Electrical Machines

EE-260

Instructor: Dr Alina Mirza

Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals
National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
 5. Production of Induced Force on a
Current Carrying Wire
The force induced on the conductor is: F  i(l  B)
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: F  ilBSin
The thumb, forefinger, and middle finger Direction of l defined to be in
of the right hand are extended at right the direction of current flow
angles to each other.

“If the index finger of right hand

points in the direction of the vector l
and the middle finger points in the
direction of flux density vector B,
then the thumb points in the
direction of the resultant force F on
the wire.”
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 Example 1-7:
The Figure shows a wire carrying a current in the presence of magnetic field. The
magnetic flux density is 0.25 T directed into the page. If the wire is 1.0 m long and
carries 0.5 A of current in the direction from top of the page to the bottom of the page,
what are the magnitude and direction of force induced on the wire.

Solution
The direction of the force is given by the
right-hand rule as being to the right.

The magnitude is given by

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 6. Production of Induced Voltage on a
Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field
The Voltage induced in a wire moving in the
magnetic field is:
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:
The thumb, forefinger, and middle finger
of the right hand are extended at right
angles to each other.
eind  (v  B).l
Vector l points along the direction of
the wire toward the end making the
smallest angle with respect to the
vector v X B

“ If the index finger points in the

direction of flux, and the thumb
indicates the movement of conductor,
then the middle finger shows the
direction of emf induced in the
conductor”

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 Example 1-9:
Figure shows a conductor moving with velocity of 10 m/s to the right in the presence
of a magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5 T out of the page, and the wire is 1.0 m
long, oriented as shown. What are the magnitude and polarity of the resulting induced
voltage.
Solution
The direction of the quantity v X B is
downward. The wire is not oriented on an
up-down line, so choose the direction of l
as shown to make the smallest possible
angle with the direction of v X B. The
voltage is positive at the bottom of the wire
with respect to the top of the wire.

The magnitude of the voltage is:

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 Chapter # 7
DC Machinery
Fundamentals

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 Direct Current (DC) Machines Fundamentals

• Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it

moves through a magnetic field.
• Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that has a current
going through it and placed in a magnetic field.
• Any DC machine can act either as a generator or as a motor.

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Generator

eind  v B L
S
eind= induced voltage
Induced voltage
 (eind)
B = Flux density  • Motion (V)
Area
L=length of the conductor

eind(output) = B L V (input) N

Un-known: found by Know the prim-

FRHR mover direction of
rotation

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Motor
F  IB L
S

F = Force exerted on a conductor


B = Flux density  X Force (F)
Area
L=length of the conductor Current
Direction

F(output )  I(input ) B L N

Un-known: found by Know the current

FLHR direction from the
Battery

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An Introduction to DC Machines
• Most DC machines are like ac machines in the sense that
they have ac voltages and currents within them.

• DC machines have a dc output only because a mechanism

exists that converts the internal ac voltages to dc voltages
at their terminals.

• Since this mechanism is called Commutator, dc

machinery is also know as Commutating Machinery.

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 7.1: Simplest rotating dc machine

 It consists of a single loop of

wire rotating about a fixed
axis.
 The rotating part is called
rotor, and the stationary part is
the stator.
 The magnetic field for the
machine is supplied by the
magnetic north and south
poles. With uniform air gap,
the reluctance is same under
the pole faces.

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 7.1: Simplest rotating dc machine
• Since the magnetic flux must take the shortest path through the
air, it is perpendicular to the rotor surface everywhere under the
pole faces.
• Also, since the air-gap is of uniform width, the reluctance is the
same everywhere under the pole faces.
• The uniform reluctance means that the magnetic flux density is
constant everywhere under the pole faces.

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 7.1: The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
• If the rotor is rotated, a voltage
will be induced in the wire
loop.
• The voltage on each segment
is given by eind = (v x B) . l
• The total induced voltage on
the loop is: eind = 2vBl

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 7.1: The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop

 When the loop rotates

through 180°,
segment ab is under
the opposite pole face The resulting voltage etot
the direction of the
voltage on the
segment reverses
its magnitude remains
constant

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 7.1: The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
• The induced voltage equation can be expressed alternatively
as v  r
2
 AP B
2rBl  2rlB 
under the pole faces e ind  under the pole faces
 0
eind   
beyond the pole faces
0
beyond the pole faces   AP B

2
 

e ind  under the pole faces
0

beyond the pole faces

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