Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Steam boilers
Heat pumps
Technical manual
Heat pumps
The Viessmann Group
D-35107 Allendorf (Eder)
Telephone +49 (0)6452 70-0
Fax +49 (0)6452 70-2780
www.viessmann.com
Table of contents
11 Foreword
12 Introduction
46 B General conditions
84 D System engineering
122 Appendix
142 Production
10/11
Foreword
Climate protection and the provision of Viessmann expects that in the years to come,
futureproof affordable energy are two of heat pumps will play an even greater role in
the most serious challenges of our time. our industry. Firstly, product development
In order to prevent the atmosphere from continues apace. Large heat pumps can
heating up further, emissions of greenhouse cover additional types of buildings and
gases, among them particularly CO2, must be commercial applications. In the lower output
minimised. This can only be achieved through ranges, there is a clear trend towards more
a significant reduction in the consumption of compact solutions that make engineering
fossil fuels. This reduction is unavoidable – and implementation significantly easier. Our
quite apart from efforts to reduce the effects trade partners can be sure that everything
of climate change – because these resources fits together as it should. Secondly, an
are finite. Although supplies will still be increasing number of heating contractors feel
available for the foreseeable future, prices more confident with this technology that is
will continue to rise. Consequently, improving still rather unfamiliar to many. I'm glad that,
energy efficiency and extending the scope of with this technical manual, we can support
renewables are key areas of interest. our trade partners to propel them to even
greater success.
Politicians have determined ambitious goals
for both climate protection and saving energy.
The heating sector, as the largest consumer, Dr Martin Viessmann
can make a substantial contribution to these
aims. It is, therefore, essential that existing
outdated and inefficient heating equipment is
replaced as soon as possible. The technology
required for this is available right now.
Introduction
This manual provides important information concerning the engineering, layout and
operation of heat pump systems. It is intended to be a work of reference as much as a
training manual and consultation guide.
Compared with conventional heat generators, and should not be seen as complete
heat pumps are complex machines that installation instructions. These are found in
require detailed explanation in order to be the product documentation, the appliance-
properly understood, not only by end users, specific technical guides and the Viessmann
but also by heating contractors and design scheme browser.
engineers alike. The basic functions of a boiler Information on practical implementation is
operating with oil, gas or biomass, are fairly only represented in this manual if there are
comprehensible. With heat pumps, however, specific considerations that must be taken
many fail to overcome the paradox that a into account when installing heat pump
"cold" primary source – such as the ground, systems.
groundwater or ambient air – can provide
heat that is useful for heating the interior of All other electronic engineering aids
a building. This manual, therefore, dedicates mentioned in the following chapters, such as
much of its attention to the explanation of the engineering programs, for example, are
the working principles of this fascinating available to Viessmann trade partners from
technology. their sales engineer contacts; alternatively,
they can be downloaded from the internet.
The following illustrations and descriptions
aim to raise the level of understanding of
the workings of the most important heat
pump system components. Consequently,
the diagrams illustrate working principles,
14/15
Generally, we perceive warmth as a feeling Heat pumps are able to raise this energy to a
rather than something quantifiable. We sense useful temperature level.
that a sunny summer's day, or a cosily heated
house in winter is warm and a winter's day or This chapter explains the principles behind
an unheated house is cold. this technology and also describes the
essential components of a heat pump.
Scientifically speaking, however, down to
absolute zero (0 K = -273.15 °C) matter still
contains heating energy.
25 A.3.1 Compressor
28 A.3.2 Expansion valve
29 A.3.3 Heat exchanger
31 A.3.4 Refrigerant
For thousands of years, heat was used mainly Steam engines were known for decades,
to heat interiors, to prepare food and to however, before a proper scientific
smelt metals. understanding of the correlation between
heat and power was attained.
The invention of the steam engine in the
early 18th century brought a further use
that revolutionised the world – it converted
heat into a mechanical force. To this day, our
productivity, mobility and comfort rely on the
exploitation of this principle.
