TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

SECTION LATTICE STEEL TOWER

1. WORK INCLUDED:
The work shall cover design, furnishing, fabricating, galvanizing, inspecting, testing,
shipping and delivery materials for their construction including structural steel, connection
bolts, anchor bolts, insulator and earth wire connections, stub angles and any other
miscellaneous material required for a complete installation.
2. CODES AND STANDARDS:
IEC 60652 Ed.2.0b Loading Tests on Overhead Line Tower
IEC 60826 Ed.3.Ob Design criteria of Overhead transmission lines
JEC127 Transmission Steel Tower Design Standard.
DIN VDE 0210 Planning and Design of Overhead Power lines with Rated Voltage
above 1 kV
DIN 17100 Steel for General Structural Purposes; Quality standard
ASCECode52 The Design of Steel Transmission Tower
BS449 The Use of Structural Steel in Building
BS4360 Specification for Weldable Structural Steel
and/or other approved standard.
3. OPERATING AND DESIGN CONDITIONS :
Tower shall be designed in a specified tropical climate.
Special attention shall be given to the condition expected at the site.
4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
a. Tower shall be designed by the Contractor in accordance with the loading condition
stipulated in this specifications and drawing. This design of tower which has been
approved by PLN , shall be owned by PLN.
b. The structural steel shall be shipped to the job site in units which will ensure that
erection can begin upon its arrival and can proceed continuously as required by
construction schedule.
c. Steel structures will be of self supporting lattice types steel designed to carry line
conductors with necessary insulator sets, overhead earthwires and all fittings under the
conditions and with the safety factors which are specified in these technical
specifications. The design will be in accordance with clearances which are defined in the
drawings and schedule of technical particulars.

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 d. All tower materials shall be manufactured in the factory and entirely galvanized by the
hot-dip process.
5. TYPE OF TOWER
(1) Standard type
For each type of line suitable standard towers will be provided in different series to
satisfy the requirements of the construction Standard towers are composed of five
basic types, and their body extensions, leg extensions, and stub angles.

Conductor : 2 x ACSR 240/40 mm2 and 2 x ACS R/AS 240/40 mm2

Tower Applied No of The Type of Insulator

Number of
Type*) Conductor*) Deviation
Circuit

AA7 2xACSR (2 x ACSR/AS) 2 0-3° Suspension

240/40mm2
BB7 2xACSR (2 x ACSR/AS) 2 3°- 20° Tension
240/40mm2
CC7 2xACSR (2 x ACSR/AS) 2 20°- 40° Tension
240/40mm2
DD7 & DDR7 2xACSR (2 x ACSR/AS) 2 40°- 60° Tension and
240/40mm2 Dead End
EE7 2xACSR (2 x ACSR/AS) 2 60°- 90° Tension
240/40mm2

(2) Extended towers

The actual height of each type of the standard tower will increase or decrease by fixed
steps of 3 m and the special tower will increase up to 46 m and 86 m according to the
layout of the routing by means of appropriate body-extensions.
Thus from basic heights, the following standard tower heights and stubs or leg
extension lengths have been defined as follows :
- Standard tower heights 3, 0, +3, +6, +9
- Special tower heights -3, 0, +3, +6, +9, +46, +86
- Stub and chimney extension up to +0.5m + 0.1m
- Leg extension length -2m, -1m, +1m, +2m, +3m, +4m

