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Content:
2
1. STATIC 2-D PROBLEM
There is stress due to
the object’s complex
shape… !!
WHY ??
We cannot solve this plane
problem with an analytical
(exact) solution as we would
with any other partial
differential equations
FEM Computation INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
WE HAVE OFOFFEM
A FINITE NUMBER ELEMENTS
THEREFOR…
FINITE
ELEMENTS
METHOD
NOW IT CAN BE SOLVED THROUGH
A NUMERICAL WAY = A SYSTEM OF
LINEAR A MESH OF
ELEMENTS
EQUATIONS FEM Computation INTRODUCTION 4
JOINING ELEMENTS TOGETHER
ELEMENTS
ARE
JOINED
TOGETHER
ONLY IN
THE
NODES!!!
FEM Computation INTRODUCTION 5
ELEMENTS ARE CONNECTED ONLY
IN THE NODES
PRESSURE
DISPLACEMENT LOADING
K F
1k11 2 k12 3 k13 .................... f1
1k 21 2 k 22 3 k 23 .................... f2
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.......................+ n1k n, n1 n k n, n f n
11
Static & Dynamic Problems
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
m
n -1 n , n 1 n m n , n ... n 1 k n , n 1 n k n , n f nt
12
Eigenvalue Problem
K M R
2
O 0
Buckling Problems
14
EXAMPLES:
CAR FOR CRASH SIMULATION
15
EXAMPLES: MATERIAL
NONLINEAR PROBLEM
16
TYPES OF FINITE ELEMENTS
2
1
17
TYPES OF FINITE ELEMENTS
BEAM 3D
18
TYPES OF FINITE ELEMENTS
SHELL
SOLID
19
Easy Example Leads to Stiffness
Matrix of the Beam Element
q
EJ
EJy (IVx ) q( x )
ℓ
A B BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
yo 0, y 0
y"o 0, y" 0 M o o 0, M o 0
2
1 M o( x)
dx EJ y"( x ) dx.
POTENCIAL ENERGY OF 1
d
2
INTERNAL FORCES 2 o EJ 2 o
POTENCIAL ENERGY OF z q ( x ) y ( x ) dx,
EXTERNAL FORCES o
20
EXACT SOLUTION: EJ . y (IVx) q
EJ . y (IIIx) qx c1
1 2
EJ . y II ( x ) qx c1 x c2
2
1 3 1 2
EJ . y(Ix ) qx c1 x c2 x c3
6 2
1 1 1
EJ . y( x ) qx 4 c1x 3 c2 x 2 c3 x c4 .
24 6 2
q 4 1 3 1
c1 q.
THE FIRST BC y=0 c4 0 a 0 c1 c3 .
24 6 2
AFTER THE SECOND BC y"o 0, y" 0
1 1 1 3
EXACT SOLUTION ! EJy qx 4 qx 3 q x.
24 12 24
21
RITZ SOLUTION – VARIATION CALCULUS
n
y( x ) ai ( x ) i
i 1
a = UNKNOWN !
0, i 1,2,..., n.
a i
WE SUPPOSE : y( x ) a1 x x a2 x 2 x .
a1 , a 2 EJ y" dx qydx EJ 4 a1 a 2 3 x dx
1 2 1 2
2o o
2 o
l
q a1 x x a 2 x 2 x dx 2 EJl a12 a1 a 2 a 22 2
q
2a1 3 a 2 4 .
o
12
22
RITZ SOLUTION – VARIATION CALCULUS
CONTINUED
1
2 EJ(2a1 a 2 ) q 3 0
a1 6
1
2 EJ(a1 2a 2 2 ) q 4 0.
a 2 12
q 2
a1 , a2 0
24EJ
q 2
y( x) ( x ) x
24EJ
23
A BEAM ELEMENT
Δ1 Δ2 Δ3
Δ4
SHAPE FUNCTION !
12, 6 L, 12, 6 L
4 L2
6 L, 2 L2
k EJ3 .
L 12, 6 L
2
sym. 4L
LOAD VECTOR:
L 1 1
z q ( x ) .w( x ) dx q ( ) w( ) Ld L q ( ) N d . f ,
T T
0 0 0
qL qL2 qL qL2
f1
1
f T L q( ) N .d , ,
T
T , , .
