Jawahar navodaya Vidyalaya

panchmahal

Topic:- transformer
Prepared by :- Bhavesh patel
Guided by :- mr.v. d. padole
 A ckn o w led gem en t

I take this opportunity to express my sincere

gratitude to the persons who played an
important role in the preparation of my project
Sh.b.prabhakar (principal) of Jawahar
Navodaya Vidhyalaya Vejalpur, PMS, has
provided inducible of making available
facilities for doing work at any time and giving
valuable Advice.I Thank To You to
Mr.V.D.PADOLE(Physics) who is guide me and give
instant inspiration and valuable help to me.

Bhavesh patel

CLASS:-12

(JNV PANCHMAHAL)
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT Bhavesh patel

STUDENT OF CLASS XII, JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA,VEJALPUR HAS COMPLETED THE
PROJECT TITLE ‘REfRaCTIOn Of LIghT’ DURING
THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-2016 TO WARDS
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF CREDIT FOR THE
PHYSICS PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF AISSCE
2016, AND SUBMITTED SATISFACTORY REPORT AS
COMPLIED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES, UNDER MY
SUPERVISION.

TEACHER IN CHARGE PRINCIPAL

 INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Working Principle of Transformer
3. Basic Theory of Transformer
4. Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

5. Main Constructional Parts of Transformer

6. Use of Power Transformer
7. Principle of Transformers
8. Types of Transformers
9. Use of trasformar in daily life
 Transformer
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force across a
conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Commonly,
transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating
current in electric power applications.
Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms
electrical energy from one circuit to another without any direct electrical
connection and with the help of mutual induction between two windings.
It transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its
frequency but may be in different voltage level.

Working Principle of Transformer

The working principle of transformer is very simple. It depends upon

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Actually, mutual induction
between two or more winding is responsible for transformation action in
an electrical transformer.

Basic Theory of Transformer

one winding which is supplied by an alternating electrical source. The
alternating current through the winding produces a continually changing
flux or alternating flux that surrounds the winding. If any other winding
is brought nearer to the previous one, obviously some portion of this flux
will link with the second. As this flux is continually changing in its
amplitude and direction, there must be a change in flux linkage in the
second winding or coil. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, there must be an EMF induced in the second. If the circuit of
the later winding is closed, there must be an current flowing through it.

Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

According to these Faraday's laws,
"Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly
proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil".

Main Constructional Parts of Transformer

The three main parts of a transformer are,

1. Primary Winding of transformer - which produces magnetic flux

when it is connected to electrical source.
2. Magnetic Core of transformer - the magnetic flux produced by the
primary winding, that will pass through this low reluctance path
linked with secondary winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.

3. Secondary Winding of transformer - the flux, produced by primary

winding, passes through the core, will link with the secondary
winding. This winding also wounds on the same core and gives the
desired output of the transformer.
 Use of Power Transformer

Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much

cost effective. Hence electrical power is generated in low voltage
level. Theoretically, this low voltage level power can be
transmitted to the receiving end. But if the voltage level of a
power is increased, the current of the power is reduced which
causes reduction in ohmic or I2R losses in the system, reduction in
cross sectional area of the conductor i.e. reduction in capital cost
of the system and it also improves the voltage regulation of the
system. Because of these, low level power must be stepped up for
efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up
transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As
this high voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers
directly, this must be stepped down to the desired level at the
receiving end with the help of step down transformer. These are
the uses of electrical power transformer in the electrical power
system

Principle of Transformers

A transformer is a device that changes (transforms) and alternating

potential difference (voltage) from one value to another value be it
smaller or greater using the principle of electromagnetic induction.
A transformer consists of a soft iron coil with two coils wound around
it which are not connected to one another. These coils can be wound
either on separate limbs of the iron core or be arranged on top of each
other.
 The coil to which the alternating voltage is supplied is called the
primary coil or primary winding. When an alternating potential
difference is supplied the resulting alternating current in the primary
coil produces a changing magnetic field around it. This changing field
induces an alternating current in the secondary coil. The size of the
induced voltage resulting from the induced current in the secondary
coil depends on the number of turns in the secondary coil.

The relationship between the voltage and the number of turns in each
coil is given by:

Types of Transformers :

Step-up Transformer

On a step-up transformer there are more turns on the secondary coil

than the primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil
is greater than the applied voltage across the primary coil or in other
words the voltage has been “stepped-up”.

Step-down Transformer

A step down transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the
primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is less the
applied voltage across the primary coil or in other words the voltage
is “stepped-down”.Transformers are very efficient. If it is assumed
 that a transformer is 100% efficient (and this is a safe assumption as
transformers may be up to 99% efficient) then the power in the
primary coil has to be equal to the power in the secondary coil, as per
the law of conservation of energy.

Power in primary coil = Power in secondary coil

Remember, power = potential difference x current

Thus,

Primary coil p.d. x primary coil current = Secondary coil p.d. x

secondary coil current
VP x IP = VS x IS

So if the potential difference is stepped up by a transformer then the

current is stepped down by roughly the same ratio. In the case of the
potential being stepped down by the transformer then the current is
stepped up by the same ratio.