Fig. A.1–1 Newcomen steam engine
16/17
Physical principles
Heating technology in applied situations does not generally have to concern itself with
the physical principles of heat generators.
In most cases it is sufficient to observe the A vessel filled with boiling water, for example,
technical rules in order to ensure reliable will cool down under normal ambient
engineering, installation and commissioning. temperatures until it has reached the same
However, it is useful to take a look at the temperature as the ambient air. Heat pumps
physical correlations, in order to better cannot change this law of physics. Instead,
understand the conditions under which a heat they use a different effect, i.e. energy that is
generator, particularly a heat pump, can be brought into a substance does not only lead
best used. to an increase in temperature, but also to a
change in its aggregated state.
Heat is one form of the inner energy of
matter, or in thermodynamic terms, of a For example, if additional energy is supplied to
system. A heat flux is created where there is the vessel containing boiling water, then it will
the possibility of this energy transferring to evaporate without increasing its temperature.
another substance (a different system). This The amount of energy involved in this change
always flows towards the lower temperature of state is the "secret" with which the heat
and never the other way round, i.e. this flow is pump yields energy at a useful temperature
non-reversible. level from a "cold" heat source.
18/19
Temperature (°C)
processes that take place inside a heat pump. 100
A B C D E
The amount of energy required for evaporating
a liquid differs depending on the substance 93 116 627
Wh/kg Wh/kg Wh/kg
involved – known as evaporation enthalpy. The
evaporation enthalpy is transferred back to
1 Freezing point A Ice D Water + steam
the ambience as condensation heat, when the
2 Boiling point B Water + ice E Steam/vapour
condensing temperature is undershot. Under 3 Saturated steam point C Water
static pressure conditions, the phase changes
are isothermal, i.e. the liquid temperature
Heating 1 litre (kilogram) of water to boiling point
– irrespective of whether liquid or gaseous – requires 116 Wh. A further 627 Wh are required to
remains unchanged. fully evaporate the water (saturated steam point).
Note
Fig. A.2.2–1 shows the four stages of a typical The refrigerant evaporates at low temperatures and in the process absorbs heat. Compression increases the
circular process in a compression heat pump. vapour temperature and the heat is then transferred again through condensation.
A.2 Physical principles
Note
To aid understanding, this circular process can heat, then we are talking about a refrigeration
be illustrated in a pressure/enthalpy diagram machine. Where the utilisation lies on the
The technical term for (Fig. A.2.2–2). This marks off the pressure (p) condensing side, i.e. the transfer of heat,
the energy content in a logarithmically on the Y axis. then we are looking at a heat pump. In
thermodynamic system general, every refrigeration machine can
is enthalpy [h] (Greek: Appliances that employ this process are provide heating and every heat pump can
en = in and thalpein = differentiated according to their use. If the use provide cooling.
to heat). of the appliance lies on the evaporation side,
in other words, involving the extraction of
30 °C
Expansion
ion
10
20 °C
s
10 °C res
mp
Co
5 0°C
4
-10 °C Evaporation
3 1 2
140 °C
100 °C
120 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
-20 °C
Liquid
2
-30 °C
Superheated
Steam/vapour
steam
-40 °C
1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
As part of the heat pump operation, the refrigerant undergoes the following changes in state:
Evaporation
The refrigerant evaporates. The energy required for this (evaporation enthalpy) is extracted from the
environment, e.g. from the outdoor air.
Compression
With the aid of its drive energy, the compressor raises the pressure and thereby the temperature of the
refrigerant vapour. The enthalpy (the energy content) increases.
Condensing
The refrigerant vapour condenses. During this change, the environmental energy that has been absorbed,
plus the drive energy drawn by the compressor, is transferred again.
Expansion
The refrigerant is expanded, in other words the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant are returned into
their original state by means of an expansion valve. The medium can again be evaporated and the process
starts again.