0
2 12 2 12
q f1=qL/2 f3=qL/2
L
f2=qL2/12 f4= -qL2/12
25
STATIC MATRIX EQUATION
1
p d z T k f T .
2
n
1 n n
pi i k i i f i i . n = NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
T T
i 1 2 i 1 i 1
G K G F G ,
1 T T
2
0 K G F ,
G
K G F
26
SOLUTION OF OUR EASY EXAMPLE
Numbers of the
elements: 1 2
1 3 1 3
Local DP: 2 4 2 4
Global DP 1 3 3 5
by element 2 4 4 6
Global DP:
a) without 1 3 5
the influence 2 4 6
of peripheral
conditions
b) with consideration 0 2 0
of peripheral 1 0 3
conditions
27
SOLUTION OF OUR EASY EXAMPLE/cont’d
1 3 , 1 q 3 5 q 4 1 q 3
1 , 2 , 3 .
24 EJ 384 EJ 24 EJ
FEM Computation INTRODUCTION 29
SOLUTION OF OUR EASY EXAMPLE/cont’d
INTERNAL FORCES
d 2 w d EJ d 2 N
2 T
EJ d 2 w
M o 2 . EJ 2 . 2 2 .
EJ
g T
,
d dx L d L d 2 L2
d 2 N EJ
T
g 6 12 , L(4 6 ), 6 12 , L(2 6 )
T
M o ( p) 61 4 L 2 6 3 2 L 4
d 2 L2
EJ d 3 N
3
d 3 w d
T
dM o d 3w EJ
T EJ . 3 EJ . 3 . 3 . . . pT
.
dx dx d dx L d 3 L3
d 3 N d q
T T
pT
12, 6 L, 12, 6 L. T ( p) T (k )
EJ
12 1 6 L 2 12 3 6 L 4 .
d 3 d L3
Global DOF
FEM - 2 ELEMENTS
EXACT
FEM - 2 ELEMENTS
FEM Computation INTRODUCTION 31
SOLUTION OF OUR EASY EXAMPLE/cont’d
Numbers of theElements
Global DOF
with Bounadary Conditions
32
A STATIC SOLUTION OF 2-D BEAM WITH ANSYS
TOPIC:
The topic is to learn basic commands in the ANSYS programme package for an easy static example of a plane
beam.
For our beam (see figure) solve internal forces – axial force N, shearing force Q and bending moment
Mb - normal stress and maximum deflection y. Find out the place of maximum deflection and the
place of maximum normal stress. The cross-section is a steel rectangle with a height of H = 100 mm
and width B = 20 mm. Young's modulus is E = 210 GPa and Poisson's ratio ν = 0,3.
2. Open preprocessor
Y
Z1 X 2 3 4 5
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 2
For numbering, we have to switch "Off" to "On", and in the window with "[/NUM] Numbering
shown with", change to "Colors & Numbers". You can see it in the next figure for Keypoints.
Next command Plot > Keypoints > Keypoints appear Keypoints with numbers.
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Beam > (2D elastic 3)
For our example we are choosing plane beam “BEAM3”. It has three DOF in the starting node as
well as in the ending nodes (displacement in directions X, Y and rotation around Z). Now we open
"Options", (see next figure) and we change the K6 key to "Include output" (we want to get the
internal forces in the results file)
In the window "Real constants for BEAM3" you have to enter the next section characteristics: cross-
section area, second moment of area, height of the section. The ratio for the shearing force influence
is "SHEARZ" (the shearing force is neglected when the value is zero). The SHEARZ parametr for
the rectangular section has a value of 1.2 . Values can be entered into the system through the
"ANSYS Input window", (see next figure), type H=100 and then B=20.
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 3
Notice: You can check typing parameters :Parameters > Scalar Parameters …
Preprocessor > Material Props > (-Constant-) Isotropic > Specify material number 1 > :
Young’s modulus EX 2.1E5 and Poisson’s ratio NUXY 0.3
After this command, lines are divided into a number of elements, but no elements exist yet!
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 4
Y
Z1 X 2 3 4 5
Preprocessor > (-Meshing-) Mesh > Lines > choose "Pick All"
We can choose a method for drawing and numbering elements by Plot Cntrls > Numbering …
see next figure
1Z2X3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344
1
ELEMENTS
The numbering is unnoticed, so we change it from "Colors & numbers" to "Colors only". To draw the
true height of elements: NOV 18 2001
ELEM NUM
09:42:29
Plot Cntrls > Style > Size and Shape … "ESHAPE" put ON and SCALE on 1.
