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A Review Paper on Graphene Modified Cement

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1ST BANGLADESH CIVIL ENGINEERING SUMMIT

BUET-ANWAR ISPAT 1st Bangladesh Civil Engineering SUMMIT 2016

BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh
www.cesummitbd.com

A Review Paper on Graphene Modified Cement

Tasnuba B. Jamal1, Jerin Tasnim2, Zunnun B. Pial3, Rubaiya Rumman4

Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka,

1
tasnubajamal@gmail.com, 2jerin201572@gmail.com, 3pial.buet1504@gmail.com,
4
rubaiya.rumman@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In this review paper, the advanced mechanical as well as various improved properties of cement are
discussed when modified with graphene and its derivatives. It has been found by the researchers that
cement mixed with graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide, graphenenanoplatelets, and
reduced graphene oxide show a rapid increase in its flexural, compressive and tensile strength. This
special type of cement also shows its excellence in hydration rate, setting time, heat of hydration,
workability, strain and damage sensing, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding, thermal and
chloride diffusivity and crack repairmen. In this review paper an approximate estimation of amount of
graphene necessary to get the desired type of cement is discussed. The reasons behind the advancement of
these properties have also been discussed. Thus, overall results indicate that graphene and its derivatives
can be promising nanofillers for enhancing the engineering properties of Portland cement paste.

KEYWORDS: Graphene Modified Cement; Chloride Diffusivity; EMI interference; Piezoresistivity.

INTRODUCTION
Ordinary Portland cement is the key ingredient of concrete which has emerged to be the mostly used
construction material all over the world. The demand of multi-functioning concrete is rising day by day in
order to meet up the advanced structural challenges. Hence, the usage of nanoparticles in cement drew the
attention of the researchers, because nanoparticle directly interacts with the bond of the cement particles.
The first ever micro scale particle used in cement was fly ash, showing an interesting advancement. In
20th century, some researchers (Chen and Chung, 1993; Azhari et al., 2012) carried out their experiments
on cement modification using carbon nanoparticles such as carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon
black, silica nanoparticles etc. Recently, graphene, another type of carbon nanoparticle revealed its
excellence in enhancing various advanced properties as well as the desired mechanical properties,
showing a pathway to the formation of super-concrete structure. Graphene and its derivatives such as
graphene nano platelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide etc. are ensuring the enhancement of
strain sensing, temperature sensing, EMI shielding, wave absorption, super extra compressive, flexural
and tensile strength of cement. The objective of this study is to review the investigations carried out by
different researchers about the feasibility of graphene as a smart material which is capable of ensuring
further construction challenges all over the world as well as in a developing country like Bangladesh.

GRAPHENE'S INFLUENCE ON DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

Mechanical Properties
Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength
The results of the compressive strength and flexural strength of Graphene Oxide (GO) cement composite
and plain cement paste are summarized in Table 1. The addition of GO enhances the compressive strength
of cement by 15% to 33% and flexural strength by 41% to 59%.

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Table 1: Mechanical Properties of Mixes (Pan et al., 2015)

Mean diameter Pulse Elastic Compressive Flexural

Density
Sample of spread area velocity modulus strength at age strength at age
(kg/m3)
(mm) (m/sec) (GPa) of 7 days (MPa) of 7 days (MPa)
OPC 68±5 2968±21 1821±45 3.48±0.17 31.3±1.5 4.7±0.25
GO-cement 48±3 2935±34 1787±35 3.70±0.13 38.8±1.8 7.0±0.2

GO sheets have a random orientation in cement matrix, thus having little influence on strength anisotropy.
After high speed mixing, the discrete, short additives are generally regarded as having a random
orientation in cement matrix if the ratio of the size of the composite to the size of additives is sufficiently
large (Stahli et al., 2007). The significant reinforcement of the cement matrix by GO could be attributed
to the strong interfacial adhesion between GO and the cement matrix. GO sheets contain carboxylic acid
groups which can react with C-S-H or Ca(OH)2. Such reactions have been observed in a previous
investigation of CNT-cement composites (Li et al., 2005). The general scheme of these reactions can be
illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Schematic reaction scheme between carboxylic acid groups and

hydration productions [Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H] of cement (Pan et al., 2015)
The interaction may form a strong covalent bond on the interface between the GO and the matrix, and
therefore increases the load-transfer efficiency from the cement matrix to GO sheets. As a result, the
mechanical properties of the composite are improved.