20/21
4 B
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Note
The coefficient of performance (COP) is the This includes the amount of power used by
ratio between the heating output and the pumps, control units, etc. The result is given
At www.viessmann.com power consumption at a single operating as the seasonal performance factor B:
the seasonal performance point. The seasonal performance factor is this
factor calculator is ratio over a period of 12 months. QWP
available to use with ȕ=
WEL
heat pumps. The coefficient of performance is used
to compare heat pumps with regard to ȕ seasonal performance factor
efficiency, yet it is derived from a particular QWP amount of heat in kWh delivered by the
operating point under defined temperature heat pump over the course of a year
conditions. W EL electrical power in kWh supplied to the
heat pump over the course of a year
For engineering purposes (for example, to be
able to specify the consumption costs arising
from using a heat pump), it is necessary For forecasting purposes, the simplified
to consider the system's operation over calculation process according to
the whole year. For this, the heat volume VDI guideline 4650 has become the
transferred over the year is given in relation established norm. The so-called BIN process
to the overall electrical power drawn by the to DIN 18599 is significantly more accurate,
heat pump system over the same period. but also more complicated.
22/23
A.3 Main components
Main components
Excellent heat pump systems are characterised by their efficiency and operational
reliability. This requires the choice of tried and tested components that interact
perfectly – from heat source to heat transfer.
A.3.1 Compressor
Example
5 20
0 5 10 15 20 Seconds
3.46
Heating output (kW)
3.14
3 2.61 12
9.66
8.56
7.21
2 6.42 6.69 8
5.15 Output control via a pressure reducing valve in
4.05
3.13 the compressor is another option.
1 4
1.27
If the solenoid valve opens, the compressor
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 runs without pressure, consequently there
Rotating field frequency (Hz) is no heating output. Subject to the duration
of runtimes, with and without pressure, the
Coefficient of performance Heating output (kW) output can be regulated between 30 % and
100 %.
26/27
2
The maximum temperature that commercially
Environmental heat Heating energy
available refrigerants may reach in the
compression process is currently 135 °C;
1 Evaporator 4 Heat exchanger Liquid
temperatures that are any higher would 2 Scroll compressor 5 Expansion valve Gaseous
damage the compressor. With Enhanced 3 Condenser 6 Expansion valve
Vapour Injection (EVI), the compressed
refrigerant vapour is cooled. This happens
Some of the refrigerant is used downstream of the condenser (3) in order to generate vapour with the aid of
at a point where compression has been an additional heat exchanger (4) and an additional expansion valve (5). This vapour is then injected directly
approximately two thirds completed into the compressor (2). This happens at a point where compression has been approximately two thirds
(see Fig. A.3.1–4 and Fig. A.3.1–5). completed. EVI cools the refrigerant vapour that has been compressed up to this point.
10°C achieved.
es
pr
5 0°C
m
4
Co
-10°C
3
140°C
100 °C
120 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
-20°C 1 2
Liquid
2 Evaporation
-30°C
Superheated
Steam/vapour
steam
-40°C
1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Heat pump without EVI Heat pump with EVI Heat pump without EVI
A.3 Main components
Fig. A.3.2–1 Thermostatic expansion valve Fig. A.3.2–2 Electronic expansion valve
The thermostatic expansion
valve is hydraulically regulated 2 4
via a capillary tube.
1 1 2
In the heat pump circuit, the expansion The thermostatic expansion valve is a
valve has the job of expanding, i.e. reducing temperature-controlled valve. It captures
the pressure of the liquid refrigerant post the temperature of the suction line to the
heat transfer to the heating system, when compressor and regulates the refrigerant
the refrigerant is still under high pressure. metering into the evaporator accordingly.