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6. USE OF STANDARD TOWERS
- Where a transmission line route is a straight line, suspension type of towers with
suspension insulator sets shall normally be used.
- Where a transmission line route makes any deviation not exceeding 3°, suspension type
of towers with suspension insulator sets shall normally be used.
- Where the transmission line route makes a deviation exceeding 3°, angle towers with
tension insulator sets shall be used.
7. WORKING LOADS
Two assumed working loads shall be taken into account for each type of tower.
1. Normal working load
2. Working loads at broken wire conditions
In addition to these working loads the contractor shall check steel profiles under stringing
loads which depend upon its own method of construction of the transmission lines. The
assumed maximum working loads with the appropriate maximum angles of deviation and
span lengths as specified by the following shall be used to design towers.
In the case of straight line towers the calculation must be carried out with a 0° angle of
deviation and with spans as defined. For angles from 0 to 3°, wind spans have to be
determined consequently in order to get loads that are inferior to those of the case of a 0°
angle of deviation.
(1) Normal Working Loads
The following loads shall be deemed to work simultaneously. The wind direction shall be
classified into perpendicular to and parallel with the line, and the larger of the load acting
on the line shall be taken as the design stress of the component material.
Vertical load :
Wt : Weight of steel tower
We : Weight of overhead wires, insulators fittings.
The weight of overhead wires to be applied are shown in Schedule of Particulars.
In case the vertical load of conductor exceeds the design load as specified in "Schedule of
Particulars" the Bidder shall proved reinforcement.
Horizontal transverse load (Load perpendicular to line):
Ht : Wind pressure on steel tower due to wind perpendicular to lines.
He : Wind pressure on overhead lines and insulator strings due to wind
perpendicular to line.

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Ha : Horizontal transverse direction component of maximum tensions of overhead lines
due to deviation angle of the lines.
Horizontal longitudinal load (Load in the line direction)
Ht : Wind pressure on steel tower in the line direction.
P1 : Normal unbalanced tension.
(2) Working Load at Broken Wire Condition
The unbalanced tension and torsional force in case of two of the overhead conductors on
one side happens to break shall be added to normal maximum load.
Broken conditions to be considered are as follow :
For double circuit tower:
Breakage of two phases of conductors on the same side of tower or breakage of one phase
of conductors and one earthwire.
The maximum value of the design stress of the respective component members shall be
employed for broken wire loading.
Also as for the broken wire tension of conductor, 60% of the assumed maximum working
tension shall be applied to suspension type tower and 100% for tension/dead end types of
steel towers.
As for overhead ground wire, 100% of tension shall be applied to all towers
Vertical load:
Wt, We : These value shall be the same as that for normal maximum load.
Horizontal transverse load (Load perpendicular to line):
Ht, Hc, Ha : These values shall be the same as that for normal maximum load.
q : Torsional force produce by the break of overhead line.
Horizontal load (load in the direction of line):
Ht’, P1 : The same value as that for firm maximum load shall be used.
P2 : Unbalanced tension produced by the break of overhead
q : Torsional force produced by the break of overhead line

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 (3) Combination of Loads
Type Horizontal
Vertical Horizontal Transverse
of Condition Wind Load Longitudinal
Load
Tower Direction (against line) load
Wt Wc Ht Hc Ha q Ht’ P1 P2 q
Normal Perpendicular x x x x x
Parallel x x x x
AA Broken Perpendicular x x x x x x x x
Wire
Parallel x x x x x x x

Normal Perpendicular x x x x x x
BB
Parallel x x x x x
CC
Broken Perpendicular x x x x x x x x
DD/DDR
Wire
EE Parallel x x x x x x x

Note : The double circuit tower for single circuit installation shall be designed for
unbalanced tension and torsional. since in the first stage only one circuit on the one side of
the tower and two ground wires to be erected.
8. DESIGN OF TOWER
1. The construction of each tower will be as shown on drawings which will be used as a
general drawing for reference only.
2. The design stress of individual component members will be the largest value of maximum
stresses in the respective loading conditions.
3. The safety factors will be not less than 1.50 against normal loading conditions and 1.10
against broken wire conditions.
Furthermore, the horizontal angles will be designed to support the weight of a man with
his equipment (120 kg) applied in the middle of the bar with a safety factor of 1.2 on the
yield point.
4.The ultimate design stress, obtained from working stress multiplied by the factor of
safety, in tension member shall not exceed the yield point of materials.
The ultimate design stress, obtained from working stress multiplied by the factor of
safety, in compression member shall not exceed a figure obtained from an approved
formula to be entered in tender based on the yield point of material.

