ENGLISH FOR ENGINEERING STUDENT

TENSES AND CONVERSATION

BY
RACHMASARI PRAMITA W, ST

EDITION : I

FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENT

2008

Lesson 1
 INTRODUCTION

Erwin : Hello, Good morning, how are you, Ian?

Ian : Fine, thanks and how are you?
Erwin : Very well, thanks. Let me introduce you to my sister.
This is my sister her name is Rara
Ian : Hello Rara, How do you do? My name is Brian, you can call me Ian
Rara : Hello, How do you do Ian.. Where your address?
Ian : My address is at New Pamulang street number 107
Rara : What is your occupation?
Ian : I work as an engineer at multinational company
Rara : By the way I must do something for tomorrow, I am sorry I can’t stay too long
Nice to meet you, Ian
Ian : Ok, It doesn’t matter. Nice to meet you too
I hope… we will meet again sometimes. Bye……..
Rara : Of course, we are…….

Expressions:
Name Address
What is your name? Where do you live?
What is your full name? Where does she / he live?
What I must call you? Where is your address?

My name is………… Hi / Hello……….

My full name is……. Good Morning….
My nick name is…… Good Afternoon..
You can call me…… Good Evening….
I live on……………. Good Night……..
My address is ……. Good Day ………

Job Hobby
What is your job? What is your hobby?
What is occupation? Do you have some hobby?
What is your profession?
Where do you work?
Where is your office / company?

INTRODUCE SOMEONE ELSE / SELF

Let me introduce you to……………

Let me introduce you to……………
Allow me to introduce you to………
Allow me to introduce my self…….
Can I introduce you to……………..
Answer: It’s nice to see you
It’s glad to meet you
Nice to meet you
Glad to know you
Exercise 1: Make a conversation about yourself

“How It Began…”

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This is the story about Linda and Brian. Read how they get to know each other

Brian: Hello, what are you doing here?

Linda: Hello, I am Linda! This is my younger sister, and we are waiting here for our friend Carla.
She is in the department store over there, and we are already tired. Who are you?
Brian: Oh, I am Brian. Yes, I am also waiting for a friend. He is in the department store, too.
Are you here often?
Linda: Yes, we are here every day.
Brian: Yes, the department store is very big!
Linda: Look! There she is.
Brian: My friend is there too! Hey, what are you doing tonight?
Linda: We are going to the cinema! And you?
Brian: First, we are drinking something and then … we do not know yet.
My friend is here since this morning. He is just on vacation here.
Linda: Are you also new here?
Brian: Yes, I am actually from Germany, and my friend is from Sweden.
My father, however, is British.
Linda: Oh, that is interesting. Unfortunately, I have to go. You are very nice.
Brian: Thanks! You are too! Maybe I will see you around!

Grammar 1A: Personal Pronouns,

Forms of “to be” – Present Tense :
Singular: Plural:

1. I am 1. We are

2. You are 2. You are

3. He is, she is, it is 3. They are

Exercise 1 A : Fill in the correct form of “to be”. Choose from this box:

Brian: Hello, what ____ you doing here? Linda: Hello, I ____ Linda! This is my younger sister and
we ____ waiting here for our friend Carla. She ____ in the department store over there and we
____ already tired. Who ______ you? Brian: Oh I ____ Brian. Yes, I ____ waiting for a friend. He
____ in the department store, too. ______ you here often? Linda: We ______ here every day.
Brian: Yes, the department store ____ very big!. Linda: Look! There she ____ . Brian: My friend
____ there too! And what ____ you doing tonight? Linda: We ____ going to the cinema! And
you? Brian: First, we _____ drinking something and then … we do not know yet. My friend ____
here since this morning. He ____just on vacation here. Linda: _____ you also new here? Brian:
Yes, I ____ actually from Germany and my friend ____ from Sweden. My father, however, ____
British. Linda: Oh, that _____ interesting. Unfortunately, I have to go. You ____ very nice. Brian:
Thanks! You ______ too! Maybe I will see you around!

Exercise 1 B : Fill in the correct personal pronoun. Choose from this box:

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Brian: Hello, what are ____ doing here? Linda: Hello, __ am Linda! This is my younger sister and
____ are waiting here for our friend Carla. ____ is in the department store over there, and ____
are already tired. Who are _____ ? Brian: Oh, __ am Brian. Yes, __ am also waiting for a friend.
____ is in the department store, too. Are _____ here often? Linda: ____ are here every
day.Brian: Yes, the department store is very big! .Linda: Look! There _____ is. Brian: My friend is
there too! And what are _____ doing tonight? Linda: _____ are going to the cinema! And where
are you? Brian: First, ____ are drinking something and then … ____ do not know yet. My friend
is here since this morning. ____ is just on vacation here. Linda: Are ______ also new here?
Brian: Yes, ____ am actually from Germany and my friend is from Sweden. My father, however,
is British. Linda: Oh, that is interesting. Unfortunately, __ have to go. ______ are very nice. Brian:
Thanks! ______ are too! Maybe __ will see you around!

Grammar 1B: Present Tense Simple : S + V1/V(es) + C

Plural:
Singular:
1. I play 1. We play

2. You play 2. You play

3. He plays, she plays, it plays 3. They play

Note: It expresses about daily activities or behavior, it can use always, usually, habitually,
every…..(day, week, month), once a week, twice a week, generally
Use Does and Do as the auxiliaries for the interrogative statement

Exercise 1C : Complete the sentences with these words with the verb and to be
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen

Eat Sit Think Look Kill Feel Shine Is Smell Begin

1. Most animals …………only for food

2. My classes ……………at nine
3. The world ……..round
4. She ………….a sandwich for lunch
5. Father usually ………..in the terrace every morning
6. I …………he is a kind man
7. These flowers ……………good
8. The baby ………….hungry
9. The sun ……………in my bedroom every morning
10. She ……..cold, I’ll lend her my coat

Exercise 1D : Make a sentence from the verb below with the simple present tense for positive,
negative and question statement
1. A Child/ Ride 6. I / Learn
2. They/ Win 7. We / Go
3. He/ Study 8. You / Meet
4. They/ Visit 9. He / hit
5. She/ Watch 10. The Cat / eat

Grammar 1C: Present Tense Progressive : S + To Be + V(ing)

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Singular:
Plural:
1. I am playing 1. We are playing
2. You are playing 2. You are playing
3. He /she /it is playing 3. They are playing

Note: It expresses about the action that happens in progress

Exercise 1E: Complete the sentences with these words with the verb and to be
Example: I am thinking about this grammar

Be Study Have Smell Read Weigh Try Appear Shine See

1. I ……….a trouble with my car

2. Tom …………..foolish
3. The actor ……….on the stage
4. The doctor …………a patient
5. She ………….the rose
6. Erwin ………..about the hydraulics
7. Ardha ………….a magazine
8. I’m glad that the sun ………………..again today
9. The grocer ……………….the mangoes
10. Please don’t be noise! I ………….to concentrate

Exercise 1F: Make a sentence from the verb below with the simple present tense for positive,
negative and question statement

1. He / Wait 6. She / Hope

2. She / Wash the clothes 7. We / Listen
3. He still / Wait for 8. The race / Start
4. Now, She / Sit 9. Father / Came
5. Children / Break 10. They / Swim

Grammar 1D: Present Simple vs. Progressive :

When to use the present simple? When to use the present progressive?

