OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

Contract N 000 14-75-c-0486

SCIENTIFIC REPORT

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL DATA OF THE HEAD

SI.CENTER OF GRAVITY AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF
HUMAN HEADS

Cu, by

"1") ,:ir Sch', E. Schuliler, and W. S, m

.: , •.: ,/,tl ; - i < j• ,
 S•-v- ,

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE. TflE COPY

FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINED
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 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH
Contract N 000 14-75-c-0486

SCIENTIFIC REPORT

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL DATA OF THE HEAD

I. CENTER OF GRAVITY AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF

V
HUMAN HEADS

by

G. Beler, M. Schuck, E. Schuller, and W. Spann

Institut fOr Rechtsmedizin der Universit1t MOnchen

0-8000 Minchen, BRD
Institute of Forensic Medicine
University of Munich
D-8000 Munich, West Germany

1 April 1979

Reproduction In whole or in part

is permitted for any
purpose of the United States Government.
D.istribution of the report is unlimited.

...., . .. ...
...
..
 SUMMARY

A study was conducted on fresh, unpreserved human heads

of 19 ms.le and 2 female cadavers to determine the
three-dimensional location of the center of gravity And
the moments, of Inertia about any axis, related to Fin
anatomir~allv hased coordinate system F 11owIng the
procedure of Becker (Ref. (3)) the hied~ wera fixed for
measurements within a tetrahedral P-?ame which allows
fthe determi~nation of the center,,O'T gravity from the
'loads on its, edge midpoints nnqcvthe calculation of the
Inertial properties from the rktational oscilantions of
the trMIn~r suspended frame, Tor X-ray nnthropometry
redloqraphs were taken In three positions.,.
I~n the sample the oeas at death range from 19 to 64
years, the body lengths from 156 to 185 cm, and the
body weights from 53 to 95 Kg. The weights of the
dissected hefids range from 3.656 to 5.757 Kq. The
center of gravity is located almost exactly In the
mid-saglttal plane (+ 0.3 cm), 2,2 to 4.3 cm aoove the
Frankfort plane, arnd0.2 to 1.3 cm In front of an nxis
connecting the external aud ito ry meatI. The Inertial
ellipsoid Is degenerated to a rotational e.Ilipsnid with
the axis pointing to the forehead under an Angle of 45
N,to 69 degree to the Frankfort plane. The principal
'AA
moments about this axis range from 110 to 198
Kg".seft7 the others from 136 to 274i and 167 to 298
rs!

L I
r TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
I Introduction 1
II Methods and Definitions 2
II-I The Coordinate Reference System 2
II-2 Preparation of the Specimen 3
11-2.1 Standard Plane of Division 3
11-2.2 Method of Dissection and Preparation 4
II-3 Radiography 6
11-4 Physical Measurements 6
11-4.1 Center of Gravity 8
11-4.2 Moments of Inertia 8

III Material 9
IV Results 12
IV-1 X-Ray Anthropometry 12
"IV-2 Head Weigths 19
IV-3 Center of nravity 21
IV-4 Moments of Inertia 26
IV-4.1 Principal Axes 26
IV-4.2 Principal Moments 32
V References 35
'p

Determination of Physical Date of the Head:

renter of Gravity and Moments of Inertia of Human Heads

I TNTRnDUeTION
To apply the effects of experimentally produced Impact
accelerations utilizing human volunteers to the
complete variety of the human beinq with respect to
size, weight attitude etc. as well as to extrapolate
tho results up to and even beyond human tolerance,
these data have to be acquired on a broad Scale and
under utmost "living" conditions; I. e. fresh cadaveric
material, since whole body measurements on living human
beings cannot provide these data, and the values known
from measurements on preserved cadaveric specimens ask
for validation to this respect. Certainly. the head and
neck are among the most exposed elements to
acceleration hazards. Therefore the physical dnt a of
the head were measured In order to determine
-the three-dimensional location of the center
of mass of the head related t.o an anatomically
based coordinate reference system (ABCRSI,
-the moments of inertia of tho head about any
axis In this anatomically based coordinate
reference system.

w' In addition three-dimensional X-ray anthropometry of

the head was performed as reference for the applied
ABCRS.

