ableism 155, |80-81
age 3.6.7, 73,80, 107, 141-63
segregation 152, 157
age of consent 146
for gay men 231 _
inequaltiesin 123
ageism 142, 143-4, 147-8, 160, 161
agriculture 14
alienation 192
altruism 14
anti-racist geographies 8
assimilation 113, 116, |17
asylum seekers 98, 99, 115
authenticity 55, 62
veaury 190-51
biology 97
and age 144
and gender 120
and old age [47-9
bisexuali 23.127
peer
body 5, 120. 127, 134
and ageing |47-9
and disability 184, 185
breastfeeding 122.
BSE @Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) 193, 205
building societies 217
built environment 27, 157, 210. 273.
and community 75
and crime 234-8
design and ideclogy 209-13
and older people [57-8
ra pore ee
business culture 23
capitalism 14, 17-22, 25-6 169, 175
and bult environment 21 |
and disability 169-71
and gender regimes 124
and home | 4-17, 25-6
and leisure 47-8, 49-50
and old age 146
and patriarchy 127-8
and racism 98
‘capitalist economics 44
capitalist societies 48, 211, 254
care in the community 160, 173
caring work 127, 128, 171,271, 272
‘casualzation of labour 268
Chicago school 100
child abuse 132, 153, 246, 249
childcare 129, 271
and leisure 48
and men 130, 134, 137
and women 137, 138
childhood 144, 145
and class 152.
and gender 152-3
children 237-42. 250-5 |
citizenship 108
city 74, 136, 138, 247 (see abo urban)
class & 7. 63. 73.75, 80. 107, 137, 263
conceptions of 20-22
conflct 50
and culture 21, 29-35, 40-41
identties 20-22
and impact of crime 238
and landscapes 197-9
and leisure 53, 63-4
and place 22, 23-5, 31-6
class relations 98, 196, 197
in space |7-25
clubbing 152
commodities 14. 25-6
and class 41
‘communities 5, 29, 41, 69-93, 136-9, 196,213
boundaries of 73, 78, 80
business 34-5
constituted by external threat 85-9
and ethnicity 89-90, 91, 102-3
flexibility of 90
gayllesbian 85, 127, 138-9
and gender 89
homogeneity of 82, 89
ideal type 82
imagined 78
interaction 79-80, 82
of interest 73, 85, 88
Jewish 90-92
and modemization 89-92
poor 255, 274
private 85, 139
Protestant/Catholic 87
in rural areas 88-9, 204
‘types of 81-91
virtual 85, 139
‘community safety 248
303
Copyrighted materialIntroducing Social Geographies
community spirit 69, 75, 241
community studies 73, 76, 78, 92
company towns 4
competition between workers 17, 29-30
conservation |94-5
Conservative government 172-3, 174
consumer goods 112
consumption 14, 192, 205
countryside 189, 190, 193-4, 198, 200, 203, 204
Countryside Aliance 62, 88.9, 206
credit unions 272
crime 73, 99, 137, 152. 231-53, 265
areas 234-8
of government 243
hate crimes 231, 245
joumey to 238
prevention and policy 238-48
property 234-43
relationship to fear of crime 243-5
violent 232 245-52
‘white collar 232, 242
criminal justice 241, 243, 248
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (1994) 66
22
criminal subcultures 239, 241
cultural capital 20, 64
cultural geography 3. 11,123
cultural imperialism 184
cultural studies 4
cultural turn 4,8, 45, 143, 254
and discourses 4
and material life 4,7, 11
and poitical relevance 4
culture industry 50
culture and lifestyles 224-8
defensible space theory 234-8
deindustralization 57
dependency 142, 146
of older people and children 142-3
ratios 142
desegregation | 14
devolution 90
disability 2. 6, 7, 73, 160, 164-86
and access 180
and age 176
and the buit environment 168, 179-81
and care 171
definitions of 166
and economic marginalization 1747
and employment |/5-8
and ethnicity 176
history of 169-72
medical model | 66-7
poitical reproduction of 171-4
and poverty 272
regional patterrs of 176
and sexuality 185
social model | 67-8
and transport 183-4
and unemployment 173
and young people 183
Disability Discrimination Act (1995) 173, 181
304
Disability Rights Commission Bill (1998) 166
Disabled Persons Act (1944) 172
diseblism 165
discourse 4.97, 128
theory 17
discrimination 123
and age 18
and gender 18
and race. 18. 102-3, 103-6, 117
disengagement theory |58-9, 160
dissident sexualities 122.