• When something happens • For actions happening at or

regularly or around the moment of speaking or

• is a permanent situation or • for a longer action which is

currently in progress or

• to show a schedule or fixed • for individual plans already in

timetable in the future (present place
simple with a future meaning)

“At the Bus Station“

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Linda: Hello, Brandon!
Brian: Hello, Linda, but actually, my name is not Brandon!
Linda: Oh sorry - ooops, your name is... Brian. Right? What are you doing here?
Brian: I am going straight to the university. What are you doing now?
Linda: I am waiting for the bus and, meanwhile, reading this book!
Brian: I can wait with you.
Linda: Oh, that is so nice of you! And what is your friend doing now?
Brian: He is lying in bed, watching television, and eating my donuts....
Linda: My sister is also still sleeping. But we are both working and studying..
Brian: Too bad, I know! Which company do you work for?
Linda: I have an office job at a large company, and I drive to many customers.
Brian: What do you do in your spare time?
Linda: I read, as you see, I go to the cinema with my sister, and we like to go to parties.
I travel a lot and like to see the world. My sister also likes to travel – however, she just
does not have enough money. Sometimes I like to just simply lie on my sofa and watch
TV. And what do you do?
Brian: I study and live here. I study quite a lot and work in a department store. And I make
music. My friend makes music too. We often do live-stuff!
Linda: That’s cool! Which instrument do you play?
Brian: I play the guitar! And my friend plays the saxophone!
Linda: Oh, that’s my bus! I really like talking to you!
Brian: See you later!

Exercise 1G: Fill in the correct present form of the verb. Choose from this box:
am am are are are can do do do do do do do does doing
doing doing drive eating go go going have have is is is is is
is is is know lie like like like like likes live lying make makes play
play plays read reading see see see sleeping study study studying
talking travel travel waiting wait watching watch work work working

Linda: Hello, Brandon! Brian: Hello, Linda, but actually, my name _____ not Brandon! Linda: Oh
sorry - ooops, your name _____... Brian. Right? What ______ you ______ here? Brian: I _____
_____ straight to the university. What _____ you ______ now? Linda: I _______ for the bus and,
meanwhile, _____ this book! Brian: I __ ______ with you. Linda: Oh, that _______ so nice of
you! And what _____ your friend_____ now? Brian: He _______ in bed, ______ television,
and_____ my donuts.... Linda: .. my sister ________ also still _______. But we ______ both
______ and ________... Brian: Too bad, I ______! Which company ______ you _____ for?
Linda: I ______ an office job at a large company, and I ______ to many customers. Brian: What
______ you_______ in your spare time? Linda: I _____, as you ______, I ______ to the cinema
with my sister, and we ______ to ______ to parties. I ______ a lot and ______ to ______ the
world. My sister also ______ to ____ –however, she just ______ not ______ enough money.
Sometimes I ______to just simply ______ on my sofa and _____ TV. And what _____
you_______? Brian: I ______ and ______ here. I ______ quite a lot and______ in a department
store. And I ______ music. My friend _____ music too. We often _______ live-stuff! Linda: That
______ cool! Which instrument_____ you ______? Brian: I _____ the guitar! And my friend
______the saxophone! Linda: Oh, that _______ my bus! I really ____________ to you! Brian:
________ you later!

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Reading Text 1
WORKHOLDING DEVICES

Work holding devices are critical components in the manufacturing of interchangeable parts.
Work holders hold (locate) the work in the machine tool with respect to the cutting tool. With work
holders, process capability (repeatability) can be achieved which otherwise would be impossible
with a given combination of cutting tools and machine tools.
In recent years, designing the work holding device to be more flexible. Flexible work holders are
a critical element in manufacturing cells, both manned and unmanned. For cell to be flexible,
work holding devices should be able to accommodate all the parts within the family of parts. This
design requirement has added significantly to the complexity of conventional jig and fixture
design.
In the conventional method of fixture design, tool designers rely on their experience and intuition
to design single purpose fixture for specific machining operations, often using a trial and error
method until the work holders perform satisfactorily. Of course these designers should calculate
the clamping forces or stress distributions in the fixturing elements to determine the loads that
will deform the fixtures or the work pieces elastically or plastically. In the design of the work
holding devices, two primary functions must be considered: locating and clamping. Locating
refers to orienting and positioning the part of the machine tool with respect to the cutting tools to
achieve the required specifications. Clamping refers to holding or maintaining the part in that
location during the operations. A fixture is a special work holding device that holds work during
machining or assembly operations and establishes size dimensions.
The work holding device should be designed so that it can be quickly exchanged and it can
locate and restrain more than one type of part. Many different schemes are being proposed to
provide work holder flexibility : modular vise fixturing, programmable clamps using air-activated
plungers, part encapsulation with a low melting point alloy and NC controlled clamping machines
are some of the more recently developed systems. Despite their flexibilities these clamping
systems have some significant drawbacks. They are expensive, and the individual systems may
not integrated well into individual machine tools.
CHIP DISPOSAL
When jigs or fixtures are used in connection with chip making operations, adequate provision
must be made for the easy removal of the chips. This essential for several reasons. First, if chips
become packed around the tool, heat will not be carried away and tool life can be decreased. A
second reason why chips must be removed is so that they do not interfere with proper seating of
the work in the jig or fixture. Even though chips and dirt always have to be cleaned from the

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locating and supporting surfaces by a worker or by automatic means, such as air blast, the
design details should be such that chips and other debris will not readily adhere to, or be caught
in or on, the locating surfaces, corners or overhanging elements and thereby prevent the work
from seating properly. Such a condition result in distortion, high clamping stresses and incorrect
work pieces dimensions.
Work holding devices
International edition,CH.20
E.Paul DeGarmo

Exercise 1H: Answer these question below

1. What is work holding devices?
2. Why does the work holding devices should be able to accommodate all the parts?
3. How is the way of fixture design in the conventional method?
4. What is the meaning from the sentence “work holding device should be designed” ?
5. What clamping refers to?
6. There are two primary functions must be considered in the design of the work holding, what
are they?
7. What is chip disposal?
8. What are the reasons from chip disposal removed?

Exercise 1I: Fill the following blanks with corrects words taken from reading passage
1. Flexible work holders are a critical element in ………… cells, both manned and unmanned
2. These designers should calculate the clamping forces or ………… in the fixturing elements
3. In the ……………… of fixture design, tool designers rely on their experience and intuition
4. Clamping refers to …………. the part in that location during the operations.
5. ……… clamping machines are some of the more recently developed systems
6. Locating refers to orienting and …………. the part of the machine tool
7. If …….. become packed around the tool, heat will not be carried away
8. Chips do not ……… with proper seating of the work in the jig or fixture
9. Chips and dirt always have to be cleaned from the locating and ………. Surfaces
10. Such as air …., the design details should be such that chips and other debris
11. Adequate ………. must be made for the easy removal of the chips
12. Despite their …………these clamping systems have some significant drawbacks

Exercise 1J: Writing

1. Translate every first paragraph and the end of reading passage into good Indonesian
2. Write a summary of the reading passage