Consequently, the refrigerant is used in a
state that enables the renewed absorption of
environmental heat. In order to prevent liquid A.3.2.2 Electronic expansion valve
from entering the compressor, the expansion
valve regulates the amount of refrigerant The electronic expansion valve captures
(refrigerant mass flow rate) so that only as the temperature, as well as the pressure,
much refrigerant enters the evaporator as can upstream of the compressor. An electric
be fully evaporated there. The valve ensures servomotor inside the expansion valve
that only superheated vapour enters the enables fast and precise control of the
compressor. refrigerant mass flow rate, resulting in the
superheating (in Kelvin) being able to be
Fluctuations in the source temperature and held constant across the entire range of the
output necessitate the use of a regulated compressor output.
expansion valve, since the pressure within the
refrigerant circuit and consequently also the Thermostatic expansion valves, on the
required temperature changes upstream of other hand, only achieve the minimum
the compressor. required superheating at their design point;
superheating in all other operating points will
be higher.
6 A
4 Electronic expansion valve The electronic expansion valve quickly and accurately
Thermostatic expansion valve controls the refrigerant mass flow rate, keeping superheating
2
constant across the entire output range.
A Design point The thermostatic expansion valve only achieves optimum
0
-20 -10 0 +10
superheating at the design point – at all other operating
Source temperature (°C)
points superheating will be too high.
28/29
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
°C
The thermographies illustrate the effect of the refrigerant distributor. Without it (left), refrigerant could "shoot through", resulting in an uneven flow through the heat exchanger.
An even flow pattern is achieved with the refrigerant distributor (right).
A.3 Main components
A.3.3.2 Condenser
A.3.4 Refrigerant
Example Note
The refrigerant draws heating energy from
the heat source (air, ground or water) during The organic refrigerant pentafluoroethane:
evaporation and transports it to the consumer, To be "halogenated"
where it condenses again. Energy is always means that a molecule
available in these phase changes. Purely contains not only carbon,
theoretically, though, any substance can be but halogens, too, in other
thought of as a refrigerant. words fluorine, chlorine,
bromine or iodine. This
However, a refrigerant suitable for heat pumps This molecule consists of two carbon atoms (C), one may be as complete (fully
must possess some special properties, i.e. it hydrogen atom (H) and five fluorine atoms (F). halogenated) or as partial
should have as low a boiling point as possible, The sum formula for this compound (partially halogenated)
a low evaporation volume and a high cooling is therefore C 2HF5 (R-125). compounds.
capacity, relative to its volume. In addition, Partially halogenated
it must not be corrosive to the components hydrocarbons also include
and lubricants employed, if possible it should hydrogen. The risk they
be non-poisonous, non-explosive and non- All refrigerants that have a numbered pose to the environment
flammable. Effects on the ozone layer (ODP = sequence following the letter "R" starting with (GWP) is substantially
Ozone Depletion Potential) and its greenhouse a "4" are mixtures of different refrigerants lower than that of
effect (GWP = Global Warming Potential) that are not designated in accordance with fully halogenated, or
should be as low as possible. the system described above. Mixtures are saturated, hydrocarbons.
characterised by particularly good physical Hydrocarbons that are
Partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons properties and very favourable environmental free of chlorine pose no
(H-CFC) best meet these requirements, characteristics. Selection of the optimum risk to the ozone layer, in
and so are generally used in heat pumps. refrigerant depends on the operating other words their ODP
Apart from synthesised refrigerants, natural conditions of the heat pump, in other words, is zero.
refrigerants, such as CO2, propane or butane on the source and target temperature.
are also used in some applications. Since the
latter two substances are explosive, their
use would place high demands on the safety
equipment.
0
"Ground" here, refers to the top layer of
1 February 1 August
the ground, which represents a stable heat
source. For example, the temperatures at two
1 May 1 November
metres below ground are relatively constant 5
throughout the year, i.e. between 7 °C and
Depth (m)
13 °C.
10
Energy is recovered with the help of a heat
exchanger that is laid in an area near the
building to be heated. A heat transfer medium
(brine) – a mixture of water and antifreeze – 15
courses through a geothermal collector that
spreads out over a large horizontal area or
18
through vertically sunk geothermal probes, 0 5 10 15 20
and absorbs the heat stored in the ground and Temperature (°C)
With a geothermal collector, plastic pipes are with deep roots should be not be grown near
buried under ground at a depth of between geothermal collectors.
