Name:​ ​Natnael​ ​Kibe

Partners:​​ ​Cindy​ ​Zhu​ ​and​ ​Amber

Date:​ ​Dec​ ​11,​ ​2017

Kinetics​ ​of​ ​Crystal​ ​Violet​ ​Fading

Purpose
The​ ​rate​ ​order​ ​of​ ​Crystal​ ​violet​ ​(CV)​ ​dye​ ​can​ ​be​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​collecting​ ​absorbance​ ​versus
time​ ​data​ ​and​ ​converting​ ​to​ ​concentration​ ​versus​ ​time​ ​data​ ​because​ ​absorbance​ ​is​ ​directly
proportional​ ​to​ ​concentration.
Procedure
1. Prepare​ ​lab​ ​equipments​ ​such​ ​as​ ​calorimeter​ ​and​ ​cuvettes
2. Turn​ ​on​ t​ he​ ​calorimeter​ ​and​ ​open​ ​Logger​ ​Pro.
3. Adjust​ ​the​ w ​ avelength​ ​setting​ ​to​ ​the​ ​optimum​ ​wavelength​ ​described​ ​in​ ​Pre-Lab​ ​section,
565​ ​nm;​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​possible​ ​sources​ ​of​ ​error​ ​use​ ​the​ ​exact​ ​optimum​ ​wavelength
calculated​ ​in​ ​prelab.
4. Mix​ ​1​ ​ml​ ​of​ ​Crystal​ ​Violet​ ​and​ ​1​ ​ml​ ​NaOH​ ​and​ ​put​ ​it​ ​in​ ​calorimeter.
5. Capture​ ​data​ ​using​ ​Logger​ ​Pro​ ​and​ ​stop​ ​when​ ​it​ ​reaches​ ​600s.
6. Create​ ​a​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​by​ ​using​ ​the​ ​direct​ ​relation​ ​of​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​absorbance
mentioned​ ​in​ ​prelab;​ ​make​ ​the​ ​y-axis​ ​to​ ​absorbance/0.0626​ ​and​ ​x-axis​ ​to​ ​time​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to
get​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time.
7. Graph​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​for​ ​zero​ ​order,​ ​first​ ​order​ ​and​ ​second​ ​order​ ​ ​by​ ​using​ ​[A]​ ​vs
1
time,​ ​ln[A]​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​and​ ​ [A] vs​ ​time​ ​graph;​ ​linearize​ ​the​ ​graphs​ ​by​ ​using​ ​or​ ​labeling​ ​the​ ​y
1
[A],​ ​ln[A]​ ​or​ ​ [A] .
8. Compare​ ​the​ ​variance​ ​(r​2​)​ ​to​ ​see​ ​which​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​three​ ​graphs​ ​mentioned​ ​above​ ​is​ ​more
linear​ ​and​ ​the​ ​more​ ​linear​ ​one​ ​is​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​order​ ​for​ ​the​ ​reaction.
9. Write​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​for​ ​Crystal​ ​violet​ ​(CV);​ ​Explain​ ​about​ ​the​ ​pseudo​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​for​ ​Crystal
Violet.
Results
The​ ​graph​ ​listed​ ​below​ ​are​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​for​ ​zero,​ ​first​ ​and​ ​second​ ​order.
These​ ​graphs​ ​are​ ​very​ ​important​ ​in​ ​determining​ ​the​ ​order​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​for​ ​Crystal​ ​violet​ ​by​ ​using