divisions of labour 214
sexual 28
spatial 192
domestic segregation of older people 157-8
domestic service 36
domestic violence 32, 232, 243, 246, 249
same sex 132
domestic work |4-17, 26-7, 28, 29-34, 121,
127-33, 146
domesticity of women 136
drinking 141, 152
drug use 50-51,61, 141, 152, 231, 239, 252
ecstasy 65, 66
marijuana 49
economic flows in space 22-4 (see ako
‘employment: flows in space; labour migration)
economic geography 3. 11, 45,123
economics 16
institutionalist 22,
economy
and British regimes 23
layers of 31
in localities 33-4
in nations 31-3
relations within territories 22-4, 28-38
and social life 13-17, 28-36, 38-42
education 27, 172, 258
elder abuse 132, 246, 249
employers see firms
employment 13-25, 28-42, 261-4 (see also labour
markets)
and parr 24,28
casudlization of 36-7
and disabled people 173-4
flows in space 17-18, 22. 37-8
and gender 18, 24, 29, 33-4, 37, 262
and home (3-17, 25-36, 39-42
hours of 19, 29, 36, 41
in places 22-5, 28-32, 34-6, 38
promaticn 19-20
and race 18. 4, 29
security of 19-20, 24-5, 29, 36-8, 41
Engishness 200-201
environmental determinism 235
emironmentalisin 193
anti- 194
ethnic groups
differences between 11 1-14
as a replacement labour force 108-9
ethnicity 97-119
and class 113
Copyrighterand naturellandscape
exclusion 98
of black people 102-3
financial 265
from space
age 151-6
‘gender 122
viotence 247-9
factory discipline 169
factory system 14
farnily 213.
business 15
extended 129, 146
wage 24
farming 88
fear of crime 85
and age 247
and class 247
and disability 247
effect on city 247-8
and gender 243, 247, 249-52
and okier people 243
and single parents 247
young people as feared 153-7
young people's fears 156-7, 251-2
femininities 121-2, 124-5, 128, 133, 136, 137-8
249-50
feminist geographies 8,9, 53, 124-6
feminist thought 16, 120, 124, 213-14, 232, 247, 249
feudalism 13-14
finance 23, 40
firms 14-15, 17-23, 34. 36-8
football hooligans 55
fox hunting 62, 88, 89, 203, 205-6, 232
and class 206
hunt saboteurs 222
Frankfurt school 50
garden cities 221
gated communities 85
Bay areas 138, 139
gay men 123, 197,132, 135, 251
gender 2.6. 7,8, 73, 107, |20-40 (see also
‘emininites; masculinities)
and age 128
and class 129, 132
and ethnicity 130, 133
identities 124. 125. 129,249-52
inequalty 120, 136
and other forms of power 251
and poverty 270,
roles 120, 121, 128,212
and sexuality 124, 132
gender relations $3, 120. 124, 195, 127, 136, 225
and leisure 63
local forms of 133, 136-7
genetics 120
gentrification 58, 132, 220, 223-5
and class 224, 225
and gender 225
role ofinstitutions 224
and sexual orientation 225
xepul
ghettoes 100-107, 110-16, 117
homogeneity of 107-8
Jewish 101
North American black 102-5
slobalzation 54-5, 56
economic 38
government poley s2e state policy
grandparenting 146
guest workers 108
harassment 135, 244, 247, 249
ageist 247
homophobic 135,247
racial |16, 247
sexual 135
health 27, 141, 147-9, 160, 190-91, 226, 239, 257,
265, 268
heritage 55, 201
industry 55
heterosexism 127
heterosexudity 123, 127, 132 133, 135-6, 138
and masculinity 251
high modemity 89
high technology industry 133,
high-rise flats 208, 209
historical materialism 169
home 5, 125, 127-33, 153, 157, 158-60, 246
home-making 213-15
home-workers 223
relationship with waged work |27-8, 134-5, 135
homelessness 225-7, 257, 265