1.2 and 1.5 m. At this depth, the temperature
over the whole year is sufficiently stable – the
slightly higher amount of heat at lower levels
could not justify the additional construction
effort (nor the resulting financial outlay).
2
Major earthworks are required for installing
geothermal collectors at a depth greater 3
4
than 1 m. Installing geothermal probes,
on the other hand, can be accomplished
in only a few hours using modern drilling
equipment. Arrangement and drilling depth
are vital factors when installing systems with
geothermal probes. Consequently, geologists, 1 Geothermal probes
2 Brine distributor
or specialist drilling contractors with the 1
3 Brine circuit pump
corresponding level of expertise, undertake
4 Brine/water heat pump
the installation of geothermal probes.
Furthermore, an extraction capacity can be
contractually agreed with these specialist
contractors. Packs that offer heat pump
and drilling from a single source promise a
high degree of engineering security with
guaranteed extraction rate.
Standard values
Poor ground (dry sediment) 20 W/m
Normal solid rock subsoil and water-saturated sediment 50 W/m
Solid rock with high thermal conductivity 70 W/m
Individual rocks
Gravel, sand, dry < 20 W/m
Gravel, sand, aquiferous 55 – 65 W/m
Clay, loam, damp 30 – 40 W/m
Limestone (solid) 45 – 60 W/m
Sandstone 55 – 65 W/m
Acidic magmatite (e.g. granite) 55 – 70 W/m
Basic magmatite (e.g. basalt) 35 – 55 W/m
Gneiss 60 – 70 W/m
36/37
3
Water is also a highly suitable heat source
for heat pumps. Even on cold winter
days, groundwater maintains a constant
temperature of between 7 °C and 12 °C. In 4 5
1 2
order to use groundwater for a heat pump, it
must be extracted through a supply well and
transported to the evaporator of a water/water
heat pump. The cooled water is then routed
1 Return well
through a return well.
2 Supply well with suction pump
3 Intermediate circuit heat exchanger
Surface water, too, may be used as a heat 4 Intermediate circuit circulation pump
source, although it should be noted that the 5 Water/water heat pump
Where water, air and the ground are not example. The principle is always the same,
available as immediate heat sources, cylinder i.e. the chain "gaseous to liquid" within the
methods can be deployed as a primary source heat pump is extended by the link "liquid to
to utilise the phase change. solid" on the source side.
2 3
100
1
0
A B C D E
93 116 627
Wh/kg Wh/kg Wh/kg
In previous chapters, types of heat pump This chapter describes heat pumps that drive
were described that utilise the phase change liquids out of solutions or solid bodies utilising
from the liquid to the gaseous state. However, environmental energy.
there are further state variables, the change
of which is connected with deployment
of energy, which make them available for
heat pumps.
3
4
1 7
6
Heating
energy
Environmental heat
Evaporation
The refrigerant (conventionally ammonia) is evaporated whilst environmental energy
is absorbed (1).
Absorption
The refrigerant vapour flows into the absorber (3), where it is absorbed by a solvent
(generally water). This condensation generates heat – it is transferred to the heating system
by means of a heat exchanger.
Thermal compression
The combination of materials of refrigerant and solvent created in the absorber, is
transported by the solvent pump (5) to the generator, also known as the "thermal
compressor" (6). Both parts of the combination of materials have different boiling points –
the dissolved refrigerant has the lower boiling point. The dissolved refrigerant is now driven
out or evaporated with the aid of heat supplied or through a gas burner.
Condensing (I)
The liquid solvent separated in the generator and which is under high pressure, is returned
to the absorber via an expansion valve (4). Here, solvent and refrigerant vapour meet and
condense whilst transferring heat.
Condensing (II)
The refrigerant vapour, which also features high pressure and temperature levels, flows into
the condenser (7) and transfers its condensation heat to the heating system.