A
1l .,*,*,.{...
II METHODS AND DFFINITIONS

11-1 THE COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM

The coordinate system to which all locations and

directions of physical head data refer is the
anatcmically based coordinate reference system for the
Head (ABCRS) as established by NAMRL Detachment,
Michoud Station, New Orleans. It is based on four
anatomical landmarks (Fin. II-1-1) and described by
Thomas (1) as follows,
"The points (landmarks) are on the skin over tho left
and right infraorbltal notches and at the superlor edge
of the left and right external auditory meati. The
origin is at the midpoint of the left and right
external auditory meatus markers. The +Z axis Is from
the origin In a cephalad direction perpendicular to the
plane formed by the +X axis and the line between the
auditory meatus markers. The +Y axis is from the origin
toward the left ear perpendiculAr to the X-Z plane. The
X-Z plane is consldered the mid-saoAttal plane".

*-ANA1OMM&A LAMDUM

rig. IT-1-i: AnatomicAllv based coordinate reference

system (reproduced from Fig,l, Ref. (I1)

-7.
i

IT-? PRFPARATION OF T14F SPELTMF.N

1I..2,| STANDARD PLANE OF DIVISION

The standard plane of division of the head from the

neck was that developed by Walker et al. (7) and
defined as follows:
The neck is removed from the head by a cut originating
at a point three-fourths of' an inch below the external
occipital protuberance nnd proceeding anteriorly and
Inf'eriorly to the etlanto-occipital joint. The tut
proceeds to A point anterior to the prevertebral muscle
mess. At this point, it intersects with a cut which
begins at a point immediately Interlor to the. hyol•t
bone And extends cranially and posteriorly towaro ipe
cut descrihed above (F•g. 11-2.1-1),

IV.

Fic.I.I-2.1-1: The plane of' separAtion of the head from

the neck Indicated oni a tracing of n
lateral radiograph (reproduced from Fla.
2 Ref, (211
 TI-2.2 METHOD OF DISSECTION AND PREPARATION

In order to maintain a stanoard distribution of fluids

in the specimen, all specimens were prepared in the
followinq manner: The cadaver is laid supine upon a
table prior to dissection. A torniquet Is applied
carefully About the neck to close as much as possible
the large vessels going to the heed. The head Is then
allowed to hang down from the edae of the table, In
this position the head is removed from the neck with a
single cut through the region of the 2nd and the 3rd
cervico-vertebral bodies. Keepinr the separnted
specimen -upside down to avoid fluid loss, the final
dissection is performed according to the standard plane
K of division described in I1-2.1.

.nnce the dissection is completed the dissection plane

Is spaled as follows. Thn large vessels are tleo up. A
hot flame is passed quickly over the area of dissection
drvinn the surface And cauterizing the small vessels.
The fornmen magnum Is plunged with ýi small pince of
tissue pciper. About 1' to 20 grams of hot parnffin is
then spread over the surface and sealed with a t'innI
pass nf the flame.

T
The ndvnntaqe of t h - technique Is that tlher weight
losses luring the Course of the measurements are kept
within I t of the total head weight.

The additional mass due to the parnffin, tissue and

suture material is Iess than ?R arams.
For X-rav Anthronometrv the head is vrepar vd by
post tIon~ng lead markers in the riaht and 1left auditory
meatuses and hv insertinp pins into the zvuomatic hones.

The speciman is now ready for the measurements which

proceed in the following order:
1) Head wetght
2) Radlooraphy
1) Center of Gravity
41 Moment of Inertia
5)l Final Head Weioht
6) Reference Measurements (empty jig)

u~.s~
,i..~L,, .. ...... - - .4 L.
 "+CENTRAL BEAM

Fig. 11.3-1: X-Ray svd-up, f.rontal Yew

FILM

24 CM

CENTER OF

TURNTABLE

0 0

Fig. 11-I-) : X-RAy st-up. top view

TI-3 RADIOGRAPHY

For radiography the head rests upside down on three

screws mounted on a turn-table as shown in Figs.
ITI-3-1 and 111-3-?. These screws, each e mm in
diameter, are set in a triangular array at a
center-to-center distance of 90 mm, Together with two
more screws, 1? mm in diameter, 15 cm apart from each
other and set relative to the triangular array as shown
in Fig. 111-3-2, this array serves as a reference for
the radiographic evaluation.

The X-ray film is mounted 24 cm behind the center of

the turn-table and about 200 cm from the focus of the
X-ray tube. The central beam passes the center of the
turn-table 9 cm above the heads of the 6 mm reference
screws.

