material put down in layers until the entire object is created. Each layers can be seen as a
thin sliced horizontal cross-section of the object.

2.0 History
The first 3D printer was invented by Chuck Hull in year 1984. He named the technique as
Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the technique.In 1990 , other companies
developed 3D printer .In 2005, Z Corp launched first High Definition Color 3D printer.

3.0 How does 3D printer works?

3D printing makes a virtual design of the object that the designer wants to create. 3D printer is
basically like an inkjet printer operated from a computer. A 3d modeling software is used to
create the new design or object using the Computer Aided Design file. The CAD information
will send to the printer and the printer lays down successive layers of materials and builds the
model from a series of cross sections . Light or lasers used to harden the materials sometimes
if necessary. A 3D scanner is used to copy a 3d digital copy of an object and puts it into a 3D
modelling program. The software slices the final model into hundreds or thousands of
horizontal layers. When the prepared file is uploaded in the 3D printer, the printer print the
object in layers. The 3D printer reads every slice and proceeds to create the object blending
each layer together with no sign of the layering visible, resulting in one three dimensional
object.

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4.0 Processes and technologies
Different printers use different technology. There are many ways to print and all those available
are additive differing mainly in the way layers are built to create the final object. Some using
melting or softening material to produce the layers. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused
deposition modeling (FDM) are the most common technologies using this way of printing.
Another method of printing is when we talk about curing a photo-reactive resin with a 12 laser
or another similar power source one layer at a time. The most common technology using this
method is called stereolithography (SLA).

4.1 Stereolithography (SLA)

Stereolithography is a 3D pinting method that can be used ultraviolet(UV) to created 3D
printing objects. In this process it converts liquid plastic into solid 3D objects. There is Standard
Tessellation Language (STL) format that is specialized for the method stereolithography , and
same for other additive manufacturing processes. This process builds parts layer-by-layer using
a UV laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resins. It is commonly used to produce concept
models, master patterns, large prototypes and investment casting patterns.

4.2 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

It creates parts layer-by-layer by heating with thermoplastics and is used to build complex
geometries and functional parts, including prototypes, low-volume production pieces,
manufacturing aids, and jigs and fixtures .The printer then moves the extrusion head along
specified coordinates, laying down the molten material onto the build plate where it cools down
and solidifies .Once a layer is complete, the printer proceeds to lay down another layer. This
process of printing cross-sections is repeated, building layer by layer, until the object is fully
printed.

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4.3 Laser Sintering(SLS/LS)
It uses high power laser (CO2) to fuse small particles of thermoplastic powder to build versatile
parts. It created lightweight, heat and chemical resistant solutions and this types of 3D printing
technology. CO2 laser beam scan the surface and the laser will selectively sinter the powder
and solidify a cross-section of the object. The build platform will move down one layer
thickness in height when the entire cross-section is scanned . The recoating blade deposits a
fresh layer of powder on top of the recently scanned layer, and the laser will sinter the next
cross-section of the object onto the previously solidified cross-sections. These steps are
repeated until the objects are fully manufactured.

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4.4 Additive Manufacturing
A set of standards that classify the Additive Manufacturing processes into 7
categories according to Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies.
These seven processes are:

1. Via Photopolymerisation
2. Material Jetting
3. Binder Jetting
4. Material Extrusion
5. Power Bed Fusion
6. Sheet Lamination
7. Directed Energy Deposition

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5.0 Advantages

1. Save Cost
The 3D printing process allows the creation of parts and tools through additive
manufacturing at rates much lower than traditional machining. The materials that use to
build a building using 3D printers are those construction wastes .Overall production costs
by reducing costs of materials and assembly.

2. Customization
With 3D printers you to create and print any shapes or design you want no matter how
complex it might be. You can personalize anything by tweaking a part of the prototype, so
it can cater your needs. For instance, customizing 3D prints are used in medical and dental
industries.

3. Quick Production
The speed of 3D printing is fast. Products can go fast from a design to an actual prototype.
3D printing will only take hours. If you build it at the end of the day, you can expect it the
next morning. When the designer is done with the design, you can convert it to a file
readable by the printer and print it. The process needs no intervention. No one will be
waiting and products can be marketed faster. Also redesigning your prototypes can be done
quickly. The whole process will not even take a week.