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Lesson 2
Reading Text 1

The Ailing "Grande Dame" of France

This passage is about the world famous Eiffel Tower which is popularly associated with
France and the Paris skyline. Henry Ford tried to buy her. Maurice Utrillo painted her
portrait. Poet Vladimir Mayakovsky dreamed of transporting her to Moscow. Hitler was
photographed with her. More tourists visit her than the Statue of Liberty.
Alas, that "grande dame" of the Paris skyline, the 1052 ft. (320 m) tall Eiffel Tower, is
ailing. Parisians fretted as the French press disclosed that their cherished 88-year-old monument
was in need of $10.5 million worth of repairs. Most alarming is the condition of one of her antique
hydraulic elevators that take visitors from the second to the third observation platform. The
tower's chief engineer reported that the lift was suffering from "serious fatigue". A cylinder might
burst, he contended, causing the cage to make "a rapid and uncontrollable descent" with its 80-
passenger load.
The tower's infirmities came to light just as the Societe de la Tour Eiffel, a private and
profitable management company. made a bid to negotiate a loan for the repairs, that would be
guaranteed by the city of Paris. The resulting outcry in the press appalled the Societe. Scare
headlines like WILL THE EIFFEL TOWER DIE? were termed "excessive and exaggerated". Still,
tourism went down by about 10% while visitors scanned the struts with nervous attention.
Actually, the structure has been notably accident-free, apart from about 380 suicides. But there
have been fears about the tower from the start. It was designed by Bridge Builder Gustave Eiffel
in a competition for the Paris Exposition of 1889, which celebrated the 100th
anniversary of the French Revolution. There were dire predictions that the structure would attract
lightning and somehow kill all the fish in the Seine. Builder Eiffel displayed his disdain for
doomsayers by working and entertaining guests in an apartment he had constructed at the top.
He was right: heavy storms scarcely sway the tower, and winds pass through the lacy ironwork,
budging it no more than four inches (10 cm).
Philosopher Roland Barthes believes a large part of the tower's fascination is its "fully
useless" quality: "It achieved absolute zero as a monument." In a 1975 book, Author Joseph
Harriss makes the same point: "Parisians have always recognized the human need for the
superfluous." The late playwright Jean Giraudoux, who was horn around the time of the tower's
conception, came to its defence. It has reached an age, he observed, "when one likes to have
children -- and American girls -- crawling all over one".

Task 1
1.The first paragraph illustrates
(A) that all men desire the Eiffel Tower.
(B) that the Eiffel Tower is a painter's and a poet's delight.
(C) the universal appeal of the Eiffel Tower.
(D) that tourists love to visit the Eiffel Tower.

2.Parisians were ______ when they learned that the Eiffel Tower was in a poor condition.
(A) indifferent
(B) annoyed
(C) amused
(D) worried and distressed

3.The greatest cause for concern of the Eiffel Tower was

(A) a weak lift.
(B) the many ailments it had.

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(C) the high cost of repairs.
(D) a burst cylinder.

4.One of the lifts was suffering from "serious fatigue". This was the result of
(A) mismanagement.
(B) poor maintenance.
(C) long use.
(D) overloading.

5."Scare headlines" are headlines that

(A) are shocking.
(B) can cause alarm.
(C) are exaggerated.
(D) contain elements of all the above answers.

6.That tourism went down by about 10% shows that

(A) tourists were losing interest in the Eiffel Tower.
(B) the scare headlines did frighten people.
(C) tourists came only to scan the struts.
(D) the press had achieved its objective.

7."Actually" is used to introduce

(A) an account of the origin of the Eiffel Tower.
(B) a reasoned defenses of the safety of the Eiffel Tower.
(C) an estimate of the number of suicides committed at the Eiffel Tower.
(D) a fact about the Eiffel Tower.

8.In the beginning the Eiffel Tower

(A) attracted lightning.
(B) killed all the fish in the Seine.
(C) was looked upon with suspicion and distrust by some people.
(D) was an instant success.

9."It achieved absolute zero as a monument." This means that the Eiffel Tower
(A) was a poor landmark.
(B) did not live up to expectations.
(C) failed as a tourist attraction.
(D) was not what a monument is supposed to be.

10.In making his observation, quoted in the last paragraph, Jean Giraudoux was being
(A) humorous.
(B) critical.
(C) cynical.
(D) sarcastic.

 Final –S /- ES
A final –s or –es are added to a simple present tense and a noun to spell the word correctly

----> Verb + S / ES
Noun + S / ES

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I) For Verb:
1) If verb is ended with: s, sh, ch, x, z , it must add with -es
Example:

Wash ---- > washes Watch --- > watches

Guess ---- > guesses Fix --- > fixes

2) If verb is ended with: consonant + y , change y with -ies

Example:

Study --- > studies

Cry --- > cries
Try --- > tries

3) If verb is ended with vowel + y, add with final -s

Example:

Pay --- > pays

Buy --- > buys

4) And if it is ended with vowel + consonant, or only vowel so it must be add with –s
Example:

Feed ---- > feeds Look --- > looks

Occur ---- > occurs Task --- > tasks
Agree ---- > agrees Exam --- > exams

5) Special case
Have ---- > has
Do ---- > does
Go ---- > goes

II) For Noun:

1) If it is ended with –o add with –es
Example:

Hero --- > heroes Tornado ---- > tornadoes

Potato --- > potatoes Mosquito ---- > mosquitos

2) If it is ended with consonant + –f / –fe. Change to –ves

Example:

Leaf --- > leaves Loaf ---- > loaves

Life --- > lives Knife ---- > knives

3) Other cases
Example:

Child --- > children Woman ---- > women

Fish --- > fish Ox ---- > oxen
Goose --- > geese Tooth ---- > teeth

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Task 2: Add –s / -es and make a sentence from the verbs below!

1) Press __________
2) Talk __________
3) Discover __________
4) Develop __________
5) Mix __________
6) Touch __________
7) Method __________
8) Destroy __________

Task 3: Add –s / -es or other shape and make a sentence from the noun below!

1) Tomatoes _________
2) Class _________
3) Baby _________
4) Mouse _________
5) Man _________
6) Zero _________
7) Shelf _________
8) Scarf _________

 TIME
A.M = ANTE MERIDIEM
P.M = POST MERIDIEM

A.M = Before Noon ( 24.00 wib – 12.00 wib )

P.M = Afternoon ( 13.00 wib – 11.30 wib )

10.00 a.m It’s ten o’clock in the morning

11.15 a.m It’s eleven fifteen in the morning / It’s a quarter past eleven
12.00 m It’s noon

9.30 a.m It’s a half past nine

10.35 a.m It’s thirty five minutes to ten
2.20 p.m It’s two twenty in the afternoon / It’s twenty minutes past two
12.55 p.m It’s five minutes to one
12.05 p.m It’s five minutes past twelve / It’s five past twelve

Task 4: Make a dialogue about telling time , min 6 lines

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“At the Party“

Linda: Oh, that was great!

Brian: Linda, you are also here? Our performance was not bad, but our bassist, unfortunately,
was sick.
Linda: Your sound is very mad! My sister and I were very much impressed!
Brian: You are so nice! So is your dress...
Linda: Oh, thanks. My sister gave it to me.

Brian: Your sister has very good taste. Your taste in music is also very good! . Are you friends
with the Fischers?
Linda: Yes, the Fishers are good friends of mine. My sister and Britney Fisher are team
mates. And the Fishers are our neighbours.
Brian: Super! Pete Fisher is my friend. I also know his parents. My father and his parents play
Bridge together. Our families know each other very well.
Linda: Do your parents live in London?
Brian: My father does. My parents are actually divorced; my Mum lives with my brother in
Germany, and our father lives with his wife here in London. Their house is beautiful.
He is a lawyer and his wife works as a teacher.