Of each specimen, prepared as outlined in 11-2.2 nnd

resting upside-down on the suspending set-up three
radiographs are taken In the following positions:

0 degree p-a facing the film

45 degree right side turned 45 degree
towards the film
90 degree lateral right side turned towards
the film
There are made no provisions or special adjustments to
aligne the head on the turn-table to the anatomical
coordinate system. Thus, the planes of the radloparahs
do not coincide with the Y-Z plane and the X-? plane
resp. of the anatomical coordinate system. For each
specimen this has to be determined separately from the
bony structures, the position of the markers ano the
readings taken from thp stereotaxic unit.

11-4 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

The procedures for measuring the center of gravity and

the moments of inertia are described in Reference (3).
In these procedures, the head is placed in a
stereotaxic jig as shown in Fig. 11-4-1. This
stereotaxic Jig Is designed to facilitate the center of
gravity and moment of Inertia measurements as well as
to locate the head anatomical coordinates relatively to
its own coordinate system.

-6
Fig. 11-4-1: Stereotaxic unit and tetrahedral frame
(Reproduced from Fig. 7 Ref. (3))
Two sets of measurements are made on the head~-jig
system. The first of these provides the information for
the center of gravity of the totnl system. The second
set then yields the system moments of inertia. The head
Is removed from the Jilg and the holding devices reset
to their Initial positions. The two sets of
measurements for the head-jig system can then be
compared to t'lose of the empty JIo t.o extract the
center of gravity and the moments of inertia.
In add~itinn to these measurements, the settings of the
stereotaxic unit are recorded In order to lcocat~e the
head anatomical coordinates relative to the jig
ha rdwa re.
The data are then forwarded to the NAMRL Dletachment,
Michaud Station, New Orleans, for date reduction.

-7-
11-4.1 CENTER OF GRAVITY

The center of gravity measurements are essentially the

same as those In Reference (3). The jig is positioned
to rest on three of its edge-midpoint projections and
the load on each projection is measured using a load
cell. Since the jig can be supported on each of four
different sets of these projections, a total of twelve
measurements is obtained. The use of the load cell
yields measurements accurately to within + .005 LBS
(+ 2.3 g) and is recommended In Referencle (3) over the
bilance employed there.

11-4.2 MOMENTS OF INERTIA

For the determination of the inertial properties the

jig is suspended from three wires in the manner of a
trifilar pendulum. There are ten different orientations
in which the jig may be suspended, four involving
suspension by three of the vertexes and six more
involving two vertexes and one edge-midpoint projection.

A licht beam reflects from a mirror positioned on the

jig in such a manner that slight rotational
oscillations of the pendulum sweep the beam edge hack
and forth across a light sensitive device. This light
sensitive device is coupled to an electric counter
which measures the time for one hundred oscillations
with an accuracy of one millisecond. The measurement is
made twice for each of the ten orientations, and three
times, if the difference between the first two readings
exceeds one hundred milliseconds,

The suspension of the jig from the wires differs

slightly from the technique described in Reference
(3),since a cup and cone device was provided which
permits much closer control of pendulum geometry.

8-

~ ~L~~ju..~.t~zt.L&Mai.
III MATERIAL

Fresh, unpreserved human heads of 19 male and 2 female

cadavers have been investigated. Serial number,
registration number, age at death, body length and
weight, cause of death and time elapsed between death
and measurements are recorded for all specimens in Tab.
111-0-1.

Distributions of age, body length and body weight are

shown In Figs. 111-0-I tc 111-0-3. The ages at death
range from 19 to 64 years with a mean value of 42.4
years and a median of 42 years. The body lengthes range
from 156 to 185 cm with a mean value of 173 cm and a
median of 175 cm. The body weights range from 53 to 95
Kg with a mean value of 74 Kg and a median of 73 Kg.

These
to the specimens
Institutewere
of selected
Forensic from cadavers,
Medicine delivered
(University of
Munich) during the period of 1975 to 1977. Attention
was paid that the selected cadavers did not show any
evidence of extensive blood loss, head injuries, bodily
abnormalities, wasting desease or significant
alterations due to immersion in water where it applies.