4. Easy to use
The 3D printer is easy to use. No skilled person needed. All the function is controlling by
computer. All we need just press a button and the printer will auto analysis.

5. Accessibility
There are 3D printing pens that can produce the same results as that of the 3D printer, only
which, the user will have to maneuver the nozzle with his own hands. With this progress,
many will be able to create the product they need, when they need it and wherever they
are. This scenario can surely shake up the current consumerism ideology. If you support
3D printing, you would have easier access to it as more companies would probably produce
it.

6. Environmentally Friendly
It will use lesser energy and waste will be reduced to a minimum. The 3D printed object
is 60 percent lighter but solid and sturdy. The lesser the waste, the lower the impact on the
environment.

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6.0 Disadvantages

1. Scale and Size Are Limitations of 3D Printing

In 3D printing, objects are produced one at a time. You can’t print multiple same
objects at the same time. The fact that multiple items cannot be simultaneously
produced on a 3D printer isn’t its only limitation with respect to scale and size.
Another limitation is the size of the object being printed. The majority of 3D
printers of today can only print items measuring up to 1 cubic yard if polymer is
used and only 1 cubic foot if metal is used. While 3D printers have been used to
print whole houses, the houses being built had their own limitations.

2. Expensive
Cost of Buying and Setting up A 3D Printer Is Very High. Top end 3D printing
devices or additive manufacturing machines can end up costing anything between
hundred to thousand million dollars. Furthermore, even the consumables can end
up costing a pretty penny with prices ranging from $100 to $200 for every pound
consumed .Finally, even though skilled labour is not a requirement for running 3D
printers, the technology is still new enough for there to not be enough people able
to operate them. Also, it is worth mentioning that truly revolutionary use of 3D
printing can require whole teams of CAD trained professional, which can also cost
a good amount of money to set up.

3. Manufacturing Job Losses

3D printing technology can make product designs and prototypes in a matter of
hours as it uses only one single step. It eliminates a lot of stages that are used in
subtractive manufacturing. As a result it doesn’t require a lot of labor cost. As such,
adopting 3D printing may decrease manufacturing jobs. For countries that rely on
a large number of low skill jobs, the decline in manufacturing jobs could
dramatically affect the economy. It’s likely that robotics will have a much larger
impact here.

4. High Energy Consumption

3D printers consume approximately 50 to 100 times more energy than injection
molding, when melting plastic with heat or lasers. Direct laser metal deposition
uses 100 times as much electrical energy as traditional manufacturing. For mass
production, 3D printers consume a lot of energy and are therefore better suited for
small batch production runs.

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7.0 Risks
7.1 Property Damage Risk:
Physical damage to, or lost use of, tangible property caused by a non-owner. A lawsuit could
result with parties involved in the product’s manufacturing or distribution chain potentially
finding themselves named as a defendant if a 3D printed object causes property damage due to
a defect or a failure to function as intended, a lawsuit could result with parties involved in the
product’s manufacturing or distribution chain potentially finding themselves named as a
defendant.

7.2 Bodily Injury Risk:

Claims experts are confident that liability for bodily injuries via 3D printed objects can fall
upon three possible parties: the product designer, the manufacturer who printed the product or
the raw material supplier. Defective design, manufacturing or marketing are among elements
that could form the basis of a liability lawsuit.

7.3 Technology Errors and Omissions Risk:

A company can be held liable for economic when due to error, omission or negligent act if the
printed product fails to work as intended. High-profile product failures can destroy a
customer’s business continuity and even damage a company’s reputation.

7.4 Cyber and Intellectual Property Risk:

Industry experts classify cyber risk as the potential financial loss, reputational damage or
business interruption due to improperly secured data held within information systems. It can
occur as the result of a cyber criminal’s attack, ineffective IT department policy, IT security
software failure, or even damage from disgruntled employees. Any 3D printed product must
be designed using CAD software, which produces files that may contain proprietary
information. If those files are lost or stolen, it can spell disaster.

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8.0 Application of 3d printing
8.1 Medical industry
Medical industry is one of the most important applications of 3D printing. With 3D
printing ,surgeries can produce mockups of parts of their patient’s body which needs to be
operated upon. 3D printing technology can now be used to make exact replicas of organs such
as kidneys, skin, and the human heart, which can be useful for persons whose organs have
failed. The printer uses images from patients' MRI or CT scan images as a template and lays
down layers of rubber or plastic. 3d printing makes it possible to make a part from scratch in
just hours. It allows designers and developers to go from flat screen to exact part.