homophobia 127
homosexuaity 123, 132, 138 231
household 72, 124, |27
alternative forms of 132
structures 224-5
housework see domestic labour
housing 6, 39-40, 41, 73, 75, 208-30, 239, 265 (sce
also tenure)
action trusts 228
associations 223
co-operatives 228-30
design and crime 234-8
and disabled people 1834
and gay men/lesbians 123
markets 209
and older people 157-60
in rural areas 199, 204
sociafcouncil 78, 88, 111, 212, 216 220-23, 234.
238
human agency 8 60, 227
humanistic geographies 8, 9, 52, $3, 149,232
identities 3, 5.6.7, 41, 143 (see also ferininities:
masculnities)
and age 144-5, 149, 151, |56-62
black 103
and childhood 145
dass 20-22
and communities 78, 85, 89
ethnic 17
gender 124, 125, 129, 249-52
and housng 209
305
ighted materIntroducing Social Geographies
identities - continued
hybrid 124
multiple 89,124, 144
national 200
of place 53-5
politics of 54
regional 54
sewual 132, 133
and violence 245-52
immigration 98, 99, 107-10, 117
immobile production see employment, in places
impairments 160
and disabled people 175
distibution 37, 39-41
women's 120, 128-33, 135, 138
index of dissimilarity 101, 111
individualism 29, 40, 69
industrial relations see employment. class relations
industrial revolution 47-8, 59
industiaization 192
industrialized buileing 221
industrialized systems 228
inner city 78, 256
decay 76
institutionalization, of disabled people |70-71
intergenerational confict 141
intergenerational relations 53-7
intemet 191, [95
Kibbutzin 129
labelling and age 46-9
Ihbour markets 134, 216
flexible 36-8, 41
segmented 30-33
lhbour migration 22-4, 29, 41
landscapes 189, 195-203
and cultural values 195-6
law 231-2
leisure 13,14, 44-68, (52
as consumption 5
definitions of 46-9
and gender 63
‘goods and services 44, SO
places $2-3
as reproduction 49-50
spaces 61—4, 138, 197, 161, 247
and work 47
lesbian women 123. 127, 132, 133
life course 141-63, 216
Macpherson Report 98
managerial discipline 14, 18-20, 27, 32, 36-7, 40-1
marginalized groups. incorporating voices of 4.8 9,
124
Marxsm 17, 22, 169, 254
Marest geographies 8, 9
masculine working cultures 133-5
rmasculinism 53
of geography 126
rmasculinities 121-2, 124-5, 128, 133, 134-7
and crime 242
306
maternity leave 137
media 54, 98, 99, 124, 142, 153, 191, 195, 197
231, 249
mental maps 80
methodologies
for determining ethnicity 103-6
ethnographic 74, 81, 232, 241
qualitative 81, 232, 241, 251
Guaniitative 8.9, 81
for studying crime 232
for studying fear of crime 244, 250
for studying old age 149-50
middle age 144
migration 268,
mobile production see employment, flows in space
modern societies 192
moral panics 141, 143
national cultures 213
national settlements 31-3, 215. 264, 268
nationalism 55, 90, 118, 200, 201
native 200
naturalization
of difference 97, 120
of domination | 8
of landscape 200, 201
of poverty 255,
nature |89, 190-95
negative equity 216 218, 220
neighbourhood 5, 72, 75, 92,125, 136-9, 157, 211
22
co-operation 27, 29, 39
effect 265
income differences 33-4, 39
neoliberalism 36-41, 172-3, 175
New Age travellers 222,
New Labour 174
‘New Man’ 124, 130
New Towns 75,212
"New Woman’ 124,130
occupational mobility 89
old age 141-50, 157-60
and class 147, 157, 158, 159, 161-2
and disability 148, 158 16-2, 272
and ethnicity 147
and gender 142, 147, 161-2
and poverty 271-2
and race 142, 158, 161-2