Tab. 111-0-1
Ser. Reg. Age at Body Body Cause of Measure-.
No. No. death length weight death ment p.m.
(yeare) (cm) (Kg)
1 1023/75 21 173 59 Undetermined Id
2 1059/75 41 187 88 Coronary trombos. 44h
3 50/76 48 175 66 Traum.rupt. heart 86h
4 60/76 54 160 53 Coronary trombos. 43h
5 107/76 51 156 69 Traum.rupt. aorta 3d
6 233/76 40 175 63 undetermined 2d

8 455/76 59 179 81 Carbonmonoxilde 3d

9 66*/76 - 179 66 Drowning-
10 •712/76 51 10 68 Drug overdose 3d
11
7
753/76
lb764
43
15
169
2 Drug overdose
Myocardian infarc.
D5
5d
2d
12 833/76 50 178 99 Carbonmanoxide -
13 745/77 52 180 79 Myocardial Infarc. 3d
14 392/77 19 .181. 70 Drug overdose 4d
15 406/77 64 172' 72 Carbonmonoxide 38h
16 448/77 36 177 95 Drug overdose 5d
17 564/77 39 185 73 Drowning 12h
18
19
662/77
667/77
35
28
172
177
65
85
Drowning
Drowning
2d
2d
20 791/77 28 176 77 Drowning 3d
21 820/77 41 172 76 Drug overdose ?d

-9-

--------------------------------------
 6.

3-
z 2

11 20 30 40 506 9 79
AGE <YEARS)

Fig. ITT-0-I: Distribution of age at death

I 3
-
.1*.

155 l6e 165 170 175 169 165g in

BODY LENGTH (CM)

Fig. III-0-2: Distribution of body length

- 10

L.....,•
 3

41,z

50 SI 70 80 90 log
BODY WEIQHT <KG>

Fig. I11-0-3: Distribution of body weight

The dissection and measurements were done at room
temperature of 20 to 22 degree centigrade. Until these
procedures could be performed the cadavers were stored
at 4 to 6 degree centigrade. Maximum time elapsed
between death and measurements was 5 days. Prior
investigation has shown that there is no signtficant
change in brain we!ght of fresh cadavers kept at 4 to 6
degree centigrade within at least the first one hundred
hours after death (4).

- 11 -
 vIII "i•I I

v\ IZA\Y i\N M II 0Iliq MIN,'"

I, v iiihi' I 1, 111 til oii f I11 i ,I w

\II , I I' I ;II ,ii C I.JI 1
t ii l fu
mill IPlt'olrl'
to o 111'r t .I I IN
I, 1tr iln t 'I I If i I V Iilt I lit 'l I Ii't i; t ill
il i 1-t'w;i'
; i tillIt I v I r I-.

r' I-•"v '•'• , f ttit,' o t fit, r" ; I)'o lti llI Ir • " n! , A; :1 lI
v!.• I I II I_._
' 'I I i Itt' ;I" l ,:;i ] ' v1I ,"1I I !t ( I 'i I II ' I v I • t I I' I , '. , l

I •• .i,,t it ,.t " ,

tiIta d I; ,r I 1 I- 111)t 1
 Is"j

No.

.. . .. . .. .... .
 N

~I

1"
No . 10 . I. 1 1 1 ...
No

.......

..........
 '521

Fig. IV-1-6: Radilographs oif specimens

No. 18, 19. and 20

-17 -
r

F'1. IV-1-7: Radiographs of specimen No. 21

- 18.-

' '. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . , = ;. . . ..2 S.,1 .1

k IV-2 HEAD WEIGHTS
The head weight and the position of the center of
gravity in the anatomically based coordinates are
recorded along with body length and weight for each of
the subjects in Tab. IV-2-1. The head weights listed
are those taken before the measurements.
Tab. IV-2-1
Ser., Body Body Head Weight
No. Length Weight Weight Loss
(cm) (Kg) (g)
1 173 59 4207 1 5
2 187 88 4120 31
3 175 66 3949 18
4 160 53 4028 5
5 156 69 4025 15
6 175 61 4190 32
7 165 82 4544 5
8 179 81 4652 21
9 179 66 4319 37
10 160 68 3705 18
11 169 85 4350 19
12 178 99 4335 7
13 180 79 4627 13
14 181 70 4627 46
15 172 72 4251 15
16 177 95 5257 10
17 185 73 4269 5
18 172 65 3676 9
19 177 85 3989 28
20 176 77 4142 25
21 172 76 5069 5
The loss shown Is the difference between these weights
and those taken after completion of the measurements.
Since the sealing process described in II-?.? was
developed after the procedures were applied to the
first specimen, the weight loss for this head is 2.7 %
of the total head weight. The weight losses encountered
for each of the remaining twenty heads are all less
than I N of the total head weight.
The head weights range from 3 676 to 5 257 q. The mean
value is 4 305 g, the standard deviation Is 402 g.
Their distribution Is shown in Fig. IV-2-1. The
distribution of the sample investigated by Walker et
al. (2) is shown in Fig. IV-2-2. The means and standard
deviations of both samples are compared in Tah. IV-2-2.
Applying the T-test, no significant difference is found
between these two samples, Direct comparison with the
data of other investigators (5,6,7,8) is not possible
due to differences in the plane of division.
J: - 19 - •

ilA
 Tab. IV-7-2

Source Mean head weight (g) Standard

Deviation
Walker et a]. (7) 4 376 591
Munich 4 305 40?