Y
Z X
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 5
ENTER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
1. Analysis type
2. Loading
(-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) Force/Moment > On Keypoints …We must draw
Keypoints (Keypoints) and enter force and moment (see following tables):
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 6
Force and moment:
1
POINTS
JAN 27 2012
Remove POIN
twoNUM 08:32:24
DOF for the joint in place of KP2: UX and UY, in the dark blue figure. Rotation about
axis Z is free. Only one DOF is removed in KP5, namely UY. Constrained displacements are colored
U
light-blue.
Y
Z1 X 2 3 4 5
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 7
For easy choice of loading elements, we draw lines by means of the "LPLO" command. After that we
can choose elements through the selection box. We only enter the pressure value 2 N/mm (=2 kN/m)
into the window. „LKEY“ = 1 do not change.
5. SOLUTION
(-Solve-) Current LS …
The window with the specification of our example is open. We needn’t change anything. The
solution will start by clicking on "OK" in the next window.
The solution will finish with the opening of the small "Solution is done" window.
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
1. Open postprocessor
You can find the maximum deflection on the upper left, but not its location. We will get a better
course of deflection by means of the "Vector Plot"
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 8
Plot Results > (-Vector Plot-) Predefined … > ( DOF solution –Translation U )
To obtain the drawing results we have to create an "ETABLE". In bottom window we have to enter
special commands ( e.g. SMISC,2 ). This is found in the ANSYS manual for BEAM3.
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 9
Axial force in the starting node: SMISC,1 (title NI ), Axial force in the ending node: SMISC,7 (title
NJ ). Shearing force in the starting node: SMISC,2 (title TI ), Shearing force in the ending node:
SMISC,8 (title TJ ). Bending moment in the starting node: SMISC,6 (title MZI ), Bending moment in
the starting node: SMISC,12 (title MZJ ). Max. normal stress (tension+bending) in the starting node
NMISC,1 (title SMAXI), Max. normal stress (tension+bending) in the ending node: NMISC,3 (title
SMAXJ). Min. normal stress (compression+bending) in the starting node: NMISC,2 (title SMINI),
Min. normal stress (compression+bending) in the ending node: NMISC,4 (title SMINJ).
We can see the course of the shearing forces after the command PLLS,TI,TJ,1
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 10
We can see the course of bending moment after the command PLLS,MZI,MZJ,1
We can see the course of the maximum normal stress after the command PLLS,SMAXI,SMAXJ,1
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 11
3. PROGRAMME (macro) for drawing internal forces and stresses BEAM3
! Macros have been created in the internal ANSYS Programme Design Language (APDL)
! by means of using "ETABLE" commands
/POST1 ! open postprocessor
SET,1,1 ! open results of the first loading step
ETABLE,NI,SMISC,1 ! definition of axial force in starting node I
ETABLE,NJ,SMISC,7 ! definition of axial force in ending node J
ETABLE,TI,SMISC,2 ! definition of shearing force in starting node I
ETABLE,TJ,SMISC,8 ! definition of shearing force in ending node J
ETABLE,MZI,SMISC,6 ! definition of bending moment in starting node I
ETABLE,MZJ,SMISC,12 ! definition of bending moment in ending node J
ETABLE,SMAXI,NMISC,1 ! definition of max. normal stress in starting node I
ETABLE,SMAXJ,NMISC,3 ! definition of max. normal stress in ending node J
ETABLE,SMINI,NMISC,2 ! definition of min. normal stress in starting node I
ETABLE,SMINJ,NMISC,4 ! definition of min. normal stress in ending node J
PLLS,NI,NJ ! drawing course of axial forces N on display
/WAIT,8 ! wait 8 sec and looking on display
PLLS,TI,TJ ! drawing course of shearing forces Q on display
/WAIT,8 ! wait 8 sec and looking on display
PLLS,MZI,MZJ ! drawing course of bending moment Mb on display
/WAIT,8 ! wait 8 sec and looking on display
PLLS,SMAXI,SMAXJ ! drawing course of maximum normal stress on display
/WAIT,10 ! wait 10 sec and looking on display
PLLS,SMINI,SMINJ ! drawing course of minimum normal stress on display
/EOF ! macro end
Macros can be created in any text editor using ASCII code with the *.mac extension. It has been saved
in the working directory. Open a macro by typing the title without the extension.