Bioprinting organs and tissues

8.2 Education
In addition, The education system plays an important role in aiding people achieve their full
potential. 3D printing can revolutionize the learning experience by helping students interact
with the subject matter. Affordable 3D printers in schools may be used for a variety of
applications which can aid students in finding their field of interest easier and faster. Currently
there are different types of educational projects in order to attract students to the various fields
by giving them the opportunity to create and fabricate their own designs using 3D printing
technology.

USES OF 3D PRINTER IN SCHOOL

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Nowadays, almost everything from aerospace components to toys are getting build with the
help of 3D printers . 3D printing is also used for jewelry an art ,architecture ,fashion design
and interior design.3D printing is so powerful that it can create almost anything. From food,
clothing and houses .

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9.0 Success stories
9.1 10 Printed villa
The most recently 3D printed building is at China. China had build 3D printed villa. Ten 200
square feet single story printed houses were build within 24 hours in Shanghai. The China
company, WinSun Decoration Design Engineering.Co have the idea of creating a 3D printer to
print the building with the fastest ,cheapest and had took 12 years and 20million Yuan to
develop. They used the custom-build 3D printer that created by WinSun which is 10 meter,6.6
meter and 150 meter to build the houses using a mix of cement and construction waste. During
the printing process the cheap materials is used and each houses is only cost $5000 .At the
same time , 3D printer can save our environment as the 3D printer is able construction waste
to turn it the material that needed to use to build new buildings.

Construction wastes such as concrete fiberglass sand and a special hardening agent is making
the ink an incredible way to recycle general construction materials. They’re flexible and
resistant to Earthquakes. The walls and other components of the structure were fabricated
offsite with a diagonal reinforced print pattern and then shipped in and pieced together. Beam
columns and steel rebar was placed within the walls along with insulation reserving space for
pipe lines windows and doors.

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9.2 World's Tallest 3D Printed Building
The WinSun company also build 5-storey apartment which is 6.6meters tall ,10 meters long
and 150 meters long. This is the world’s first continuous printing 3d printer and the largest 3d
printer in the world. The 3d printer is able to save between 30 to 60 percent of building
materials and it shortens the production time by 50 to 70 percent, while decreasing labor costs
by 50 percent up to 80 percent. The company also uses architectural design software to integrate
different design and to meet the needs of various building structures$ so that they are not
limited to just printing basic houses.

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10.0 Future developments
With today’s 3D printers, if you print anything you want to use .With tomorrow’s if you lose
your remote, you’ll be able to print a new remote.3D are getting cheaper and better .There is
currently research going on to create 3D printers that could pint out organs for people in need
of a transplant. Within a decade , 3D printers will become commonplace in houses.

11.0 Conclusion
Nothing communicates ideas faster than a three dimensional parts or model.You can bring
CAD file and design ideas to form your desktop with 3D printer. Test form, Fits and function
as and many design variations as you like with functional parts. In the day and age,3D printing
is an expanding technology which may soon start an industry in which everyone has the
possibility of being a manufacture.3D printing has a lot of possible benefits to society and
future although the products created must be regulated. 3D printing has only been used on small
scale projects in the construction industry and there are a lot of challenges that need to be dealt
with prior to considering adopting it as one of the main construction technologies.3D printing
is indeed a game-changer in that its use possesses an immense potential of enhancing a wider
array of life concerns. Nonetheless, there is a need to comprehend with the ethical ramifications
resulting from intense use of 3D printing technology.In fact,with the help of 3D printing the
world is going better in the future.

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 12.0 References
1. https://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/#How%20Does%203D%20Printing%20Work
2. https://www.archdaily.com/591331/chinese-company-creates-the-world-s-tallest-3d-
printed-building
3. http://3dprint.com/38144/3d-printed-apartment-building/
4. http://www.3dprinterprices.net
5. http://www.hhglobal.com
6. http://www.augmentedtomorrow.comhttp://www.hhglobal.comhttp://3dprint.com/38144/
3d-printed-apartment-building/
7. https://www.rtejournal.de/ausgabe10/3562

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