3-33
." 2

2.6 3.2 3.18 4.0 4.4 4.5 5.2 5.8

HEAD WEIGHT (KG)

.'.

Fig.IV-7-1: Distribution of head weights (Munich)

•a.-

l]I: 4.-

2.51 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.6 5.2 5.0

HEAD WEIGHT (KG)

Fig. IV-2-2: Distribution of head weights

(Walker et al. (2))

- 20
 TV-3 CENTER OF GRAVITY
SThe center of gravity in the anatomically based
coordinate reference system is recorded along with
serial number, body length, body weight and head weight
In Tab. IV-3-1.

The distributions of the X, V and Z coordinates are

shown in the histograms of Figs. IV-3-1 to Fig. IV-3-3.
The values range
for the X-coordinate from 0.2 to 1,3 cm
for the V-coordinate up to +.3 cm
for the Z-coordinate from 2,2 to T.3 cm.

Tab. IV-3-1

Ser. Body Body Head Center of rravitv

No. Length Weight Weight X Y 7
(cm) (Kg) (g) (cm)
1 173 59 4207 0.72 -0.17 3.?5
2 187 88 4120 1.37 -0.05 2.18
3 175 6 3949 1.05 -0.11 3.31
4 180 57 4028 0.85 -0.10 3.15
5 156 67 4025 0.78 -0.05 7.8ý
6 175 6. 4190 1.02 .-0.14 3.11
7 165 82 4544 0.28 0.05 2.96
8 179 81 4652 0.r9 -0.19 4.24
9 179 66 4319 0.68 0.00 4.20
10 170 68 3706 0.66 -0.17 2.87
19 169 85 4350 0.63 0.30 2570
12 178 99 4145 0.40 -0.04 2.i7
13 180 79 4749 1.10 0.00 4.13
14 181 70 4627 0.90 0.03 1.31
15 172 72 4251 0.72 0.07 ?3.8
16 177 95 5257 1.13 -0.15 ".94
17 185 73 4269 0.62 -0.09 1.17
18 172 65 3676 0.97 -0.26 2.67
19 177 85 M S) 1.14 -0.10 ".53
20 176 77 4142 0.79 -0.04 2.67
23 172 76 •09 0.82 0.15 3.72

The data show that the center of gravity is located

almost exactly in the X-Z plane of the anatomical
coordinates which Is the mid-sa ittal plane of the
head. The maximum deviation from this plane is less
than 3 millimeters.

- 21 -
 7

iS4
I;3

31.6 6.2 6.4 U.S 6.6 1.3 1.2 1.4.

X.LOCATION (OM>

Fig.IV-3-1: Distribution of the X-coordinates of the

center of gravity

S 3-
!'

2.2
2.63.03.4 3.6 4.0
Z-LOCATION (CM)

Fig. IV-3-2: Distribution of the Z-coordinutes of the

c-.nter of grevity
-22-
 3
12
•ii 11

9
S

G--'-- s1254

3 ,
II 2

--. U-.4,-.2 Ul .2 .4. .8

Y-LOCATION (CM>

Fig. IV-•-3: L~istrtihutlon ot the Y-coordinites of' tho

cen~ter of' gravilty

- 23 -
The Itient i ons, of' the centers (ifcIrav i ty wit hi rn the X-7
plano are shown In Fig. IV-3-4. Tho means and standard
dev~iations are given In Tab, TV-3-1 A ~a_ men, he
ce-niler of' gravity of' the head As located within the
mid-sagi~ttAl plane, CI8 cm In front of' the audi tory
Mentuse's and 3.1 cm above the Frankf'ort Plane.-