others 117, 126, 184-5, 248
paternity leave 130,
patriarchy 120. 124, 138, 249
persions 269, 271, 273
personal pathologies 226
philosophical traditions 9
pink pound 138
place 7,51, 52-3, 69, 78, 118,125. 128, 136, 141
184, 225, 238, 241.245
boundaries of 6
identties of $3-5
public 122. 138
sense of 6, 53
a womans place 128, 129, 135, 249planning $6-7, 71
and crime 236-8
and disabled people 179-81
and fear oferime 236-8, 245-8
feminist 129
and leisure 56-7
for older people 158
utopian 129
playspaces 152
policing 241, 243, 246, 250, 252
and racism 98
political activism 7, 88, 200. 273-5
and black people 274
gayflesbian 138
and older people 223
and women 274
political geography 2. 11, 123.
politics 8,9
pollution 265,.223
farm 204-5
Poor Law (1834) 171
positionalty 9, 11, 126
positivism 8, 52, 149, 232
postcolorialism &
postmodern approach 8, 9, 143
postmodern pericd 41
poverty 40-41, 117, 120, 176, 239,
254.76
and age 271-2
anti-poverty campaigns 273-5
and capitalist production 262
causes of 260-72
and communities 260-61
and crime 238, 240, 241
cuture of 260
cycle of 260
definitions of 256-9
and disability 272
and employment 261-4, 268
feminization of 271
and gender 270-71
measurement of 258-9
and political action 273-5
poor people's views of 258
and racism 270
and reproduction 264-9
residential geog-aphy of 264-9
and social oppression 2/0-73
and unemployment 261-4
and wages 261-4
power 3.4.6.7,9, 11, 88,245
and meanings of place 5
powerful groups 126, |60, 231
pre-industrial Societies 75, 127, 146 191
private property 25~32, 39-41
privatization 172, 222
problem areas’ and crime 238-41
production 192, 205 (see also economy)
psychoanalysis 184
psychology 16
public policy see state policy
public services see socal services
publi¢private divide 122, 128
xepul
queer geographies 127
race 5, 6, 7,73, 97-119, 141
‘and nature/landscape 200-203
racialization of minorities 106
racism 8, 40, 97, 98, 100, 102-203, 108, 117, 118
and poverty 270
radical geographies 8, 124-7, 149, 254
raves 64, 65-6232,
reaism 8
recreation 49, 59
refugees 109, 115, 116
regions, of signifcance 90
relativism 9
rent controls 218-19
rent gap 223-4
reproduction 5, 17, 28-30, 47, 264-9
‘and employers 33-4
reproductive work 25-8 (see also domestic work
sotial services)
residential care 160
resistance & 7. 61-2 90, 159-62, 242, 249, 250
retirement |28, 144, 146, 158, 159, 262
communities 158
rioting 242
rural areas 88-9, 189, 204
communities 7|
and crime 238
environments 198
idyll 198
settlements 198
scale ||, 69, 100-101, 120. 137, 138
connections between 5, 32
global 5, 72
international 98
local §
rational 72
and political activism 274-5
and poverty 269, 272
Section 28123
segregation 170, 227
‘and age 152, 157
of disabled people 171, 181
ethnic 100-107, 110-14, 265
residential 88, 223
‘working class 212
selttbuild 227
selfrealization 14-15
settler watch 202
sex 120,141, 152
sexuality 3.67, 73, 120,123 127, 132, 190
and employment 33-4
and gender 124
and other forms of power 127
share ownership 40
sheltered housing 157-8, 160, 222-3
shopping 51
Sunday trading 51
short-lfe arrangements 228
slavery 98. 102
slum clearance 76, 77, 220, 221, 228
sooal care 141
307
Copyrighted materiIntroducing Social Geographies
social conflict 61-2, 64
social construction
of age 143, 146-9, 148, 151.