Elastic Modulus
The elastic modulus of composites is primarily affected by the stiffness and volume of components. As
the weight fraction of GO in the cement paste is only 0.05%, it is of little surprise then that the elastic
modulus of the GO-cement composite is close to that of the cement paste. A slight increase in elastic
modulus (from 3.48 to 3.70 GPa) might be due to the decrease in the number of original shrinkage cracks
owing to the GO arresting the cracking. GO increased the strain capacity, thus the initiation of micro
cracks propagation is delayed by the presence of GO. As compared with other fillers, GO sheets exhibit
unique two dimensional structure which can effectively deflect, or force cracks to tilt and twist around the
sheet. The process may help to impede fine cracks and thus increasing peak load (Rafiee et al., 2010).

Workability of the Cement Paste and Mortar

From Table 2, it can be seen that with the increase of GO dosage, the fluidity of cement paste decreases,
the viscosity of cement paste increases and the setting time of cement paste is shortened. Especially, when
the GO addition is up to 0.03%, there is an evident change in the fluidity, viscosity and setting time (Qin
et al., 2015).

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Table 2: Effect of GO in cement paste properties (Qin et al., 2015)

Dosage of GO (wt %) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Cement paste fluidity (mm) 236 187 201 92 81 70
Apparent viscosity (MPa.s) 988.5 1200.7 2268.8 5154.4 12788.4 19284.0
Initial setting time (min) 170 170 165 155 140 130
Final setting time (min) 330 325 320 305 310 300

The unique 2D GO sheet being a double-edged sword, promotes C–S–H nucleation at the expense of a
lower workability (Gong et al., 2014; Pan et al., 2012). The hydrophilic GO has a large surface area to
adsorb water molecules present in the mix to its surface. As a result of the lack of free water, the frictional
resistance among the cement particles and the sheets is increased without ample lubrication. This inter-
particle friction phenomenon has been identified as the root cause for exacerbated workability (Samuel et
al, 2014).

Strain and Self Damage Sensing Cement Composites Using Conductive Graphene
Nanoplatelet
Apart from having adequate structural properties and sufficient durability, smart building materials also
represent additional functional applications. Among them, the property of self-strain and damage sensing
is the most desirable one. Graphene is electrical conductive having piezoresistive property, so Graphene
platelets can be used to determine the structural health (Du and Pang, 2015).

Thermal Properties
Hydration Heat of Cement
At a dosage of 0.02%, the rate of heat release and the total amount of heat release have a sharp decrease
over 50%. From Figure. 2, it is found that the heat release curves of hydration at the different GO
dosages, the occurrence time and the duration time of hydration reaction all stages and the shape of curves
are all similar to each other with no other peak of heat release observed, indicating that the GO addition
does not retard the occurrence of the peak of heat evolution and, the mechanism of hydration heat
reduction of cement is different from that of silicon fume and fly ash (Qin et al., 2015).

Figure 2: Effect of GO on cement hydration exothermic rate (Qin et al., 2015)

Thermal Diffusivity Properties of Composite Cement materials in Hydration

The mix containing 10% graphene shows significant improvement in thermal diffusivity of about 75% at
25˚C and 60% at 400˚C. In general, it appears that incorporation of graphene in cement paste could
significantly improve thermal diffusivity of the composite. Improvement of thermal diffusivity of
cementitious pastes can reduce the temperature gradient (30˚C - 90˚C) effect due to cement hydration in
mass concrete structures. This can consequently reduce the potential of massive concrete elements to

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experience thermal cracking thus improving thermal integrity and durability of concrete structures
(Ahmadreza et al., 2014).

Durability Properties
Chloride Diffusivity and Migration
Cement mortar with 2.5% of GNP has the lowest apparent chloride diffusion coefficient, which was
reduced by 70% as compared to that of plain cement mortar. Compared with the effectiveness of other
nanoparticles reported by Zhang and Li (2005) , the addition of 3% nano-SiO2 and 3% nano-TiO2 resulted
in 10.5% and 19.6% reduction in the chloride diffusion respectively but a much higher reduction of
69.7% can be obtained by adding 2.50% of GNP (Hongjian, 2014).

Pore Structure of Hardened Cement Paste

GO nanosheets has an important effect on the pore structure of the hardened cement paste. A high content
of GO nanosheets can clearly reduce the total pore area, median pore diameter, average diameter and
porosity, as well as making the pore diameter uniform (with median pore diameter close to the average
diameter) (Lv et al., 2014). GO reduces pores at nano-scale. With 0.03% by weight GO, the GO-cement
composite has a total porosity of 28.2%, which is 13.5% lower than that of its plain cement counterpart.
The decrease of porosity could be caused by the improved degree of hydration in the GO-cement samples
as shown by the TGA results. It was also observed that the amount of capillary pores (10 nm < d < 10
μm) in the GO-cement samples is 0.173 mL/g, which is 27.7% lower than that of the plain cement.
However, the amount of gel pores (d < 10 nm) in the GO-cement sample was found to be more than
100% higher than that of the plain cement. The doubling of gel pore volume in the GO-cement samples
indicates that more calcium-silicate-hydrate gel may have formed in the GO-cement composite than in the
plain cement sample (Gong et al., 2014).