Linda: My mother is also a teacher and my father works as an actor. My younger brother
goes to school, but he is at home today. My brother is an actor too. Do you know an
actor by the name of Paul Marifa?
Brian: Paul Marifa! Of course. I like Sundays, because I can always watch his show then. A
good series, one hour long around seven, an exciting hour.
Linda: Wait until summer, the show always continues then! Do you play another instrument?
Brian: I play the piano and the guitar.
Linda: By the way, what time is it?

Brian: One second, it is nine! No, wait! It is five past ten.

Linda: Oh, I thought it was only a quarter to ten.
Brian: Do you have to get up early tomorrow?
Linda: Yes, unfortunately around half past six! Oh, finally, the dinner is over! They wanted to
begin around eight, and now, it is nearly a quarter past ten and I have to be back home
around eleven. It will be twelve soon, I think.
Brian: Let me give you my number. I would like to invite you to my next concert: zero– five –
two – one – three – three – two – zero ….
Linda: Oh. I’ll call you! Would you like some wine and a piece of bread?
Brian: No thanks! I already had enough bread and I cannot drink too much wine, because I
have to sing again... Many people here have already had too much!
Linda: Well then, good luck!

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“At the Movies“

Linda: Oh, I liked the movie very much! Did you like it too?
Rian: I tried to understand it, but I could not!
Linda: Yes, they used many slang words. The actors were really good though!
Rian: By the way, I saw your sister, yesterday, after the match.
Linda: Yes, she was at the match too. She liked it a lot.

Rian: But afterwards, it started raining! What did you do then?

Linda: I hurried home. What did you do afterwards?
Rian: We played darts! Your sister´s boyfriend is very nice!
Linda: I preferred my sister´s last boyfriend. He was also an actor.
Rian: The actors´ achievements were really great, but the leading actor’s accent was terrible!

Linda: You are right. I particularly liked the end of the film, but the seats at the cinema were,
however, somewhat uncomfortable.
Rian: That’s why I already look forward to my own couch.
Linda: Yes, it is certainly more comfortable. I already look forward to seeing your place!
Rian: I’ll pick you up tomorrow from your office!
Linda: Great! See you tomorrow! Oh, it is raining again.

Grammar 2 A: Past Tense Simple : S + V2 / S + Did not + V1

“Past Tense” expresses that an action took place at a definite time in the past.
Practice the irregular verbs!
Singular: Plural:

1. I played 1. We played
2. You played 2. You played
3. He played, she played, it played 3. They played
Example:
1) We went to Bali yesterday
2) We did not go to Bali yesterday

Task 5: Make a sentence to simple past time

1) We plan to go to a picnic in holiday
2) Father reads a good book
3) They don’t swim at the swimming pool
4) The secretary types a letter for her manager
5) He has working in this city

Grammar 2 B: Possessive Case :

Forms: Saxon Genitive
noun + ´s or s´: expressing possession or relationship: Add “´s” to the noun (for nouns which
do not end with “–s” or an”s´” (for plural nouns which end with –s).
The Saxon Genitive is usually used for persons (or animals): e. g. “Marc´s friends”, “My
parents´ house”…
Genitive with “of” – is usually used for things (you can also use it for persons though):
e. g. “The colour of her hair is blonde”.

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Task 6: Fill in the correct past form of the verb. Choose from this box:
could did did did hurried liked liked played saw
started tried used was were

A: Oh, I ______ the movie very much! ________ you like it too?, B: I_______ to understand it,
but I ______ not!, A: Yes, they ________ many slang words. The actors ________ really good
though!, B: By the way, I ________ your sister, yesterday, after the match. A: Yes, she ________
at the match too. She ________ it a lot. B: But afterwards, it ________ raining! What________
you do then? A: I ________ home. What ________ you do afterwards?, B: We ________ darts!

Task 7: Fill in the correct form of the possessive case. Choose from this box:
actor´s actors´ of sister´s sister´s

Your ________boyfriend is very nice! A: I preferred my ________last boyfriend. He was also an

actor. B: The ________achievements were really great, but the leading ________ accent was
terrible!. A: You are right. I particularly liked the end ________ the film, but the seats at the
cinema were, however, somewhat uncomfortable.

Task 8
Example :
1. Where did you go yesterday? 2. Amy came to my office last day
3. We didn’t help our teacher three days ago 4. Did she walk to school yesterday?
5. He worked in the bank for two years 6. We arrived here since last Friday

Exercises: Change these sentences with the correct tense

1. (Do) you study at Rudy house last day?
2. The child (to be) not here
3. They copy the new sentences every day
4. He (to be) very busy yesterday
5. Tina (buy) a new shirt
6. They (make) a cake in the kitchen
7. She (to be) late for class last night
8. I (to be) very tired
9. He (go) to school last night
10. They (study) hard last night

 In a boutique

Mr. Herman : Do you like this shirt?

Mrs. Herman : No, I don’t. It does not suit you, it does not look good on you.

Mr. Herman : How about this blue one?

Mrs.Herman : Yes, it’s better. It goes very well with your jacket.

Mr.Herman : Shall we buy one for our son Harry?

Mrs.Herman : Let him choose it himself

Task 5: Make a dialogue at shoes store , min 6 lines

- - 15
LESSON 3
PLN TO SECURE $900m LOAN

PLN to secure $900m loan to fund coal-fired power project after completing formalities this week
with four local banks for loans worth US$1.1 billion, state power utility PT. Perusahaan Listrik
Negara (PLN) announced Tuesday it will soon receive another $900 million from foreign banks to
fund power projects. PLN has signed agreements with the foreign banks, as yet not specified. It
expected to receive the dollar denominated loans shortly.
To complete construction of 35 coal-fired power plants with a total generating capacity of 10,000
megawatts, PLN needed US$4.4 billion of dollar loans and Rp 17.5 trillion ($1.9 billion) in local
currency, For the dollar loans, the firm had secured $1.5 billion, would soon receive another $900
million and expected to mobilize the remaining $2 billion from internal funds or other schemes,
possibly including a global dollar bond. PLN secured loans from China Exim Bank in January, a
consortium of local banks in April and the Bank of China in May. On the rupiah denominated
loans, a total of Rp 13 trillion had been secured by PLN which it will look for the remaining Rp 4.5
trillion from local banks, Aside from funds to develop power plants, PLN also needs dollar loans
worth $900 million and local loans of Rp 14 trillion to fund electricity transmission systems. These
funds would come from PLN internal sources and the securities market.
PLN signed memorandum of understanding (MoUs) with four local banks -- Bank Negara
Indonesia (BNI), Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), Bank Mega and Bank Bukopin for the
construction of 13 of the 35 power plants. BNI, in cooperation with BRI, channeled a dollar
denominated loan worth Rp 2.74 trillion for the construction of a 315 megawatt plant in Banten.
Bank Mega channeled a rupiah denominated loan worth Rp 4.61 trillion for the development of
10 power plants, while Bukopin channeled Rp 2.65 trillion for two power plants. Construction of
the whole 35 power plant program is planned for completion in 2010. At loan agreement signing
ceremonies with the four banks, expected PLN to have a healthy balance sheet and to ensure
Indonesia had enough electricity. As a result of inadequate electricity supply, some companies
are being forced to shift two work days from weekdays to weekends, once a month.
The Jakarta Post - PLN to secure $900m loan to fund coal-fired power project
Business News July 31, 2008

Task 1: Answer the question

1. What does PLN secure $900m loan for?
2. What did expect when PLN has signed agreements with the foreign banks?
3. Why did PLN need US$4.4 billion of dollar loans and Rp 17.5 trillion ?
4. What is MoUs ?
5. What plan for completion in 2010 is?
6. What PLN needs to fund electricity transmission systems?