of communities 73
of disability 183
of gender 120
of nature and landscape 189
social control 50, 59, 61-2, 63, 64, 66
social Darwinism 97
social deviancy 66
social exclusion 58, 63, 117, 118, 225
social inclusion 63
social polarization 223
social policy 7,9, 71, 73, 79, 92, 141, 158, 160, 236,
250, 269, 271
social regulation 50
social services 27-8, 31-3, 38-40
socialsin 5, 72
socialzation 190
society 5
sociology 4, 16
space 3.7.8, 11, 51, 52, 69, 78 83, 117. 118,12,
125,128 132, 141, 144, 149. 151-63, 178,
TBI, 184,234, 235, 243, 249, 250, 254 268,
defensible 208
‘engineering 208,
and place 5
private 14, 139, 271
and production L4, 17-20, 22-5
public 14, 141, 151-6, 161, 237, 247,251
and reproduction 209, 210
residential [4 25-8
and society. &
squatting 227-8
state 7, 72, 124
state policy 171-4
economic-social interface 34-5
state services see social services
stereotypes 98, 108, 122, 142-3, 158, 166, 167,
7238, 250
stigmatization, of areas 239
stranger danger 152, 249
street lighting, and erime 237, 248
structure and agency 60, 227
suburbaniztion 136, 213
of black population 111-13
suburbs 78, 217
garden 212.
‘tenants organizations 228
‘tenure
comneroccupation 40, 78, 213 215, 216 217-18
private renting 216. 218-20, 221, 222
social housing 216, 217-18, 226, 265
structure of 208, 215-23
vatiations in 215
territory, ties 1.2.18
Third space 6. 160
‘time, orgenisation of 14-15
tounsm 45, 46, 55, 62
tourist gaze 199
trade unions 30, 35, 37
308
transgender 120, 127
‘transport 153, 268, 271
and women 136
‘transsexual 120
trespass 232
underclass 261, 263
unemployment 38, 108, 137,239
benefits 269
uneven economic development &9
urban
clustering 239
landscapes 57-9
planning 35
regeneration 57-9, 58
renewal 76
villages 78
Urban Development Corporations 57-9
urbanization 74, 75, 192
value gap 223, 224
vicims of erime 240-41
violence 88, 90, 232, 245-52
against people with disabilties 249
domestic 232. 243, 246, 249
homophobic 123, 231, 232, 246, 249
racist 98, 99, 102-3, 232, 246, 249
sexual 124, 153,232, 246
and sport 55
systemic 245, 246
waged work 123, 127, 128, 129, 133
economics of 133,
and older people 146
and wornen 135, 137
wages 14, 17-20, 24-6, 29, 31-3, 36-8, 40
Weber 16
welfare
dependency 108
services se social services
state 75, 141, 171-4, 271
white fight’ 158
white settlers 86
whiteness 98, | 18
wilderness 190, 197
‘work 13-43 (see also employment; domestic work)
unwaged 14-15
workers
autonomy 18-19, 37 (see also managerial
discipline)
competition between 40-41
resistance to employers 29-33 37, 4I
kil 18-22, 29-31
workforce 38
feminization of 137
workplace 5, 15.125, 133-6, 152, 247
young people 237-42, 250-51
and class [41
and disability 142
and public space 152-6, 16!
youth subcultures 141, 161