Piezoresistive Properties
Piezoresistive Response Under Monotonic Loading
From Figure 3 it has been observed that when the specimen is under compressive monotonic loading,
with increasing amount of Graphene Nanoplatelets Products (GNP), the piezoresistivity increases which
is represented by a larger FCR for the same strain. For GNP content below the percolation threshold of
2.4 vol. %, the sensitivity of the resistance to strain is almost non-detectable.

Figure 3: Relationship between FCR and strain for mortar under both compression (Jang and Jhamu,
2008) and tension at different percentages of GNP (Li et al., 2014)

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When the GNP content exceeds 2.4 vol. %, the piezoresistivity shows dramatically increased value. The
reason behind it was that as the specimens were being compressed, the distance between adjacent GNP
reduces which leads to a drop in resistivity over all ranges of strain. At low strain below 400µ€, the
change in FCR was more pronounced and this is likely due to the better contacts between the GNP and
the matrix interface when the specimens were initially being compressed.

When the specimen is under monotonic tensile loading, for each GNP content, the slope was small
initially but increased rapid when the tensile strain exceeded 100 micro-strains. This indicated that GNP-
cement mortar is more sensitive to the applied strain at higher GNP dosage.

Piezoresistive Response under Cyclic Loading

The piezoresistivity nature of the GNP infused mortar is first demonstrated on specimens that are
subjected to cyclic compression with varying strain amplitudes. The applied strain was measured and the
fractional change in resistivity (FCR) which is defined as (R–R0)/R0 was calculated; R is the instantaneous
resistance while R0 is the initial resistance. The FCR of the plain cement mortar specimen is almost zero
while the addition of conductive GNP imparts piezoresistive characteristics to cement composites. With
increasing compressive strain, the FCR for GNP-infused cement mortar increases proportionately which
demonstrates its linear piezoresistivity for the range of compressive strain tested. In the present study, it is
noted that a minimum GNP loading of 2.4 vol. % is required to achieve this unique piezoresistivity.
Similarly, we can observe these almost linear piezoresistive characteristics when we subject the GNP-
infused cement mortar to cyclic tensile strain (Pang et al., 2014).

Strain Sensing
The control specimen with 0% GNP have shown negligible piezoresistive effect which strongly suggests
that the piezoelectric effect should be attributed to the interface between the GNP/mortar and GNP/GNP,
and to the GNP itself. This has been explained (Lynch et. Al., 2008), by the given equation: (dρ/ρ) =
(dρ/ρ)interface + (dρ/ρ)constituents. The control specimen with 0% GNP have shown negligible piezoresistive
effect which strongly suggests that the piezoelectric effect should be attributed to the interface between
the GNP/mortar and GNP/GNP, and to the GNP itself. If the interfaces are imperfect and contain nano- to
micro- scale gaps, the application of compressive strain is likely to reduce the gaps of the imperfect
interfaces, resulting in a large change in (dρ/ρ) interface and this effect will be larger for mortar with
more GNP. When the compressive strain is large enough, the gaps of the interfaces will be closed and the
remaining piezoresistive effect (dρ/ρ) constituents will come from the GNP.

Electro Magnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness and Wave Reflection, Absorption

Capability using Graphene Oxide
The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of a material is defined as the ratio of transmitted power to incident
power and is represented by the equation: SET (dB) = 10 log {PT/PI} = 10 log{ET/EI}= 10 log{HT/HI} ;
where PI (EI or HI) and PT (ET or HT) are the power (electric or magnetic field) of incident and transmitted
EM waves respectively. The total shielding effectiveness (SET) can be further divided into three
components as follows: SET = SEA + SER + SEM. Where SER, SEA and SEM are the shielding effectiveness
due to reflection, absorption and multiple reflections respectively. SEM is multiple reflection effectiveness
inside the material, which can be negligible when SEA>10 dB (Singh et al., 2011).

Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the variation of the SE with frequency for the different masses (in the amount
of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% by mass of cement, respectively) GO cement composite. It can be
observed that SE increases with the increase of %vol of GO-cement composites. When GO-CF mass
fraction reaches 0.4%, SE reaches 34 dB, which has a 278% increases than that of the blank sample (Das
et al., 2000).