- - 16
7. What are some companies being forced for?
8. What PLN do for the construction of 13 of the 35 power plants?

Taks 2: Fill the following blanks with corrects words taken from reading passage
1. To secure $900m loan to fund coal-fired ………. after completing formalities
2. It expected to receive the dollar ……….. loans shortly
3. The firm had secured $1.5 billion, would soon receive another $900 million and expected to
……… the remaining $2 billion from internal funds or other schemes
4. Aside from funds to ……… power plants, PLN also needs dollar loans worth $900 million
5. …………of the whole 35 power plant program is planned for completion
6. As a result of inadequate ………………., some companies are being forced
7. A total of Rp 13 trillion had been …………. by PLN
8. At ……………. signing ceremonies with the four banks
9. Bank Mega channeled a rupiah denominated loan worth Rp 4.61 trillion for the ………… of
10 power plants
10. The remaining $2 billion from internal funds or other ………., possibly including a global dollar
bond
11. To have a healthy ……..sheet and to ensure Indonesia had enough electricity
12. State power ……. PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) announced Tuesday

Task 3: Writing
1. Translate into good Indonesian and find the main idea in every paragraph
2. Write a summary of the reading passage

Grammar 3A: Past Tense Progressive :

Singular: Plural:

1. I was playing 1. We were playing

2. You were playing 2. You were playing
3. He was playing, she was playing, 3. They were playing
it was playing

Example I
1. Were you busy yesterday? 2. I was at Ana’s home two days ago
3. The train was ten minutes late 4. He wasn’t here last night
5. Where was she last Monday? 6. They weren’t absent an hour ago

Grammar 3B: Past Simple vs. Progressive :

When to use the past simple? When to use the past progressive?

• expresses that an action took place at a
definite time in the past (complete Actions),
• and is used to express that one event
happened after another,
• Expresses that somebody was in the
middle of an action at a certain time,
• Indicates a past action in progress, when a
new event happened.
• and is used for actions in progress
simultaneously

- - 17
“At the Office“

Linda: Hello, that´s very nice of you. It was so stressful at work today! But it’s over!
Brian: Nice office! When did you begin to work here?
Linda: I applied for this job five years ago, and in 2002, I started to work here!

Brian: I thought a lot about the film yesterday. I did not understand everything, but I had a
really great time with you.
Linda: I dreamed at night about it. How was your day at work?
Brian: I was also very busy today. The customers had lots questions, but didn’t buy very
much!
Linda: My boss was not very nice today. I came in late this morning, because my alarm did
not go off. Or let’s just say, I did not hear it….

Brian: Wow! When I was showering today, my alarm went off. I did not hear it either.While I
was preparing breakfast, I was listening to the news and it suddenly occurred to me.
Linda: Yes, while I was sleeping, I was dreaming a lot.... I just could not hear the alarm! I was
not feeling very well, while I was sleeping. I caught a cold yesterday, while I was going
home!
Brian: When we were walking home from the cinema yesterday, it began to rain heavily. Let´s
drive home!

Task 4: Fill in the correct past form of the verb. Choose from this box:
applied began came caught could did did did did did did dreamed had
occurred started thought was was was was was was was was was was
was was went were

Linda: Hello, that´s very nice of you. It _______ so stressful at work today! But it’s over! Brian:
Nice office! When _______ you begin to work here? Linda: I _______ for this job five years ago,
and in 2002, I _______ to work here! Brian: I ________ a lot about the film yesterday. I
________ not understand everything, but I ________ a really great time with you. Linda: I
________ at night about it. How ________ your day at work? Brian: I _______ also very busy
today. The customers _______ lots questions, but ________ not buy very much!
Linda: My boss ________ not very nice today. I ________ in late this morning, because my
alarm ______ not go off. Or let’s just say, I ________ not hear it...! Brian: Wow! When I _______
showering today, my alarm ________ off. I_______ not hear it either. While I _______ preparing
breakfast, I ________ listening to the news and it suddenly ______ to me. Linda: Yes, while I
_______sleeping, I ________ dreaming a lot.... I just ______ not hear the alarm! I ______ not
feeling very well, while I ________ sleeping. I ________ a cold yesterday, while I ______ going
home! Brian: When we ________ walking home
from the cinema yesterday, it ________ to rain heavily. Let´s drive home!

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LESSON 4
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information and communication technology spending in 2005Information technology (IT), as

defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design,
development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems,
particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic
computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely
retrieve information.
Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing
and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology
umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties
that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information
databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management,
networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the
management and administration of entire systems. When computer and communications
technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "InfoTech". Information
Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce,
manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of
Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are
associated.
Professional organizations:
AITech-Assinform is an Italian association of information & communication technology companies
and an affiliate of Confindustria. Malaysian National Computer Confederation is a Malaysian
confederation dedicated to the development of IT Professionals and the creation of an
Information Rich Society. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) was founded in 1957
as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. The Australian Computer Society
(ACS) is an association for information & communications technology (ICT) professionals in
Australia. The Australian Information Industry Association is the national organization
representing ICT companies in Australia. The British Computer Society (BCS) is the largest UK-
based professional body representing those working in IT.
The Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) is the largest professional body for
computing in Canada. The Computer Manufacturers, Distributors, and Dealers Association of the
Philippines (COMDDAP) is an association of leading information technology businesses in the
Philippines. The Computer Society of India (CSI) is the national body representing computer

- - 19
professionals in India. The Council of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS) is a
non-profit organization that promotes high standards among informatics professionals across
Europe. The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) is an industry trade group for
most of the world's major ICT companies.
The National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) is an association of
Indian IT companies. The New Zealand Computer Society (NZCS) is the national body
representing ICT professionals in New Zealand The Philippine Software Industry Association
(PSIA) is an association of Philippine IT companies. The Union of Information Technology
Enterprises (UITE) of Armenia is Armenia's first and largest IT association. The Professional
Computer Association (PCA), Lebanon, is an association for information & communications
technology (ICT) professionals.
Information technology – Wikipedia

Task I
1. What is Information and communication technology?
2. What does Information technology deal with?
3. How does Information technology today?
4. What are IT professionals perform?
5. When did ACM found?
6. What is The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) mean?
7. What happened when computer and communications technologies are combined?
8. What kind of IT professionals duties do?

Task 2: Fill the following blanks with corrects words taken from reading passage
1. When computer and communications technologies are………, the result is information
technology, or "InfoTech"
2. The Information Technology Association of America is an …………group for most of the
world's major ICT companies.
3. As the world's first …………. and educational computing society
4. IT is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or …………… information
5. A non-profit organization that promotes high standards among ………….. professionals
across Europe
6. BCS is the largest UK-based professional body ……… those working in IT.
7. Data management, networking, engineering ………….., database and software design
8. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from………applications to designing
complex computer networks
9. The term information technology has ……….to encompass many aspects of computing and
technology
10. AITech-Assinform is an Italian ……..of information & communication technology companies
11. ……….. in 2005Information technology (IT)
12. The Computer …………, Distributors, and Dealers Association of the Philippines is an
association of leading information technology businesses

Task 3: Writing
1. Translate every first paragraph and the end of reading passage into good Indonesian
2. Write a summary of the reading passage

- - 20
“At the Restaurant“

Brian: Oh take a look at the menu!