4 A 4
A

N 2N 2

0
4;CM
112 3
(CM>

Location of' thr centpr Location' (if the mIPAn

of arnvity within the center of' qrnvivty
X-7-plane, within the X-7--p lntit
And 1ipse
Is- oif
stmndnrd dtevintion
The m@ trtiAx of' the Figerhvectors - wh Ich ti iv e,, the
orientatiton of' tho ellipsoid of' vA r i nce -may bt
considered as n unit matrix and the distrihotitnn of Ihr
vnriance on each of' t h ( three ix r 1 ai t metd I ito hn%
Independent, thus th a prinripal Ynluers give the
standard deviAtioin of' each of' the. threne nxn4 In ý`W
TV-1-5 the distribution within the X-1 ntie is-
revealIed hv t te 2s-eIIIpse about the menn emntisr of
gravi ty.
For comparison, the mean and standard deviation
calculated from the data published by Walker et al. (2)
are cumulated In Tab. IV-3.3. Applying the T'-test a
significant difference (p a 0.01 and 0.05 resp.) exists
between the means of Walker's sample and that of this
study. Compared to the emblmed specimens the mean
center of gravity of fresh human heads Is located about
1 cm retro-cranimi, I. e. towards the center of the
brain. Besides possible systematical differences due to
different experimental procedures the reason may be a
weight-loss of the soft tissue during fixation or fluid
loss during the measurements of the embalmed specimens.

Tab. IV-3-2
Analysis of the center of gravity data
(This analysis was done by E. Becker, NAMRL De~tachmenit,
New Orleans, LA, USA)
Mean Standard Eigenvektors
Deviation

X.3 .3 .90 .136 .054

TAh, IV-3-3
Center of gravity from the photo-measurements of
Walker et. al. Ref. (2)
Mean $tandard
Deviation
X 1,42 0.76
Y not deterinined
z 2.41 1.03
No. of specimenn; 17

-25
IV-4 MOMENTS OF INFRTTA

IV-4-I PRINCIPAL AXES

rar each specimen the tensor or the principal axes (X',

Y'. Z') of the moments of Inertia are recorded in Tab.
IV-4-1. These tensors yield orientations relative to
the planes of the anatomical coordinate system.

Tab.IV-4-1: Tensor of the principal axes of the

moments of Inertia

Ser, No. X Y
I .881 -. 313 .X51
.277 .94Q .148 Y1
-.382 n32
... ,992 Z'

2 .691 -. W02 .i16 X1

.42 .63 .770 V
-.582 .031 .812 7'

.731 .383 .164 X

3,05 .993 -.212 Y
-.610 -. 002 .732 7'

4 ,80 (
.00 580 X
-. 16W .983 .075 Yi
.5 4 -. 15A 1810 7'

5 .77 ,26• .621

-.184 ,64 -.189 Yi

.765 .250 ,"'X Xi

-. 205 ,Q68 -. 14? Yt
-.610 .017 ,7 W??

7 .847 -.0'A ,5?K x

.047 .998 -.01? YV
-.528 ,0ý5 .84' 7'

8 .861 -.310 .401 X,

.299 ,q4q .092 Y1
-. 410 .040 .911 7'

'4 .514 -. 551 .56 X

.579 .787 ,20) Y1
-. 631 .273 .725 I'

10 .763 .298 .%72 X1

-2153 QSA -.159 YI
-,5' .0? .804 70

- 76 -
 Tab. IV-4-1: Tensor of the principal nxes of the
moments of inertia (continued)

Ser. No. x V z
11 .536 -.744 .397
.659 .664 .352
-.526 .072 .846

12 .801 .160 .576 X

-.098 .985 -.136 Y
-.590 .052 .805 7

13 .905 -.114 .409 X

.118 .992 .016 V
-.408 .033 .91? 7'

14 .835 -.137 .3

-.080 .986 -.101

-.581 -. 2034 .680 71

is .569 -.571 .4837 X

-.415 .828 -.392 y
-.7032 -.002 .71607

19 .912 .0353 .5507

-.044 .998 .0162
-.506 -.029 .9.14 7'

.722 -.045 .6604 X

20
-.020 .99! -.2090 Y
.6865 .201 .791 7'

213 .850 -.574 .4370 X

-.521 .902 .206 7V

-.479 -.089 .913 7'

86 . 440rnv - 1
21 .8:.0
-.
 Tab. IV-A-?.
Deviation
of the ofmoments
the princlpal
of Inertia
axes (X' ,y'Y,#Z
f(leorees)