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Static Solution of 2-D Beam with ANSYS 12
3. MODAL ANALYSIS
Modal Analysis 1
Description & Purpose
A modal analysis is a technique used to determine
the vibration characteristics of structures:
1. natural frequencies
2. mode shapes
Modal Analysis 2
Benefits of modal analysis
• Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or
to vibrate at a specified frequency (speaker box,
for example).
• Gives engineers an idea of how the design will
respond to different types of dynamic loads.
• Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps,
etc.) for other dynamic analyses.
Modal Analysis 5
Theory development
• Start with the linear general equation of
motion:
M D K Ft
det K M 0 2
i
This is an eigenvalue problem which may be solved for
up to N eigenvalues i2 and N eigenvectors {0}i where
N is the number of DOF. Modal Analysis 7
Theory development
M 0 i 1
T
0 i
or to unity, where the largest component of the vector
{0}i is set to 1.
Modal Analysis 8
Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
• The square roots of the eigenvalues are i , the
structure’s natural circular frequencies (rad/s).
• Natural frequencies fi can then calculated as
f = /2π (cycles/s)
• The eigenvectors {0}i represent the mode shapes,
i.e. the shape assumed by the structure when
vibrating at frequency fi.
Modal Analysis 9
4. Solution of the Natural Frequencies of a Cantilever Beam Using FEM
A cantilever as shown has a length L, cross-sectional area S, cross-sectional moment of
inertia J, is the material density and Yang's modulus E. Let us consider the so-called
Bernoulli beam vibration (ie, neglecting the effect of shear forces on the deformation and
ignoring the rotary inertia effects). The exact value of its own circular frequencies are
obtained by solving the frequency equation
i2
E. J
1 cos * cosh 0, where to apply its own circular frequency i .
L .S
2
For our beam based 1 = 0.5968. and 2 = 1.4942. , the angular frequency is
r1
L
Now we will proceed to the discretization of the cantilever beam with the aid of the
deformation variant of FEM. To simplify the solution we choose the coarsest possible
discretization for the cantilever and to create one finite element. We will take the known
definition of the stiffness matrix [k] and mass matrix [m] of the bending element,
provided the use of a cubic polynomial approximation for the deflection of the beam. The
matrices have the following form:
12 6 L 12 6 L 156 22L 54 13L
6 L 2 L2 4 L2 13L 3L2
4 L2 LS
k 3 . m
EJ
.
L 12 6 L 420 156 22L
sym. 4 L2 sym. 4 L2
Symbols r1 (deflection) and r2 (rotation) at the end of the bracket indicate the global
deformation parameters (DOF). Since the boundary condition ("enshrine") in the initial
node of the element prevents both deflection and rotation, the numbers of the
corresponding deformation parameters are zero and the rows and columns of the
element's matrices are "not reflected" in the matrices of the resulting beam. The end of
the beam that is our ending node of our finite element is free, therefore the DOF numbers
are 1 and 2 The resulting matrices of our beam will have after the following form after
discretization and the application of boundary conditions:
M 1
0
K 2
1( FEM )
r
, where r1 and r2 are amplitudes of harmonics vibration
r2 0
of the first eigenshape. They are linearly dependent and therefore can only obtain their
ratio at a specified value of deformation parameter, for example, r 1 = 1 r2 = released
1378/L. The shape of the oscillation is shown in Figure 2
r2
r1
Note: When cutting the beam into two finite elements, we get the value of its own
circular frequencies with the following error to the exact solution:
Serial Number of 1. 2. 3. 4.
eigenfrequencies
Error to the 0,07 0,85 21,8 80,4
exact solution %
1
F
EJ
EJ
2
=
STARTING EXAMPLE
1 2 3 {P} ….. Vector of Final Gap
[Q] ..... Identification Matrix (only 0 and 1)
{u} ….. Deformation Parameters in Bending
{P0} {P0} …… Vector of Starting Gap
Detail P1
1 2 3 P P2 Q u P0 0
P
u1 u2 3
1 u3 1 0 0 0 0 0 u1 P0 0
2 P0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
P1
P2 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 u2 P0 0
P3 P (1)
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 u3 P0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
Contacts in FEM 2
STARTING EXAMPLE
If the last equation (1) is valid, then a gaps exists between
beams.