Linda: Great! I will take the fish! And you?
Brian: I will probably order the fish, too. I do not know yet!
Linda: Let us talk a little bit about your future! What are your plans?
Brian: I am going to become a doctor.
Linda: Great! And what are you going to do after that?
Brian: Afterwards, I am going to work in a hospital in England.
Linda: And are you going to stay in London?
Brian: Perhaps I will go back to Germany. Only time will tell. I would like to have family.
Linda: Really?
Brian: Yeah, why not? And you?
Linda: If you like, then I will tell you now about my feelings and plans!
Brian: I would like to hear them! Tell me.
Linda: If I had the chance to do everything again, I would just do it again. But if I had studied, I
would have studied medicine or law.
Brian: That is great!
Linda: If I say something, I always mean it. Oh look, the waiter is coming!
Brian: We would like the fish and the best wine you have!

Grammar 4 A: Future Tense “will” : S + Will + V1

Singular: Plural:
1. I will play 1. We will play
2. You will play 2. You will play
3. He will play, 3. They will play
she will play, it will play

Grammar 4 B: Future Tense “going to” : S + To Be + Going To + V1

Singular:
1. I am going to play
2. You are going to play
3. He is going to play,
she is going to play, it is going to play
Plural:
1. We are going to play
2. You are going to play
3. They are going to play

Grammar 4 C: Future Forms :Tenses with future meaning Examples

1. Use Future Tense “will” for future events
that cannot be controlled and for 1. “I think I will be back at seven.”

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spontaneous reactions,

2. Future Tense “going to” for : 2. “I am going to become a teacher”

plans, intentions and the near future
3. Present Simple for schedules 3. “I am playing chess with him tomorrow.”
(e. g. times of arrivals and departures),
4. Present Progressive for :individual plans 4. “The train leaves at eight”.
and intentions.

Task 4 :Fill in the correct future form of the verb. Choose from this box:

Am am are are going to going to going to going to will will will will will

Brian: Oh take a look at the menu! Linda: Great! I ________ take the fish! And you? Brian: I
________ probably order the fish, too. I do not know yet! Linda: Let us talk a little bit about your
future! What are your plans? Brian: I ____ ____become a doctor. Linda: Great! And what
________ you ________do after that? Brian: Afterwards, I ________ ________work in a hospital
in England. Linda: And ________ you _______stay in London? Brian: Perhaps I _____ go back
to Germany. Only time ___tell. I would like to have family. Linda: Really? Brian: Yeah, why not?
And you?

Task 5: Fill in the correct form:

Linda: Great! And what are you _____ after that? Brian: Afterwards, I am _______ in a hospital in
England. Linda: And are you going _____ in London? Brian: Perhaps I _____ back to Germany.
Only time will tell. I would like to have family. Linda: Really? Brian: Yeah, why not? And you?
Linda: If you like, then I ____l you now about my feelings and plans!, Brian: I would like ____
them! Tell me. Linda: If I had the chance to do everything again, I would just do it again. But if I
had studied, I would have studied medicine or law. Oh look, the waiter is coming!

Task 6 : Make a good sentences from the verbs below with “Future Tense and Going To”
1. Draw 6. Borrow
2. Tell 7. Connect
3. Know 8. Live
4. Collect 9. Move
5. Purchase 10. Understand

WHEN
WHEN is question for time statement.

Example:
1) We arrived a week ago -- When did we arrive?
2) She go to Bandung today -- When does she go to Bandung?
3) Rina studies English every Saturday -- When does Rina study English?
4) I watch a movie at ten o’clock -- When do you watch a movie?
5) The Sun shine at six o’clock in the morning -- When is the sun shine in the
morning?

WHEN + TO BE + SUBJECT + VERB + C/O

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 Tommorow= besok hari ….. days ago = …hari yang lalu
Yesterday = kemarin the day before… = hari sebelum…
Last = yang lalu month = bulan
Week = minggu at …..o’clock = pada jam….

Task 7 Change the sentences below as question and add with question for time “When”
1) The children listening to the music right now
2) Blondie always hears a noise sound in the street
3) I come to your house in the afternoon
4) She is going with Nina at nine o’clock
5) Jacky swim with his family every Sunday
6) The movie start at seven o’clock this night
7) I am going to Jakarta now
8) The accident happened two days ago

WHERE
For asking place, location

Example:
1) We arrived a week ago at Surabaya --- Where did we arrive a week ago?
2) She go to Bandung --- Where does she go?
3) Rina studies English at school --- Where does Rina study English?
4) I watch a movie at twenty-one plaza --- Where do you watch a movie?
5) They live in Jakarta --- Where are they live ?

Task 8 Change the sentences below as question and add with question “Where”
1) The children listening to the music at the sitting room
2) Blondie always hears a noise sound in the street
3) I come to Ali’s house
4) She is going with Nina to the party
5) Jacky swim with his family at the swimming pool
6) We are seeing the film at the BSD plaza
7) I am going to Jakarta
8) In the kitchen, mother cooking a cake
9) The University located at Serpong
10) Their books are on the floor

W HY

- - 23
For asking condition happend because of what , about something
Example:
1) We aren’t going because rain hard --- Why we are not going?
2) The babies crying --- Why does the baby cry?
3) Rina doesn’t go to school because she is sick --- Why does Rina not go?
4) I miss a movie --- Why do you miss a movie?
5) They are like Bali so much --- Why are they like Bali so
much?

Task 9 Change the sentences below as question and add with question “Why”
1) The children can not listening a music
2) Diana likes Montreal
3) She can not finish the examination
4) Sony goes with hurry
5) Jacky was sick yesterday
6) He doesn’t come to my house
7) The child doesn’t like banana
8) They are absent in math class

HOW
For ask the way of something

HOW:
How Much, How many, How long, How old, How far , dsb.
Untuk penggunaan dalam how much dan how many mempunyai aturan-aturan sendiri

Example
1) I am fine --- How are you?
2) He is twenty years old --- How old is he?
3) The coat fits with me --- How does the coat?
4) The shoes feel small --- How do the shoes feel?
5) The weather are cold --- How are the weather feel?
6) I need a glass of milk --- How much milk do you need?
7) Jakarta is very big --- How big is Jakarta?