the​ ​variance​ ​(r​2​).
 When​ ​all​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graphs​ ​are​ ​analyzed.​ ​The​ ​correlation​​ ​for​ ​zero​ ​order
graph​ ​is​ ​-0.9971,​ ​the​ ​correlation​ ​for​ ​first​ ​order​ ​is​ ​-0.9983​ ​and​ ​the​ ​correlation​ ​for​ ​second​ ​order
graph​ ​is​ ​-0.9966.​ ​The​ ​magnitude​ ​of​ ​the​ ​correlation​ ​for​ ​first​ ​order​ ​graph​ ​is​ ​greater​ ​than​ ​second​ ​and
zero​ ​order​ ​which​ ​explains​ ​that​ ​Crystal​ ​Violet​ ​undergoes​ ​a​ ​first​ ​order​ ​reaction​ ​since
0.998>0.997>0.996.​ ​The​ ​ln[A]​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​is​ ​more​ ​linear​ ​than​ ​the​ ​other​ ​graphs​ ​which
determines​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​order​ ​or​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Crystal​ ​violet​ ​is​ ​more
linearized​ ​by​ ​using​ ​natural​ ​log​ ​of​ ​the​ ​first​ ​order.
Therefore,​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​for​ ​CV​+​​ ​can​ ​be​ ​written​ ​as:
Rate​ ​=​ ​k[CV​+​]​n​[OH​-​]​m
If​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​was​ ​carried​ ​out​ ​at​ ​certain​ ​condition,​ ​the​ ​pseudo​ ​rate​ ​constant​ ​and​ ​pseudo​ ​rate​ ​law
would​ ​look​ ​like​ ​this.
Rate​ ​=​ ​k​’​[CV​+​]​n​​ ​since​ ​n​ ​is​ ​determined​ ​to​ ​be​ ​1​ ​or​ ​first​ ​order​ ​by​ ​using​ ​the​ ​graphs.​ ​The​ ​rate​ ​law
would​ ​look​ ​like​ ​ ​Rate​ ​=k​’​[CV​+​]​.​ ​The​ ​constant​ ​k​’​ ​is​ ​used​ ​for​ ​simplification​ ​of​ ​the​ ​actual​ ​Rate​ ​law
of​ ​ ​Rate​ ​=​ ​k[CV​+​]​n​[OH​-​]​m​.​ ​The​ ​actual​ ​rate​ ​constant​ ​can​ ​be​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​using​ ​k​’​=k[OH​-​]​m​.
The​ ​pseudo​ ​rate​ ​constant​ ​was​ ​used​ ​since​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​OH​-​​ ​did​ ​not​ ​change​ ​with​ ​respect​ ​to
time.​ ​On​ ​this​ ​reaction,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​assumed​ ​that​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​hydroxide​ ​ions​ ​did​ ​not​ ​change​ ​to
make​ ​our​ ​calculations​ ​easier.​ ​So​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​can​ ​be​ ​called​ ​pseudo​ ​First-order​ ​law​ ​for​ ​CV​+​.
Therefore,​ ​the​ ​final​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​can​ ​be​ ​written​ ​as​ ​slope​ ​of​ ​first​ ​order​ ​time​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of
Crystal​ ​Violet​ ​dye​ ​or​ ​CV​+​.
Rate=0.00133[CV​+​]