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 5. The Contractor shall establish any limiting pick-up angles and shall indicate appropriate
points on the tower for the attachment of slings to permit the lifting of a completely
ground " assembled tower into position upon its foundations.
6 The Contractor shall show on the detail drawings the dimensions required for setting
foundations components in the field. Dimensions shall be given in meters.
7.Limiting Requirements.
The maximum slenderness ratio (L/r) shall not exceed the following :
Tower legs, main compression members
in crossarm and ground wire peaks 120
All other compression members carrying
calculated stresses 200
Secondary compression members 250
Tension members 400
8.Severest condition for design
- Maximum mean wind velocity 25 m/sec
- Lowest temperature 15°C
9.For wind loading conditions the following shall be applied
- for steel tower 120kg/m2
- for conductor 40 kg/m2
- for insulators 60 kg/m
10. No member of a tower shall be less than 5 mm in thickness and 50 mm in width of
flange for leg member and main members of crossarm, and 4 mm and 45 mm for
bracing.
9. CONSTRUCTION
The towers shall be of approved design and construction. Unless otherwise approved,
tension limbers, such as crossarm ties, which are liable to be set in vibration, shall consist of
rolled |W sections and not flats.
powers shall be of self-supporting construction.
The material used for the tower members shall be as specified in clause "Design of towers"
No bolt hole shall be more than 1.5 mm larger than corresponding bolt diameter. As far
possible, bolt heads, rather than nuts, shall be on the outer or upper faces of tower joints.
All members of the towers shall be connected by bolts. Connection of members shall be
designed to avoid eccentricity as much as possible.

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 The design shall be such as keep the number of different parts as small as depressions
likely to hold water shall be avoided and. if not avoidable, shall be properly drained.
Steel work below ground and not protected by a minimum of 75 mm of concrete shall be
designed with sacrificial corrosion allowance of 1 mm.
The holes necessary for accommodating the specified earthing counterpoise connections
shall be provided on each leg of every tower and extension.
The ultimate design stress in tensile members shall not exceed the elastic limit strength of
the material. The ultimate stress in the compression members shall not exceed a figure
obtained from an approved formula to be entered in the Schedule based on the elastic limit
strength The crossarm tips of tension towers shall be so arranged that two holes for the
attachment of conductor erection and maintenance tackle are provided adjacent to each
hole for tension set shackles. It shall be possible to apply full conductor tension safely to
either additional attachment point.
At locations with sleeply sloping ground, one or more of the tower legs is to be extended or
reduced in lattice steel framework, in convenient intervals (maximum 1.5 m intervals), in an
approved manner to give minimum interference with standard body design.
Tower bodies shall be provided with horizontal diaphragm bracing for the tower stability or
to hold the tower square during erection.
10.MATERIAL
Material for steel towers shall be of the type and grade most suitable for the application
intended and shall conform to the latest applicable standard, specifications and
recommended practices of the industry. The quality of steel to be used for the fabncation
on the towers shall at least correspond to St 37 and St 52, standard DIN 17100 or such
other standard as may be approved. The steel to be used shall be of a quality that will not
have its physical properties changed or become embrittled by hot dip galvanizing.
All material shall be tested at the steel mill in accordance with applicable specification and
standards under which they are manufactured. The contractor shall apply all certified mill
tests. Test shall conducted in accordance with DIN regulations or its equivalent. The test
to be conducted shall include, but are not limited to, uniformity of galvanizing coating,
mechanical and che.-nical properties of all steel and additional embrittlement test or. high
strength steel.
High tensile steel, when stores in the fabricators stockyard prior to fabrication and
galvanizing, shall be marked continuously throughout its length with a light blue water
paint line. In addition the grade number of the steel shall be painted on and ringed round
with paint. Thomas process steel will not be acceptable.