Task 10: Change the sentences below as question and add with question “How”

1) He is very tall than you

2) The fly over long has one hundred kilometers
3) Somebody stolen my wallet
4) A movie costs about five dollars
5) I am going by car to get there
6) I often run about three times a week
7) Our house are about 8 or 10 kilometers
8) I have two cars in the garage
9) Andy’s home is about twenty meter from mine
10) Father want drinks two cups of coffee right now

- - 24
LESSON 5
Reading Text 1
Seeing Ourselves

Exposed to the whirlwind of technological revolution, we humans complicate our lives instead
of seeking refuge in simplicity. Machines do much of our work: calculators relieve the torment
of arithmetic, computers store our knowledge. Are we thereby less worried, less exhausted,
better organized and happier ? Certainly not; and if we are more comfortable, live longer and
suffer less physical pain, the swings of ease and luxury do not compensate for the
roundabouts of anxiety and depression. Those roundabouts are monuments to our seeming
scorn for simplicity. We resign ourselves to the steady growth of complexity.
We cannot go backwards, but perhaps we can profit to some extent from the wisdom of our
ancestors. Here, at random, are five prescriptions which might, to a limited extent, help stem
the tide. We should insist that communication be simple and clear. English has a wide range
of expression. It is the language of superb poetry, in verse and prose. it is the language of
science and business. It contains plenty of short, concise words. We should upbraid the
inventors of new long words and declare ambiguity a disgrace. If one sad day a button is
pressed in Washing- ton to start a nuclear war, it may well be that the button-pusher has
misinterpreted an ill-constructed message: for the Americans are the leading architects of the
new Tower of Babel. We must teach our children to relax. Tension is the hallmark of 20th
century misery, and much of it is imbibed in infancy. Whatever the psychologists and
sociologists may preach to us, we should revive the convention that parents disguise their
worries from their families. Bottling things up is not invariably pernicious. If we cannot ban
the rat race, we must be more considerate to the rats. The Victorians were wiser. School
lessons had to be well learned, and the birch rod was at hand if they were not; but the long
drawn out misery of learning, almost by heart, set books for "O" and "A" levels would have
been thought intolerable.
Children were once encouraged to read many books, not just a selected few, and to develop
their critical faculties by acquiring a general knowledge of the civilized arts. Now they are
subjected, at the expense of a wider education, to brainwashing techniques only relevant to
the grueling contest of the examinations themselves. Noise, loud and unrelenting, contributes
more than ever before to our mental and emotional disturbance. Some of it is by choice:
background music; radio and television sets left on when concentration is required elsewhere.
Some of it -- the roar of traffic and of aeroplanes -- is accepted as incidental to modern
society. But is it ? We have always been mean in rewarding our inventors: those who invented
jet engines, television and radar received totally inadequate recognition. Perhaps we
should offer handsome tax-free incentives to all who produce genuine breakthroughs in noise
abatement.
These are merely a few palliatives which might help us to restore a little sanity despite the
clatter of the world around us. The basic problem is much deeper set, nor would it be anything
but ridiculous to assert that other generations were free from worry, stress and instability. The
difference is simply that adaptation was easier when the acceleration of the rate of change
was more gentle. But we have reasoning powers which other living creatures have not, and
we also have a far greater measure of choice. We should reflect long and carefully on
independence when all around us change. Like many millions of Christians, Jews, Hindus and
Muslims I believe that the important distinguishing feature of human beings is that they have
souls. All the great discoveries and advances of the last 100 years have been in the material
world. We should spend much more time looking inwards to see whether we can recognize
within ourselves an element which no technological revolution and change can pollute or
violate.

Task 1 Answer the question below

1.The use of the metaphor "the whirlwind of technological revolution" hints at
(A)the speed at which it is taking place.
(B)the confusion it has brought in its wake.
(C)technology's destructive capability.
(D)all of the above.

2. Which of the following statements about modern life is false ?

(A)Much of our work is now done by machines.
(B)We are less worried and better organized.
(C)We are more comfortable and suffer less physical pain.
(D)We still suffer from anxiety and depression.

3. Which of the following, according to the writer, is possible ?

(A)We can revert to a past way of living.
(B)We can stop the advance of technology.
(C)We can lessen the pressures of technological advance by adapting to it sensibly.
(D)We can live a life based entirely on the practices of our ancestors.

4.It is clear that the writer thinks that English

(A)can be simplified and made clearer for communication.
(B)has been abused by the addition of new long words.
(C)has benefited from the invention of new long words.
(D)should be the sole language of poetry, science and business.

5.How may a nuclear war be started ?

(A)It may be started by someone in Washington who accidentally pushed a button.
(B)It may be started by someone with poor understanding of the language of science.
(C)It may be started by someone who misunderstood a message because of its short, concise
words.
(D)It may be started by someone who misunderstood a message because of its imprecise
language.

26
6.In the fourth paragraph the writer is in favor of
(A)parents hiding their worries from their children.
(B)parents sharing their worries with their children.
(C)what the psychologists and sociologists are preaching to us.
(D)not bottling things up as this practice is harmful.

7.What educational practice does the writer criticize ?

(A)It is the practice of learning school lessons well, with fear of punishment as an incentive.
(B)It is the practice of learning specifically for the "O" and "A" level examinations.
(C)It is the practice of encouraging children to read many books instead of a few.
(D)It is the practice of getting children to acquire a general knowledge of the civilized arts.

8.Which of the following ideas about noise is not expressed by the writer ?
(A)Noise is largely tolerated by us as being part of modern living.
(B)Noise contributes to our mental and emotional disturbance.
(C)We are responsible for creating some of the noise around us.
(D)We should punish those who invented noise-making machines.
9.We are finding it more difficult to cope with worry, stress and instability than our ancestors
because
(A)of the clatter of the world around us.
(B)adaptation is more difficult when the rate of change is great.
(C)our ability to adapt to situations is not as great as theirs.
(D)our reasoning powers are not as good as theirs.

10.What course of action does the writer advocate for mankind ?

(A)We should increase our speed of adaptation to match the acceleration of the rate of
change.
(B)We should make fewer discoveries in the material world.
(C)We should identify something in ourselves which cannot be influenced by technological
change.
(D)We should develop our reasoning powers to their full potential.

Task 2 : Make summary from the story

Task 3: Fill the blank below to complete the story and meaning the vocabulary in the box
hallmark imbibed preach convention bottling invariably encouraged
to develop wider education brainwashing grueling contributes disturbance
television aero planes incidental inventors jet engines radar recognition
restore sanity assert adaptation independence measure discoveries material

Tension is the ___ of 20th century misery, and much of it is ____ in infancy. Whatever the
psychologists and sociologists may ____ to us, we should revive the ____ that parents
disguise their worries from their families. ______ things up is not ____ pernicious. If we
cannot ban the rat race, we must be more considerate to the rats. The Victorians were wiser.
School lessons had to be well learned, and the birch rod was at hand if they were not; but the
long drawn out misery of learning, almost by heart, set books for "O" and "A" levels would
have been thought intolerable.
Children were once ______ to read many books, not just a selected few, and _____ their
critical faculties by acquiring a general knowledge of the civilized arts. Now they are
subjected, at the expense of a ____, to _____ techniques only relevant to the____ contest of
the examinations themselves. Noise, loud and unrelenting, _____ more than ever before to

27
our mental and emotional ____. Some of it is by choice: background music; radio and _____
sets left on when concentration is required elsewhere. Some of it -- the roar of traffic and of
_____ -- is accepted as ____ to modern society. But is it ? We have always been mean in
rewarding our ____: those who invented ____, television and ____ received totally inadequate
____. Perhaps we should offer handsome tax-free incentives to all who produce genuine
breakthroughs in noise abatement.
These are merely a few palliatives which might help us to ___ a little ____ despite the clatter
of the world around us. The basic problem is much deeper set, nor would it be anything but
ridiculous to____ that other generations were free from worry, stress and instability. The
difference is simply that____ was easier when the acceleration of the rate of change was
more gentle. But we have reasoning powers which other living creatures have not, and we
also have a far greater _____ of choice. We should reflect long and carefully on _____ when
all around us change. Like many millions of Christians, Jews, Hindus and Muslims I believe
that the important distinguishing feature of human beings is that they have souls. All the great
____ and advances of the last 100 years have been in the____ world. We should spend much
more time looking inwards to see whether we can recognize within ourselves an element
which no technological revolution and change can pollute or violate.