Ser, X' from YV from

No. from
X-Z plane X-7 plane 2-Y-plan 7' prom
Z-X-,plane
1 -19.5 73.7 -21.0
2 -. 5, 9 - ,1.8
63,. -30$,6 2.1
3 27.6 -71.7 -17.6
4 6.3 - 0.1
-80.5 - 34,8
19.K -79.1 -40,5
-1.,
18.0 -78.0 -. 1•8
0.8
7 - 2.2 87.3 -31.9 2,.
8 -19.8 72.5 - 4.,2 ?,,
0 -46.9 53.6 -41.0
10 21.ý 20.6
-75.1 *-36,4 - 1.6
11 -54.? 45,.2 -31.8
12 11.2 -84.3 4.8
13 - 7.1 .36.2 .,6
83.2 -24.1 0
14 - 9,. 84.3 -32.,7 .,
Is 44,7 -A3.1 -44.7
IOr -24./4 - 11
71.9 -35. 1 3.?
17 - 6.4 --
85.3 -44..S
18 -.9.6 59.?
.16.0
-32.1 0.1
19 2.1 -87.4 -23.
20 3.4 - 1.8
88.8 -41.9 6.2
2.1 -18.5 77.1 *.. 7 .

In Tab. IV-4-2 the followinq

orientatinn. arp listed.
The. devlatton of X' from
the X-2 plane
r the projectton of X' onto
the Frankfort plnnr.
The deviation of Y' from
the
a the orojectfon of Y' onto X-7 plane
the Frankfort plani,
The deviation of 7' from
the 7-Y plane
z the proiection of 7' onto
the mild-aq1ttal plane.
The deviation of ?' from
v the proiection of 7' the Z-X plane
onto the lntern-late.ral
plane.
The distrihution of the
7' orientation with respcvt
the ]atero-laterei anrd to
the mid-sagIttal plane
In the histograms of Figs, mrP niVpn
IV-4-1 and IV-.4-2 resp,
the dtaqrnms of Figs. and
IV-4-K and IV-4-4 rfsp. . Thp
deviation from the 7-Y
plane varies from -21
deurees with a mean of to .. 49
The lateral var.ation of.34 degree.
P' may exceptior,n]aly amount
. 20 degree, but Is In 85 % of the specimens to
Than + 10 degree, No side smaller
seems to he favored.

- 28 -

.......

!
 4

Ita
II
U

-45 -41 -35 -36 -25 -2I

Fig. IV-A-1: Deviation of Z' from Z-Y-plane

"U "
7

4I
3
I" _I
-35 -15I "I • II 15 3
(DIM IIV

L
Fig. IV-4-2: Deviation of Z' from Z-X-plane
29 -
 z
Y

FRig. Iv-4-x: Fig. IV---4

Projection of the Projection of the
principal axis 21 onto the principal axis Z' onto the
mid-saqittal (X-Y) plane latero-lateral (Y-Z) plane
Y

x x
Fig. rV-4-5: Fig. rV-4-6:
Projection of the Projection of the
principa] axis X' onto principal axis Y, onto
the Frankfort plane Frankfort plane

The distributions of the X' and Y' deviations from the

mid-sagIttal plane are shown In the diagrnms of Fiqs,
IV-4-5 and IV.-4-6 and the histograms of Figs. IV-4-7
and IV-4-8 reap.. They reveal, that these principal
moment orientations are almost Indistinct with respect
to the mid-sagittal plane. In the mean, therefore, the
X'-Y'-cross-sectlon of the principal inertia ellipsoid
degenerates to a circle rendering calculation of the
orientations meaningless.
3 0-
 ¾ 7

F a

tII
[.- -SIl -Si SI 36 66P 63
S•<DEOREK)

riq, IV-4-7: Deviation of X' from mid-saqittal plane

-W -3

3
S

-S.l -SIl -361 I 331 6S SIl

(DEGREE)

Fig. IV-A-8: Deviation of' r from mid-sagittal plane

- 31 -
TV-4.? PRINCIPAL MOMENTS

The principal moments are listed along with head

weights In Tab. IV-4-3. Their distribution is shown In
the histograms of Figs. IV-4-9 to IV-4-11.The principal
moments very
from 136 to 274 Kg.cm2 about the X' axis

from 167 to 298 Kgcm2 about the Y' axis

from 110 to 198 Kg'cm2 about the 7' axis

Tab. IV-4-3: Principal moments of Inertia

Ser. Head Principal moments of inertia

No. Weight X' Y1
S(a) (Kg-cm?)