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(a)

(b)
Figure 4: SE (a) and SEA (b) analysis of GO/cement with different GO dosage (Chen et al., 2015)

Figure 5: SER analysis of GO/cement with different GO dosage (Chen et al., 2015)

SEA of GO-cement composite has average increases of 35% than CF/cement composite, while SER of
CF/cement composite and GO-cement composite are almost the same by the comparison. This indicates
that, for GO-cement composite, the increase of SE is mainly dominated by absorption increase. It is well
known that there are defects and groups in GO (Bourlinos, 2003; Paredes, 2008; Wei, 2008), which arise
two relaxation processes (Saini et al., 2009). Firstly, defects can act as polarization centers, which would
generate polarization relaxation under the altering electromagnetic field and attenuate electromagnetic
wave, resulting a profound effect on the loss of microwave (Das et al., 2000). Secondly, there are oxygen
containing chemical bonds in GO. The different ability to catch electrons between carbon atom and
oxygen atom results in electric dipole polarization. So, the electron motion hysteresis in these dipoles
under alternating electromagnetic field induce additional polarization relaxation process which enhances
microwave absorbing ability (Colaneri et al., 1992).

Further Possibilities: Bangladesh Perspective

Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant is a proposed 2,000 MW nuclear power plant. Planned to go into operation
by 2020, which will be the first nuclear power plant in Bangladesh. Most commercial nuclear power

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plants release gaseous and liquid radiological effluents into the environment as a byproduct of the
Chemical Volume Control nuclear power plant. All reactors in the foreign countries, such as United
States are under provision to have a containment building. The walls of containment buildings are several
feet thick and made of concrete and therefore can stop the release of any radiation emitted by the reactor
into the environment. But graphene modified cement has electromagnetic shielding effect which is mainly
dominated by absorption increase. So, due to having wave reflection capability it serves the purpose of
Nuclear Power Plant with less harm to nature and does not necessitate several feet thick-walled
containment. As Bangladesh is in tropical region, the temperature, in summer, usually goes up to 40
degrees Celsius and sometimes even higher. As a result, low humidity and high temperature increase
creep strain which reduces the durability and stability of the structures. But graphene modified cement has
high elastic modulus which decreases the creep strain and so meets the desired need. Similarly due to high
temperature curing is a big problem here for mass concreting and due to uneven curing cracking occurs.
In case of mass concreting, supplementary cementitious materials are used which slows the rate of
strength gain (42 or 50-day strength gain in lieu of 28-days strength gain). Post curing is risky because the
thermal shock from applying cool water to hot surfaces may cause rapid cooling of the surface and
cracking. But Graphene modified cement can reduce the total amount of heat release without retarding the
occurrence of the peak of heat evolution. In case of PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement) soluble Ca(OH)2 is
converted into insoluble cementitious products resulting in improvement of permeability, therefore,
improves durability of concrete, particularly, in hydraulic and marine structure but rate of development of
strength is initially slightly slower than OPC and reduction of alkalinity reduces the resistance to
corrosion of steel reinforcement. But 2.5% GNP modified cement due to having lowest apparent chloride
diffusion coefficient prevents corrosion of steel and at the same time improves durability of concrete.

CONCLUSION
The role and mechanism of graphene GO and GNP with cementitious materials have been reviewed and
discussed in brief. Most of the researchers opined that addition of graphene modified particles uniform
and compact micro-structure inside concrete researchers have found that graphene modified particle
improves mechanical properties like compressive and flexural strength, elastic modulus, pore size
distribution, chloride diffusivity power, thermal conductivity, heat of hydration and provides strain
sensing, EMI shielding and wave absorption. Following is a list of areas where construction could get
benefit from graphene modified cement:
(1) GO addition in cement brings about decreased fluidity, increased viscosity, shortened setting time and
these properties can be a great contribution for under water construction.
(2) GO addition enhances the degree of hydration but at the same time the total amount of heat release
decreases so this property can be utilized in mass concreting. Graphene addition improves thermal
diffusivity which can reduce temperature gradient effect due to hydration in mass concrete structure and
reduce potential to experience thermal cracking improving durability of concrete structure.
(3) Cl- ingress into concrete and causes corrosion of reinforcement. With the lowest apparent chloride
diffusion coefficient due to adding GNP prevents the corrosion of steel so it is useful for under water
construction.
(4) Graphene modified particles reduce pore size and micro cracking. Where there is possibility for large
cracking, steel alone is not enough and more amount of concrete is used so the width of beam is increased
and so increases self weight of the structure by using graphene modified cement cracking can be stopped
to the very lowest width initially so no need of increasing extra concrete and so self weight does not
increase as brick and sand consumption is reduced it can be said it is environment friendly.
(5) Using strain sensing property, structural health can be determined earlier thus contribute to bridge
construction.
(6) Column and wall width could be minimized of hospital buildings (like X-Ray room) and power plants
using EMI and wave absorption property.
(7) The GO-geopolymeric composites can be environment friendly and economical alternative to OPC
due to their low greenhouse gas emissions and improved mechanical properties.

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