Reading text 2

Indonesia, a Nation in Transition

Although hundreds of ethnic groups have been know as the indigenous of Indonesia
for hundreds and thousands of years, Indonesia did exist in its present form until the turn of
the 20th century.
Of the so-called natives of Indonesia, archaeologists have speculated that the first
people to populate Indonesia migrated from mainland China some 1,000 years ago and
inhabited a stretch of islands along the equator, later known as Nusantara. Over the centuries
they built and refined their statecraft in the form of kingdoms and principalities. Sharing similar
characteristics with other Southeast Asian kingdoms, these Nusantara kingdoms based their
conception of state more on people than on space or territory. But intercourse with the
western world changed the course of history in Nusantara.
In 1511, the Portuguese conquered Malacca, located on the Malay peninsula, which was then
still an inseparable part of Nusantara. The Dutch followed in 1512 and landed on Banten
shore in Java. At first, the Dutch came more as traders under the trading umbrella of the Royal
East Indies Company (Vereniging Oost Indische Compagnie, VOC). For the next two
centuries, the Dutch conducted business with the natives, although in many cases the trade
was not on equal terms. Often, trade was accompanied by violent pacification processes.
Then the VOC went bankrupt and the Dutch government took over the business in Nusantara
(called the East Indies by the Dutch). Starting from about the mid-seventh century and lasting
until the arrival of the Japanese in 1942, was the "real colonization" called "high colonialism"
in literature. The period was disrupted briefly when the British took over colonial rule in 1811 to
1814. Among other things that the natives learned from colonization was statecraft based on
territorial conception rather than on people.
In the early 20th century, the natives of Nusantara learned that as diverse as their
ethnicities were, they could imagine themselves as a unified community. A nationalism had
grown in a process that Benedict Anderson, a doyen of Indonesian studies, calls an "imagined
community". During the first half of 20th century Nusantara, its eople built an imaginary nation
called Indonesia -- the name itself was borrowed from the West. By the end of the 1930s, it
was clear that the end of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia was only a matter of time.

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 During World War II, 1942-1945, the Japanese occupied Indonesia. Although short-
lived, the occupation enabled Indonesians to arm themselves for the very first time. Shortly
after Japan's defeat in WWII, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesia an independent state,
and they became the founding fathers of the new country. The largest archipelago in the
world, with over 17,000 islands -- only 3,000 of which are inhabited -- has emerged into a new
Indonesia. When the Dutch returned and tried to reestablish colonial rule, armed Indonesians
resisted. The Dutch were forced to recognize an independent Indonesia in 1949.
The new Indonesia adopted a federal system of governance for a short time. But for a
longer period, within a five-year span (1950-1955), leaders of the new country were eager to
adopt a liberal system of government. Although there is no proof that the system ruined the
economy, it was clear that the elite's political stability was shaky. The longest serving prime
minister was only two years in office.
The government then held a general election in 1955, the first and only democratic
general election Indonesia ever had. But feeling that the country was still unstable two years
after the election, president Sukarno, backed by the Army, declared the 1950 Provisional
Constitution void and reintroduced the 1945 Constitution. The latter provided an ample
opportunity for Sukarno, popularly known as Bung Karno (Comrade Sukarno), to balance
three political powers -- the Indonesian Communist Party, the Army and himself.
In the first half of the 1960s, Bung Karno leaned toward the left. On domestic politics,
he was trying hard to balance the communists and the Army; on the international stage he
was establishing himself as leader of a new world, free from Cold War antagonism. But
economic decline and mounting conflicts, especially between communists and
noncommunists, the latter of which was backed by the Army, caused him to lose control over
the situation.
On Sept. 30, 1965, an abortive coup occurred. There are two conflicting versions of
events surrounding the attempted coup. The official Army version insists that the Indonesian
Communist Party (PKI) was behind the coup attempt, while the communist version asserts
that the coup was an internal matter of the Army. In fact, several members of PKI's central
bureau were involved, as well as many Army officers and personnel.
The abortive coup cost Indonesia dearly. It took the lives of seven high-ranking Army
generals, followed by a pogrom of communists -- a moderate estimate ranges between 300
thousand and 500 thousand alleged members of PKI. Soeharto, who then was a major
general and commander of the Army Strategic Reserves Command, took over leadership and
deposed Bung Karno from his presidential seat.
In 1966, Soeharto received a letter known as the March 11 Letter of Instruction which
reportedly transferred state power from Sukarno to him. In 1967, Soeharto unseated Sukarno
as president in the special session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly
(MPRS). Consolidating his power under a new regime called the New Order, Soeharto
launched a "regime cleansing" against the Old Order.
Together with Hamengkubuwono IX, the sultan of Yogyakarta, and Adam Malik -- the
three were known as the triumvirate -- Soeharto divided the tasks for economic and political
reconstruction. Sultan Hamengkubuwono was assigned to lead efforts for economic recovery,
Adam Malik was assigned to redirect Indonesia's foreign policy toward the West, and
Soeharto himself was "assigned" to rebuild the lamentable domestic politics. Soeharto was
determined to change Indonesia's course, from its emphasis on politics to prioritizing
economic development. He set up the trilogy of development: political stability, economic
growth and equality. To gain political legitimacy, perceived as a prerequisite to economic
growth, the government conducted a general election in 1971. The election, however, was far
from democratic.

Task 4: Translate and analyze the story

Letter

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 The Manager
Anggrek Indah
Jl. Kemuning 13 Kemayoran Jakarta
Jakarta, 14 July 2008

Dear Sir,
Last Monday morning I bought a ticket to Solo at your agent at the Kalideres bus station.
The price was Rp 170.000. According to the agent, the bus that was going to take me to
my destination was air-conditioned and had reclining seats. The bus was also equipped
with video programs.
At about 2 p.m. I arrived at the bus station and became very disappointed. The bus was
really different from the one told by your agent. The bus was not air conditioned. It did not
have reclining seats, either. When I complained about this, the agent just said that it was
the last bus to leave for that day, It was a nightmare for me to be on your bus.
To tell the truth that I am very disappointed in your agent’s deception. Anggrek Indah, as
a matter of fact, is not so nice as its name.

Yours truly,
Nurizky

Task 5 : Make a complain letter about late service delivery

Idioms

Smell A Rat
How come the front door is open? Didn't you close it before we went shopping?
I'm sure I did. I can't understand it. Frankly, I smell a rat.
Me, too. I'm convinced that something is definitely wrong here. We'd better call the police.

Gone To The Dogs

Have you seen their house lately? It's really gone to the dogs.
It's true that it has become run-down and in serious need of repair, but I'm sure that it can be
fixed up to look like new.
I guess with a little carpentry work and some paint it could look pretty decent.

Take the Bull by the Horns

Julie had always felt that she was missing out on a lot of fun because of her clumsiness on the
dance floor. She had been putting off taking lessons, but she finally took the bull by the horns
and went to a professional dance studio for help. She was tired of feeling left out and acted
decisively to correct the situation

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