1 4207 200 238 143

2 4120 204 213 134
3 3949 191 207 119
4 4028 188 202 129
5 4025 193 197 138
6 4190 204 214 147
7 4544 ?27 238 156
8 465? 22E 264 180
9 4319 197 232 148
10 3705 157 159 116
I 4di50 215 225 153
12 4335 213 221 143
13 4749 247 243 169
14 4627 236 258 156
15 4251 215 208 142
it 5257 274 298 194
17 4269 136 223 198
18 3676 154 167 110
19 3938 175 192 121
20 4142 201 207 131
21 5069 268 286 189

32
 7

04

.4

~3

111111,111311111 131;
IND49 Iw gas v ia s

Fig. IV-4-10: Distribution of principal moments

of inertia about the Y, axis

7 33
 7
• ~S

4-

iol 14 I'ml 280 a2go 300

Fig . IV-4-11: Distribution of principal

mnments
of inertia about the 7' axis

34 -

3 I .4. -
 i-I

V REFERENCES
(1) THOMAS, D. 3.: Speciallzised Anthropometry
Requirements for Protectlve-Equipment
Evaluation. AGARD Conf, Proc. No. 110, Glasgow,
Scotland, 1972.
(2) WALKER, L. B.. HPRRIS, E. H. ,and PONTIUS, U.
R.: Mass, Volume, Center of Mass and Mass Moment
of Inertia of Head and Head and Neck of the
Human Body. Final Report to ONR, March 15, 1973.
(3) BECKER, E. 0,. Measurement of Mass Distribution
Parameters of Anatomical Segments. Proc. of 16th
Stepp Car Crash Conf.. p. 160, New York: Society
of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1973.
(4) BEIER, G., EISENMENGER, W., SPANN, W., and
STEINBERGER., F.: Reziehungen zwlschen Hirndruck,
Hirnpewl.cht und Osmolarltdt, I. GOnzburger
fesprhch, Schattauer VerlAg, 1976, p.11.
(5) BRAUNE, W. end FISCHER, 0.: Uber den Schwerpunkt
des menschtichen Kbrpers mit ROckslcht auf die
AusrUstung des deutschen InfanterJsten (The
Center of Gravity of the Human Body as Related
to the Equipment of the German Infantryman).
Abh. d. math. phys. Classe d. k. Sbchs. Ges. d.
Wiss. 15 (1889), p. 561.
(6) DEMPSTER, W. T.: Space Requirements of the
seated Operator. WADC-TR-159, Aeromedical
Laboratory, Wrigth Air Development Center,
WrIgth-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1955,
(7) CLAUSER, C. E., McCONVTLLE, 3. T., and YOUNG. J.
W.: Weight, Volume, ana Center of Mass of
Seqments of the Human Body. AMRL-TR-•9-70,
Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,
wrigth-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1969
(8) LIU, Y. K., LABORDE, J. M., and VAN BUSKIRK, W,
C,: Inertial Properties of a Segmented Cadaver
Trunk: Their Implications in Acceleration
Injuries. Aerospace Med, 42. (1971), p. 50.

I,3 { -
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Anthroposetryl Diomechanics
X Human Sngineerinqu Head - mass, center of gravity,
Moments of Inertiat Human Body Modoels Anatomy

Ast'u4was coneere
uua ed f1
male und 2 female cadavers to dulwiuimne the tji. dimensional
location of the center of gravity and the moments of inertia about
any axis related to an anatomuically based coordinate system.
The ages at death range from 19 to 64 years, the body lengths
from 156 to 1815 amp and the body weights from 53 to 95 kg. The
weights of the dissected heads range from 3,656 to 5,257 kg. The

DD 1473 avilIwOF 1 Nov s iIOvsoLsi a

IRCUNITY OLMSIPIATON 60 T141 PAGE (Men D... b5ee0i)
 .tI.wittITY~ CL Ati VIPCAT iON OF Tm IS P A O(WIh, ee
0 081"

2o. (Continued)
center of gravity is located almost exactly in the mid-sagittal
plane (+ 0,3 am), 2.2 to 4.3 cm above the Frankfort plans, and
0.2 to T.3 cm in front of an axis connecting the external auditor
meati. The inertial ellipsoid 'is degoherated to a rotational
e*lipsoid 'with the axis painting to the forehead under an angle
of 45 to 69 degree to the FrankfOrt plane. The psnoipa monments
about this axis range from I1l to 194 kg.oi, the others from
135 to 274 and 167 to 298 resp.,

t.-

A!k

j. R
d5IJ~C~mUOt~e
T1 S4
+ I ASm. See .ewedJ
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