11.WORKMANSHIP

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 All members shall be out to jig and all holes shall be drilled or punched to jig. All parts
shall be carefully cut and holes accurately located so that when the members are in
position the holes will be truly opposite to each before being bolted up. Drifting of holes
will not be allowed.
The drilling, punching, cutting and bending of all fabricated steel work shall be such as to
prevent any possibility of irregularity occurring which might introduce difficulty in the
erection of the towers on the Site. All bends in high tensile steel shall be formed hot. All
bends made by cutting and welding shall be to approval.
Approved steel gauges of the stud type shall be provided to enable the Engineer to carry
out such checking of members as be defective or strained in any way.
In order to check the workmanship not less than 1 per cent of the members corresponding
to each type of tower shall be selected at random and assembled to form complete towers
in the presence of the Engineer at the Manufacturer's Works
If Ihe towers are fabricated or galvanized by Sub-Contractors, the Contractor shall, if
required by the Engineer, provide a resident inspector at the works of each Sub-Contractor
during time that the bulk of the steelwork is being fabricated or galvanized. All cost
associated with this inspection shall be included in the contract price
12.ERECTION MARKS
Before leaving the Manufacturer's Works all tower members shall be stamped or marked in
approved positions with distinguishing numbers and/or letters corresponding to
distinguishing numbers and/or letters on approved drawings or material lists to be
submitted by the Contractor. The erection marks shall be stamped before galvanizing or
painting. Care shall be taken to distinguish between various grades of steel.
13.BOLTS AND NUTS
All metal parts shall be secured by means of bolts and nuts and single washers. The
minimum diameter shall be 16 mm. All bolts and nuts shall comply with BS 4190 or other
equivalent standard and screw threads shall be Metrical standard. Bolts and nuts shall be
of steel, with hexagonal heads.
The nuts of all bolts for attaching to the tower, plates, brackets or angles supporting
insulator sets or each conductor fittings shall be locked by means of lock nuts. Screw
threads shall not form part of the shearing plane between members. Bolts of any given
diameter shall be of one grade of steel and marked for identification.
All bolts and screwed rods shall be galvanized, including the threaded portions; all nuts
shall be galvanized with the exception of the threads, which shall be oiled
When in position all bolts or screwed rods shall project through the a corresponding nuts,
but projection shall not exceed 10 mm.
14.GALVANIZING

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(a) General
Except where specified to the contrary, all iron and steel used in the construction of the
Contract Works shall be galvanized after all sawing, shearing, drilling, punching, filing,
bending and machining are completed.
Galvanizing of all material, except core wires of line conductor and earthwire shall be in
accordance with BS 729 or other equivalent national standard shall be applied by the hot
dip process and snail consist of a suitable thickness of zinc coating of not less than 600
gram of a zinc per square metre of surface. Galvanizing of steel core wires of line
conductor and earthwire shall be in accordance with BS 443 or other equivalent national
standard and shall be applied by either the hot dip or electrolytic process. The zinc coating
shall be smooth, clean, of uniform thickness and free from defects.
If any galvanized part is found to be imperfect, such part must be replaced
The whole of the expense involved in the replacement of the imperfect part shall be borne
by the Contractor.
If, in the opinion of the Owner, the extent of damage found on site to a galvanized part
appears capable of repair, the Contractor may, after receiving such agreement, attempt to
effect repair by .approved methods.
The agreement to attempt repair shall not bind the Owner to accept the repaired part
when such is offered for re-inspection.
(b) White Rust
In order to avoid the formation of white rust on the galvanized surface of iron and steel
articles, the galvanized surface shall be treated with chromate process or other approved
processes.
In the event galvanized surfaces are found to be subject to the formation of white rust in
Transit or storage on site, the Owner shall either:
(i) approve a method of scrubbing and protective painting on the Site or
(ii) order to replace with new materials.
Either of the above measures shall not cause extra charge to the Owner nor extension of
time for Completion.
15.DANGER PLATE AND NUMBER PLATE
Two danger plates shall be provided and fixed on each-tower on front and back faces of
the tower, each on the left side of tower legs facing to the tower. The details of danger
plate are shown in the drawing. Two number plates shall be provided and fixed on each
tower on front and back faces of the tower. The detail of number plate is shown in the
drawings.