Discussion
The​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​this​ ​lab​ ​had​ ​been​ ​to​ ​calculate​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​Crystal​ ​Violet​ ​dye​ ​by​ ​capturing
the​ ​absorbance​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​and​ ​creating​ ​a​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​out​ ​of​ ​it​ ​since​ ​absorbance​ ​and
concentration​ ​are​ ​directly​ ​proportional.​ ​We​ ​were​ ​successful​ ​in​ ​doing​ ​so​ ​by​ ​determining​ ​the​ ​order
of​ ​reaction​ ​for​ ​CV​+​​ ​to​ ​be​ ​first​ ​order​ ​and​ ​pseudo​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​to​ ​be​ ​Rate​ ​=k​’​[CV​+​]​ ​or
Rate=0.00133[CV​+​].​ ​Our​ ​lab​ ​supported​ ​the​ ​hypothesis​ ​that​ ​order​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​for​ ​Crystal​ ​Violet
can​ ​be​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​using​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​which​ ​was​ ​determined​ ​from​ ​absorbance
vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the​ ​direct​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​concentration​ ​and​ ​absorbance.​ ​We
determined​ ​the​ ​order​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​for​ ​Crystal​ ​Violet​ ​dye​ ​by​ ​comparing​ ​the​ ​linearized​ ​graphs​ ​for
zero,​ ​first​ ​and​ ​second​ ​order.​ ​We​ ​found​ ​out​ ​that​ ​the​ ​more​ ​linear​ ​or​ ​the​ ​more​ ​the​ ​least​ ​squares
regression​ ​approaches​ ​1,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​it​ ​explain​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph,​ ​determining​ ​the
reaction​ ​order.​ ​Therefore,​ ​we​ ​found​ ​out​ ​the​ ​graph​ ​for​ ​first​ ​order​ ​(ln[A]​ ​vs​ ​time)​ ​was​ ​the​ ​one​ ​with
higher​ ​least​ ​squares​ ​regression​ ​which​ ​makes​ ​it​ ​a​ ​perfect​ ​choice​ ​for​ ​reaction​ ​order​ ​for​ ​Crystal
Violet​ ​dye.​ ​So​ ​CV​+​​ ​underwent​ ​first​ ​order​ ​of​ ​reaction.​ ​We​ ​did​ ​not​ ​have​ ​so​ ​much​ ​sources​ ​of​ ​errors
when​ ​we​ ​did​ ​the​ ​lab​ ​but​ ​potential​ ​source​ ​of​ ​error​ ​arises​ ​from​ ​using​ ​the​ ​optimum​ ​wavelength​ ​from
the​ ​prelab​ ​which​ ​was​ ​565​ ​nm.​ ​We​ ​used​ ​the​ ​exact​ ​565​ ​nm​ ​which​ ​decreases​ ​the​ ​potential​ ​sources
of​ ​error​ ​but​ ​I​ ​have​ ​observed​ ​that​ ​the​ ​graph​ ​that​ ​was​ ​used​ ​to​ ​calculate​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph
was​ ​not​ ​100%​ ​linear​ ​which​ ​increases​ ​the​ ​percent​ ​of​ ​error.​ ​Since​ ​the​ ​graph​ ​of​ ​absorbance​ ​vs
concentration​ ​don’t​ ​have​ ​100%​ ​direct​ ​or​ ​linear​ ​relationship,​ ​it​ ​would​ ​create​ ​possible​ ​errors​ ​to​ ​the
concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​on​ ​the​ ​lab.​ ​If​ ​the​ ​least​ ​squares​ ​regression​ ​line​ ​for​ ​absorbance​ ​vs
concentration​ ​graph​ ​was​ ​1​ ​then​ ​our​ ​experiment​ ​did​ ​not​ ​have​ ​possible​ ​sources​ ​of​ ​error.​ ​Since​ ​we
used​ ​the​ ​exact​ ​optimum​ ​wavelength​ ​of​ ​565​ ​nm​ ​and​ ​cleaned​ ​the​ ​cuvettes​ ​before​ ​inserting​ ​into
calorimeter,​ ​the​ ​lab​ ​would​ ​be​ ​better​ ​if​ ​we​ ​had​ ​used​ ​an​ ​absorbance​ ​vs​ ​concentration​ ​graph​ ​with
regression​ ​of​ ​1.​ ​If​ ​the​ ​least​ ​squares​ ​regression​ ​for​ ​absorbance​ ​vs​ ​concentration​ ​graph​ ​is​ ​1,​ ​100%
explains​ ​direct​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​both​ ​variables​ ​which​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the
concentration​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​from​ ​absorbance​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph​ ​by​ ​just​ ​substituting​ ​the​ ​concentration
for​ ​the​ ​absorbance.​ ​Cleaning​ ​up​ ​the​ ​cuvette​ ​would​ ​also​ ​be​ ​some​ ​improvement​ ​for​ ​this​ ​lab​ ​for
preventing​ ​human​ ​error.
Conclusion
In​ ​this​ ​lab,​ ​I​ ​learned​ ​how​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​pseudo​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​of​ ​a​ ​reaction​ ​which​ ​is​ ​relevant
when​ ​computing​ ​two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​reactants​ ​that​ ​are​ ​not​ ​changing​ ​with​ ​time.​ ​I​ ​learned​ ​that​ ​Beer’s​ ​law
can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​or​ ​reaction​ ​order​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​since​ ​concentration​ ​vs​ ​time
graph​ ​can​ ​be​ ​explained​ ​by​ ​using​ ​absorbance​ ​vs​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Beer’s​ ​law.​ ​I​ ​learned
different​ ​factors​ ​can​ ​add​ ​up​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a​ ​faulty​ ​data.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​the​ ​absorbance​ ​vs​ ​time​ ​graph
was​ ​the​ ​cause​ ​for​ ​most​ ​or​ ​all​ ​of​ ​our​ ​error​ ​in​ ​this​ ​lab.​ ​I​ ​learned​ ​that​ ​if​ ​the​ ​lab​ ​was​ ​100%​ ​free​ ​of
error​ ​the​ ​least​ ​squares​ ​regression​ ​(r​2​)​ ​for​ ​first​ ​order​ ​would​ ​be​ ​1.​ ​This​ ​direct​ ​proportionality​ ​of
absorbance​ ​vs​ ​concentration​ ​could​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​for​ ​many​ ​chemicals
experimentally.