Then it holds generally to the
K u F
classic static matrix equation of FME.
Contacts in FEM 4
PENALTY METHOD
1 F
EJ
EJ
2
Contacts in FEM 5
Stiffness of one beam is cb = F3/3EJ. Stiffness of two beams if they have contact is
1 1 1
C1 Cb Cb
For two beams and artificial spring we get
1 1 1 1
C2 Cb C Cb
For conditions c1 c2 must be
Contacts in FEM 6
PENALTY METHOD - EQUATIONS
Energy of the system: p = ½{u}T[K]{u} - {u}T{F} + ½{P}T[]{P}
= ½{u}T[K]{u} - {u}T{F} + ½{u}T[Q]T[][Q]{u} + {u}T[Q]T[]{P0} + ½{P0}T[K]{P0}
We institute from equation (1) for {P} = [Q]{u} + {P0}
[Kp]{u} = {Fp}
Contacts in FEM 7
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER METHOD
1 F
EJ R21= EJ
2
R12=
Contacts in FEM 8
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER METHOD
Energy of the system: = ½{u}T[K]{u} - {u}T{F} + {}T{P}
= ½{u}T[K]{u} - {u}T{F} + {}T[Q]{u} + {}T{P0}
Again we institute from equation (1) for {P} = [Q]{u} + {P0}
0
0
We get:
[K]{u} = {F}
Q P
9
AUGMENTED LAGRANGE METHOD
Energy of the system: A = ½{u}T[K]{u} - {u}T{F} + {}T{P} + ½{}T[1/]{}
1/ -> compliance [mm/N]
K QT
u F
1
Q P 0
We get:
[K A]{u} = {F}
10
PARTITIONING (SEMIANALYTICAL) METHOD
Energy of the system: S = ½{u}T[K]{u} - {u}T{F} + {}T{P}
F
w1
w3
F
φ4
w7
q φ2 Beam stiffness
w5
k =1.75 10 6 Nmm-1
φ8
φ6
F
w1
w3
F
φ4
w7
q φ2 Beam stiffness
w5
k =1.75 10 6 Nmm-1
φ8
φ6
d 0.1m
l 1m
3 12 EJ 3 6 EJ
l2
0 0 w3 F
S 0.01m 2
l
0
4 6 EJ 3 EJ 2
4 EJ EJ w5 0 6 0
Fl 4 0 Fl 0
J 8.333 10 -6 m 4 w3 l
2 l 4
5 0 3 EJ 0 12 l 32 EJ6 l2 w5 0
EJ
6 0
EJ
6 0 0 6 l2
4 l
= spring stiffness
Contacts in FEM 14
REAL EXAMPLE -> PENALTY METHOD -> RESULTS
Small stiffness = 105 Big stiffness = 107
2q
Beam stiffness k =1.75 10 6 Nmm-1
q
Exact
-w3 solution
5
10
Spring
6
stiffness 10
10
7
F0 2.5F0
F
Spring stiffness
error (%) for
F=2.5F0
(Nmm-1)
Contacts in FEM 15
REAL EXAMPLE -> PENALTY METHOD -> RESULTS
Contacts in FEM 16
EXAMPLE -> AUGMENTED LAGRANGE METHOD -> RESULTS
K QT
u F
1
Q P 0
[Q] => {1 0 -1 0}
{} =>
[1/] => 1/
12 EJ
l3
6 EJl2
0 0 1 w3 F
6 EJ 4 EJl 0 0 0 4 0
l2
0 0 2 EJ 6 EJ
1 w5 0
l3 l2
0 0 6 EJ 4 EJl 0 6 0
l2
1 0 1 0 1 / q
Contacts in FEM 17
EXAMPLE -> AUGMENTED LAGRANGE METHOD -> RESULTS
F Fl 3
q
w3 3EJ
3EJ
3 2
l
Fl 3 q
w3 ( )
6 EJ 2
Contacts in FEM 18
EXAMPLE -> AUGMENTED LAGRANGE METHOD -> RESULTS
Contacts in FEM 19
EASY EXAMPLE -> PARTITIONED METHOD -> RESULTS
first step: solution of contact force [K S]{} = {FS}
= - F /2 + 3/2 .q . EJ/3
w3
2l 2 3l 0 0 F 1
4 0 0
l 3l 6 0 0 1 EJ
w5 2 3
3
F q
6 EJ 0 0 2l 2 3l 0
2
l 1
6 0
0 0 3l 6 0
Contacts in FEM 20
6. FEM - Tool for Buckling Solution
approximation of displacement
u x T a N r (1)
strain-displacement relations
strain energy
d
1
εT
σdV
1 T
r ( B T
CB dV )r r k r. (4)
1 T
2V 2 2
potential of external loading
z u zdV -r ( N zdV) -r f
T T T T
(5)
V V
V V F
F
Y1 Y2
• Intuition Y1>Y2
• Stiffness of tensioned bar is less than compressed bar i.e. influence of
geometric stiffness matrix [[K] + [KG]]
Matrix [ KG ] depends on loading vector { F }. The increasing of loading
vector we can describe as { Fo } i.e. {F} = λ . { Fo } and then real values of [
KG ] is now λ . [ KG ].