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 Phase indication of approved types coloured red, yellow and black to indicate the line
phases. Prices are to be entered in the price schedule for the supply of danger plates and
number plates, complete with fixing bolts and nuts and flats bars, if any.
All plates shall be of anti corrosive materials. If enameled iron plates are used, the whole
surface of each plate including the back and adges shall be properly covered and resistant
to corrosion. On all plates the colours shall be permanent and free from fading. Bolts and
nuts for fixing danger or number plates shall be 12 mm or 1/2 inch in diameter. Thickness
of all plate shall be 1.6 mm.
16.CLIMBING STEPS
Each leg shall be fitted with an anti-climbing device installed at the lowest level of the first
tie-beam and height no more than 5 m above the ground. On each single circuit tower one
legs will be provided with step bolts and two diagonally opposite legs for double circuit
tower with a diameter of at least 16 mm and assembled with 2 nuts, starting immediately
above the anti climbing devices with 2 nuts and continuing up to the earth-wire. Holes for
removable step | bolts below the anti-climbing devices, will be provided on the leg to
which the permanent step bolts are fitted.
The length of the step bolts should not less than 120 mm. Their spacing will be about 0.4
m. Step bolts and holes will be also provided on one leg of all tower body extensions. As a
measure against vandals, threads of all bolts below the anti climbing guards shall be
jagged.
17.TOWER EARTHING
Steel support need not be fitted with a separate earth bond and earthing continuity will
thereof depend upon surface contact of bolted members. At suspension and tension
towers earthwires are to be made electrically continuous by jumpers or other approved
means, and are to be bonded to the tower steelwork.
All structures shall be earthed by means of earthing angles and/or counterpoise earthing.
Holes of 14 millimeters in diameter for connection earthing devices shall be provided with
each leg and cleat member.
Price are to be entered in the Price Schedule for the supply of a set of earthing angles
consisting of 4 pieces of galvanized steel angle having a cross section of 50 mm x 50 mm
x 4 mm and a length of 1,000 mm, each provided with a galvanized steel wire of 55 mm 2
and 2,000mm in length, complete with bolts and nuts of 16 mm in diameter.
18.SHOP ASSEMBLY AND TOWER TEST
(1) Shop assembly test
One tower of each type including every combination of body extensions shall be
assembled to make sure a correct fitness of parts, adequate bolt lengths and a proper
field erection.

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 Shop assembled parts will be dismantled for shipment. The Contractor shall notify the
Engineer at least thirty (30) days in advance, in order that his representative may visit
contractor's facilities and witness to shop assembly test of each tower type before
proceeding of fabrication.
(2) Tower test
The loading test shall be carried out on one(1) full-scale tower of AA7 +3 in accordance
with IEC Publication 60652 or equivalent. The prototype tower to be tested shall comply in
all respects with the specifications except for galvanizing which will not be carried out on
the prototype tower, and shall be fabricated by the method equivalent to that for the
"production run: towers. The test procedure shall be subject to approval of the Engineer.
The Engineer may change the order of the tests, request to conduct further tests or
substitute certain test. For the final 100% loading step, the load shall be maintained for
five (5) minutes without any collapse. In addition to the loading test, destruction test on
the same tower shall be carried out.
Upon satisfactory completion of the loading test, eight (8) members chosen at random
from the tested tower shall be under taken physical tests at an approved testing
laboratory to establish the yield points.
If any condition is not satisfied, the loading test shall be declared invalid and the prototype
shall be rejected.
Acceptance of the design and tower test shall only be taken as complete when the design
drawing and leading test report submitted by the Contractor has been approved.
After completion of testing, the tested towers shall become the property of the Contractor.
No tested towers nor any part thereof shall be shipped to the site or used in the
construction for the Project.
19.INSPECTION
Works and materials covered by these specifications shall be subject to inspection by the
Engineer. The Contactor shall furnish facilities and equipment for inspection and testing of
| materials and maintain good quality of workmanship at the works where the materials
are being manufactured. The Contractor shall notify in advance the date of test and
inspection at works to make arrangements for the presence of Engineers representative.

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