Post​ ​Lab​ ​Questions

1. Increasing​ ​the​ ​temperature​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​could​ ​increase​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​since​ ​it
increases​ ​the​ ​effective​ ​number​ ​of​ ​collisions​ ​of​ ​reactant.​ ​Increasing​ ​temperature​ ​does​ ​not
increase​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​but​ ​just​ ​only​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​reaction.​ ​For​ ​instance,​ ​if​ ​the
temperature​ ​of​ ​Crystal​ ​violet​ ​dye,​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​(fading)​ ​increases​ ​since​ ​the
reactant​ ​have​ ​more​ ​probability​ ​of​ ​colliding​ ​and​ ​creating​ ​a​ ​product​ ​which​ ​is​ ​a​ ​colorless
compound.
2. Increasing​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reactant​ ​increases​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​since​ ​it
increases​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​effective​ ​collisions​ ​between​ ​the​ ​reactant​ ​since​ ​there​ ​are​ ​more
reactants.​ ​The​ ​more​ ​concentration​ ​the​ ​more​ ​possibility​ ​that​ ​a​ ​product​ ​will​ ​form.​ ​If​ ​we
increase​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​Crystal​ ​violet​ ​dye,​ ​the​ ​light​ ​absorbance​ ​of​ ​CV​+​​ ​would
increase​ ​at​ ​the​ ​same​ ​factor​ ​as​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​increases.
3. The​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​iodide​ ​ion​ ​changed​ ​form​ ​0.04M​ ​to​ ​0.08M​ ​which​ ​increased​ ​the
reaction​ ​rate​ ​or​ ​initial​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​reaction.​ ​The​ ​initial​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​increased​ ​from​ ​trial​ ​1​ ​to
trial​ ​2​ ​from​ ​7.4x10-6​ ​to​ ​1.5x10-5​ ​due​ ​to​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​concentration​ ​since​ ​the​ ​other​ ​reactant
was​ ​kept​ ​constant.​ ​Therefore,​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​would​ ​look​ ​like​ ​rate=k[I​-​];​ ​rate=k[2*0.04]​ ​so
the​ ​reaction​ ​rate​ ​increased​ ​by​ ​2​ ​between​ ​trial​ ​1​ ​and​ ​trial​ ​2.​ ​The​ ​order​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​1st
order​ ​for​ ​iodide​ ​ion.
4. To​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​persulfate​ ​ions,​ ​trial​ ​1​ ​and​ ​trial​ ​3​ ​should​ ​be​ ​compared
since​ ​iodide​ ​is​ ​kept​ ​constant​ ​in​ ​both​ ​so​ ​it​ ​will​ ​be​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​see​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​increasing​ ​the
 concentration​ ​of​ ​persulfate​ ​by​ ​keeping​ ​iodide​ ​ion​ ​constant.​ ​Therefore,​ ​rate​ ​=​ ​k[2*0.04]
which​ ​increases​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​rate​ ​by​ ​a​ ​factor​ ​of​ ​two​ ​so​ ​increasing​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​rate​ ​of
persulfate​ ​by​ ​keeping​ ​iodide​ ​ion​ ​constant​ ​between​ ​trial​ ​1​ ​and​ ​3.​ ​We​ ​could​ ​compute​ ​the
reaction​ ​order​ ​of​ ​persulfate​ ​by​ ​using​ ​trial​ ​2​ ​and​ ​3​ ​since​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​iodide​ ​ion​ ​is
decreased​ ​by​ ​the​ ​same​ ​amount​ ​as​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​the​ ​persulfate​ ​increased.​ ​Therefore,
rate=k[0.5*0.08][2*0.04].​ ​So​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​rate​ ​remains​ ​constant​ ​between​ ​trial​ ​2​ ​and​ ​3.
Persulfate​ ​ion​ ​is​ ​also​ ​first​ ​order.
5. Rate​ ​=k[I​-​][S​2​O​8​];​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​was​ ​not​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​using​ ​the​ ​coefficients​ ​of​ ​the​ ​clock
reaction​ ​since​ ​the​ ​order​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​for​ ​iodide​ ​ion​ ​is​ ​2​ ​instead​ ​of​ ​1​ ​which​ ​was​ ​determined
by​ ​experimental.​ ​So​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​could​ ​not​ ​have​ ​been​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​using​ ​the
coefficients​ ​since​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​that​ ​was​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​using​ ​reaction​ ​mechanism​ ​differed
from​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​law​ ​determined​ ​that​ ​was​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​using​ ​experimental.