Expansion
An expansion valve (2) expands (depressurises) the liquid refrigerant to its original
pressure and temperature level in order to be able to be evaporated again whilst absorbing
environmental heat.
44/45
The adsorption heat pump operates with Just like the absorption heat pump described
solid matter, such as active charcoal, silica gel in Fig. A.5.2–1, this type, too, has been in
(glass-like silicate) or zeolite, for example. The use as a refrigeration machine in the higher
mineral, zeolite, has the property of attracting output range for some time. The application
water vapour, to bind itself to same (to for heating detached houses and two-family
adsorb) and in the process to give off heat in houses is currently under development. The
the temperature range up to approx. 300 °C. technical effort is comparatively high due to
This is described as exothermic reaction. the need for a vacuum.
Steam/Vapour
Condensing
In this phase, that heat exchanger acts as a condenser. It transfers the heat
Heat transfer
that is released through condensing the water vapour to the heating system.
2 to the heating
system Heat supply ends when the zeolite has reached the required level of
dryness. The bound water is fully evaporated and condensed on the second
heat exchanger.
B General conditions
Before investing in a heat pump system, customers are sure to want to go through a
proper consultation phase. To advise them successfully, a simple understanding of how
the appliance works is no longer enough – greater expertise is required.
Today, many factors influence the decision generators, questions about the availability
as to whether to invest in the potential this and affordability of the electricity required to
new type of heating system has to offer. power the compressor remain deep areas
How futureproof is the decision for a certain of concern.
type of fuel? Does the system meet all
statutory requirements? Is the investment This chapter deals with the factors that are
worthwhile when it comes to the expected crucial for assessing the feasibility of using
operating costs? heat pumps.
from conventional combustion technology and The primary energy factor has been reduced
solar thermal systems. twice since the introduction of the Energy
Saving Ordinance (EnEV) in 2000, in other
The power consumption of heat pumps words, it has been adjusted to the average
is, nevertheless, frequently used as a power generating structure in Germany.
blanket argument against this technology; This reflects increasing efficiencies in
consequently a detailed consideration of this generation, but it largely indicates the
subject is appropriate. increasing proportion of power generated
from renewables.
Two factors are, therefore, highly relevant
when assessing the energy facts concerning The constantly increasing proportion of power
heat pumps and their comparability with generated from renewable sources of primary
alternative heat generators: energy in the power mix will continue to lower
the primary energy factor, that is, it will make
What is the ratio between expended heat pump operation more "green".
power and the heating energy yielded from
its deployment (seasonal performance
factor)?
How is the electricity used to be assessed
from an energy point of view?
The power supply system in Germany is one Heat pumps consume most power during the
of the most reliable in the world. The high heating season. This makes for an excellent
security of supply is, therefore, a relevant "fit" between the heat pump demand profile
variable for the decision making process that (relative to the required amount of electricity)
speaks for or against the use of a heat pump – and the generation profile of wind power
not least because the operation of most other systems, for example.
heat generators in buildings also depends on
electrical power (pumps, controllers, etc.). For heat pumps to find wider acceptance it
is relevant whether their operation further
In the endeavour to expand the application of increases load peaks in the grid or whether
heat pump technology it is important that a the system can be regulated so that it can be
reliable, sustainable and affordable supply of supplied with power at times of low demand.
electricity can be assured in the long term.