The bar element has very easy basic equations. The approximation function can be
a linear i.e. u = b0 + b1ξ, where ξ is a new variable ξ = x/L ( L is lenght of element ).
Equation (1) has a form
r
u 1 1 N r ,
T
(9)
r2
v
r4
r2
r1 r3
Fig. 2
r1
u 1 0 0 r2
u N r .
T
(10)
v 0 1 0 r3
r4
u 1 v
2
x , (11) x E x . (12)
x 2 x
2
AE u 1 v u 2 u v 2 1 v 4
L 2 L
dx AE dx
d
2 0 x 2 x 2 x x x 4 x
0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
1 T AE 0 0 0 1 T N 0 1 0
d r r r r
2 L 1 0 1 0 2 L 0 0 0 0
(13)
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
L , AE
1
2
v2*L, AE
AE 1 1 1 2 F0 2 0
det 0 (14)
2 L 2 1 1 2 2 2L 2 0 0
[K] [KG]
1 AE AE
0 , 2612
1 2 2 F0 F0 (15)
0 0 0 0
0 1
1 v
4
2 0 1
, k GN 3 r2 r4
AE
(16)
4 x 2L 0 0 0 0 .
0 1 0 1
r4 X,u
r2
r5
r1 r3
Z,w
r6
r1
r
2
u 1 0 0 0 0 r3
0 1 3 2 2 3 ( 2 2 3 )L 0 3 2 2 3
( 2 3 )Lr4
w
w
r5
r6
N rr
T
u w 1 w
2 2
x 2 z
x x 2 x (19)
FEM - Tool for Buckling Solution 10
1.5 GEOMETRIC STIFFNESS MATRIX [kGo] OF PLANE FRAME
ELEMENT (bending + tension)
2
E u 2 w 1 w
L 2
d 2 z dA.dx
2 0 A x x 2 x
E u 2 w 2 1 w u 2 w 2 w w u w
L 2 2 4 2 2
2 z 2 z 2 dA.dx
2 0 A x x 4 x x x 2
x x x x
2
EA u EJ 2 w EA u w EA 1 w
L L2 L L 2 4
dx 2 dx dx
2 0 x 2 0 x 2 0 x x 2 0 4 x
0 0 0 0 0 0
6 1 6 1
0 0
5L 10 5L 10
1 2L 1 L
0 0
k G o N 0 100 15 10 30 .
0 0 0 0
0 6
1
0
6
1
5L 10 5L 10
1 L 1 2L
0 0
10 30 10 15
E, J
EJ 6 EJ 6 L
12 L3 2
L 1 5 10 0
2 L2
det
4 EJ
,
6 EJ L L
2
L L 10 15
FEM - Tool for Buckling Solution 13
1.6 GEOMETRIC STIFFNESS MATRIX [kGo] OF PLANE FRAME
ELEMENT (bending + tension)
SIMPLE EXAMPLE
good stowing
λ1 = 31
• Collapse shape
• = 1,32
K R F F Z
T
n,i i
a
n
nr
n ,i n ,i
Zn,i+1
R
Ri Ri+1 Ri+2
R i1 R i R i .
Z
n ,i Z .Z ref and/or R i R .Rref ,k
R1 = 1724 mm
90o
3448
545
74o
R2= 2494 mm
545
3900