The types of transformers differ in the manner in which the primary and
secondary coils are provided around the laminated steel core. According
to the design, transformers can be classified into two:

1. Core- Type Transformer

In core-type transformer, the windings are given to a considerable part
of the core. The coils used for this transformer are form-wound and are
of cylindrical type. Such a type of transformer can be applicable for
small sized and large sized transformers. In the small sized type, the core
will be rectangular in shape and the coils used are cylindrical. The figure
below shows the large sized type. You can see that the round or
cylindrical coils are wound in such a way as to fit over a cruciform core
section. In the case of circular cylindrical coils, they have a fair
advantage of having good mechanical strength. The cylindrical coils will
have different layers and each layer will be insulated from the other with
the help of materials like paper, cloth, micarta board and so on. The
general arrangement of the core-type transformer with respect to the
core is shown below. Both low-voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV)
windings are shown.

Core Type Transformer Cruciform Section

Core Type Transformers

The low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core as it is the easiest
to insulate. The effective core area of the transformer can be reduced
with the use of laminations and insulation.

2. Shell-Type Transformer
In shell-type transformers the core surrounds a considerable portion of
the windings. The comparison is shown in the figure below.

Core Type and Shell Type Transformer Winding

The coils are form-wound but are multi layer disc type usually wound in
the form of pancakes. Paper is used to insulate the different layers of the
multi-layer discs. The whole winding consists of discs stacked with
insulation spaces between the coils. These insulation spaces form the
horizontal cooling and insulating ducts. Such a transformer may have the
shape of a simple rectangle or may also have a distributed form. Both
designs are shown in the figure below:

A strong rigid mechanical bracing must be given to the cores and coils
of the transformers. This will help in minimizing the movement of the
device and also prevents the device from getting any insulation damage.
A transformer with good bracing will not produce any humming noise
during its working and will also reduce vibration.

A special housing platform must be provided for transformers. Usually,

the device is placed in tightly-fitted sheet-metal tanks filled with special
insulating oil. This oil is needed to circulate through the device and cool
the coils. It is also responsible for providing the additional insulation for
the device when it is left in the air.

There may be cases when the smooth tank surface will not be able to
provide the needed cooling area. In such cases, the sides of the tank are
corrugated or assembled with radiators on the sides of the device. The
oil used for cooling purpose must be absolutely free from alkalis,
sulphur and most importantly moisture. Even a small amount of
moistures in the oil will cause a significant change in the insulating
property of the device, as it lessens the dielectric strength of the oil to a
great extent. Mathematically speaking, the presence of about 8 parts of
water in 1 million reduces the insulating quality of the oil to a value that
is not considered standard for use. Thus, the tanks are protected by
sealing them air-tight in smaller units. When large transformers are used,
the air tight method is practically difficult to implement. In such cases,
chambers are provided for the oil to expand and contract as its
temperature increases and decreases. These breathers form a barrier and
resists the atmospheric moisture from contact with oil. Special care must
also be taken to avoid sledging. Sledging occurs when oil decomposes
due to over exposure to oxygen during heating. It results in the
formation of large deposits of dark and heavy matter that clogs the
cooling ducts in the transformer.

The quality, durability and handling of these insulating materials decide

the life of the transformer. All the transformer leads are brought out of
their cases through suitable bushings. There are many designs of these,
their size and construction depending on the voltage of the leads.
Porcelain bushings may be used to insulate the leads, for transformers
that are used in moderate voltages. Oil-filled or capacitive-type bushings
are used for high voltage transformers.

The selection between the core and shell type is made by comparing the
cost because similar characteristics can be obtained from both types.
Most manufacturers prefer to use shell-type transformers for high-
voltage applications or for multi-winding design. When compared to a
core type, the shell type has a longer mean length of coil turn. Other
parameters that are compared for the selection of transformer type are
voltage rating, kilo-volt ampere rating, weight, insulation stress, heat
distribution and so on.

Use Of Trasformar In Daily Life

Power transformer, constant voltage transformer and audio transformer
are few of the foremost helpful of all items in electronic equipment in
our day to day life. During this the foremost important remains to the
facility business. The commonly seen kind of transformer is recognized
as a 3 part pole mounted step down transformer, and such
reasonably transformer is an electrical device used to maneuver energy
from one circuit to a different through the procedure of magnetic
coupling. For this energy movement to require place, no associated
motion of the transformerelements is needed. Additionally, transformers
are sometimes used to exchange energy from high voltage transformer to
low voltage transformer, to alter the impedance or to supply for
electrical isolation among the circuits.
The transformer could be a necessary a part of the facility network and
also the broadcasting of power, and also thetransformer are capable to
supply for a cheap means of transmitting power over the distant
distances needed in today’s world. In fact, it had been the transformer,
which was mainly answerable for power making firms choosing
alternating current for energy generation.
One of the foremost primitive experiments in inventing phone used a
tool referred to as audio frequency transformer. This device, that at the
time was known a replicating coil, played a concerned role within the
invention of the phone. In today’s world the audio
frequency transformer has highly been restored by another advanced
other technology, however it these transformers are nonetheless utilized
in some electronics.
The power of the transformer has positively enhanced our day to day
lives during a variety of most important ways in which, from heating our
homes to lighting our means within the darkest night. Transformers and
also the power lines they attach to own permitted practically everybody
within the country to require pleasure during a steady and dependable
stream of electrical power for his or her electrical devices and their lives.
 Bibliography

01) NCERT TEXT BOOK (12 CLASS)

02) LIBRARY BOOKS
03) REFRENCE BOOK
04) INTERNET