Fig. B.1.2–1 Monthly proportions of the annual consumption of power and heat (EFH sector)
More and more heat pumps are
used as heat generators, 20 12
15 10
10 8
5 6
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Heat Power
Fig. B.1.2–2 Power from wind generation fed into the grid over the year
The growing proportion of wind
energy in power generation makes
15
the use of heat pumps for
generating heat ever more
Proportion of annual generation (%)
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
B.1 "Electrical power" as the driving energy
50
25
0
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00
Time of day
52/53
Fig. B.1.4–2 Monthly proportion of the annual heat consumption and PV power generation
The more the power grid, advances, the
better the it will be able to absorb seasonal
20 20
Proportion of annual PV power generation (%)
5 5
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1%
Within the context of the utilisation of
electricity in heat pumps, the question
8%
frequently arises as to whether the use of 10 %
22 %
power would not be more sensible in other 11 % 16 %
energy sectors, in other words whether –
ecologically speaking – better effects could 2010 12 % 2050 50 %
Fig. B.2.1–1 Heating energy demand in buildings (standard for the year of construction)
B.2.1 Heat pumps in the EnEV
250
In 2002, [in Germany] previously applicable
regulations on thermal insulation and system 200
engineering were brought together under the
0
The reduction of the "primary energy demand" 1900 1950 2000 2050
factor results in increasing demands made
Year of build
of buildings and the efficiency of heating
systems. The energy performance certificate Contemporary residential buildings have clearly improved when it comes to their heat demand – and progress
of a building (see Fig. B.2.1–2) illustrates here will not stop.
this clearly.
The primary energy demand of a building, according to paras. 16 ff. Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) [Germany]
factor EnEV 2009 Actual value, building 51.58 kW h/(m2 ·a) Actual value HT’, building 0.29 W /(m2 K)
EnEV requirement 73.33 kW h/(m2 ·a) EnEV requirement value HT’ 0.40 W /(m2 K)
Power 2.6
Environmental energy Other details
(solar energy, 0.0 Applicability of alternative energy supply systems:
environmental heat, ...) Checked according to para. 5 EnEV prior to 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 > 400
commencement of construction
Alternative energy supply systems are used for the following:
ise lly
rn lly
ing
g
se
e
ern ally
Heating DHW
d
din
us
de tica
ou
de tic
ise
d
d
d
ho
ise
tia e
od etic
uil
uil
e
dh
mo e
Ventilation Cooling
en rag
mo erg
ly nerg
ve
n
b
lb
ll m erg
he
r
sid Ave
nt
ssi
Cooling concept
tac
nt e e
me
we en
Pa
tia g
de
sta us
art
DH
Ventilation by:
i
y
ial
sta ild
ub ho
l
w
ap
l
Re
ub bu
Ne
n
t s nt
Ne
no ach
4)
Ventilation system without heat recovery
no tme
t
De
ar
1) Voluntary details. 2) To be completed only for new build and modernisation. 3) Poss. incl. cooling. 4) DH – detached house, MFH – apartment building.
Boiler
Yields/Gains
Transmission
and ventilation
losses
Losses from
generation, Losses through
transformation, system equipment Calculation of the primary energy demand
transportation, ...
of heat pumps in buildings
Example
eH,g heat pump expenditure of energy value
EnEV certificate when heating with a heat pump: ȕWP heat pump seasonal performance factor
Miscellaneous:
Primary energy Qp = (heat demand Qh + DHW Qw ) * expenditure of energy value e P + cooling energy Q
P,C In connection with calculating the
Primary energy demand Heat demand Domestic hot water Energy expenditure Cooling seasonal performance factor, DIN 4701-10
value energy
differentiates according to heat pump type
10,811 kWh/a 11,398 kWh/a 4043 kWh/a - kWh/a
and takes the energy demand of additional
33.43 kWh/(m²a) 35.24 kWh/(m²a) 12.50 kWh/(m²a) 0.70 - kWh/(m²a)
auxiliary drives into account, such as the
10.70 kWh/(m³a) 11.28 kWh/(m³a) 4.00 kWh/(m³a) - kWh/(m³a)
brine pump, for example. Further system-
1. Check maximum transmission heat loss specific correction factors are included.
HT' = 0.26 W/(m²K) ≤ HT'max = 0.40 W/(m²K) When engineering a heat pump system, it is
No closer HT' check required
not necessary to calculate the expenditure
2. Check maximum primary energy demand of energy value in isolation, as significant
Qp = 33.43 kWh/(m²a) ≤ Qp,max = 70.63 kWh/(m²a) data is stored in the corresponding
No closer Qp check required
programs developed for the EnEV certificate
(see chapter D.3.2).
58/59
Economic considerations
In addition to the undisputed positive ecological effects of a well sized
heat pump system, economic benefits also weigh in their favour.
Example
It is recommended to draw on an established
Sample calculations from the
procedure, such as that in VDI 2067, when Comparison of operating costs and economy
Viessmann heat pump
taking an overall look at the efficiency of a
Project details engineering program
heating system. This ensures that all factors
New build, located in: Brandenburg, heat demand Vitodesk 200
that are required for the correct calculation are
6 kW, central heating (underfloor heating system)
taken into account.
and domestic hot water
maintenance costs, too, are low. Heat pump (incl. probe) €17,906
Different heat pump types are able to utilise water is available as a heat source. Air/water
various primary sources. The decision as to heat pumps utilise outdoor air or extract air as
which heat source is most suitable depends a primary source.
on local conditions.
The following applies in every case – only
Brine/water heat pumps use the ground as careful engineering and sizing of the primary
primary energy source, either by deploying source can provide the basis for an efficient
geothermal collectors or geothermal probes. heat pump system.
Water/water heat pumps are used where
73 C.2.1 Groundwater
75 C.2.2 Coolant
The engineering of the heat sources is geothermal collector (m2). These permit the
generally oriented on the extraction rate of respectively required pipe lengths for the
the relevant subsoil. For this, the cooling actual heat exchanger (subsoil/brine) and
capacity of the heat pump, not its heating associated connection lines to be derived.
output, is taken as the reference variable. The pressure drop calculation that builds on
Relevant details can be found in the this data, as well as the sizing of the primary
appliance datasheets. circuit pump, follow conventional rules of
heating technology.
The calculation then results either in the
required probe length (m) or the area of the
64/65
2 3 3 4
2
1
1 Geothermal probes
1 Geothermal collector 2 Brine distributor
2 Brine circuit pump 3 Brine circuit pump
3 Brine/water heat pump 4 Brine/water heat pump
Generally, plastic pipes (PE 80 or PE 100) are For the wall thickness, which is crucial for
used as probes and geothermal collectors. pressure resistance, the SDR (Standard
For the calculation, the outside diameters are Dimension Ratio) factor is also used for plastic
of primary importance as it is from these that pipes. This denotes the ratio between outside
the exchanger surface area and consequently diameter and wall thickness.
the transfer rate of the pipe are derived.
DA
The internal diameter, from which content SDR =
S
and pressure drop are derived, results from
the following: SDR Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR value)
DA external diameter in mm
S wall thickness in mm
DI = DA – 2 · S
DI internal diameter in mm The lower the SDR value, the more pressure-
DA external diameter in mm resistant the pipe. The DN details that
S wall thickness in mm generally refer to the internal diameter, is
a standard determination and refers to an
average wall thickness.
an even flow rate through every probe, VDI 4640 Part 2 provides standard values
from three probes upwards, the use of for possible extraction rates for geothermal
a probe manifold with control valves collectors relative to three different soil types
to provide the possibility of hydraulic (see Fig. C.1.1–4).
balancing,
a low pressure drop across the entire The clearances between pipe runs are set for
probe system (affects the required the determination of the specific pipe length,
electrical pump rate of the primary pump), so that a complete freezing over of the subsoil
the material used and the heat transfer is prevented. Maintaining these clearances
medium must be compatible with ensures that the layers of ice that form around
each other. the pipes cannot "join" together.
Pressure drop and brine pump size can be For PE pipes with diameter DA 20 (DN 15) the
calculated if the pipe lengths are known recommended clearance is 30 cm, resulting
(see chapter C.1.3). in a specific pipe length of 3 m of pipe per
square metre of geothermal collector area
(= 3 m/m2).
For the area around Kassel (climatic zone 7 to Data for the compact heat pump
In addition, it provides DIN 4710), the BDH Code of Practice no. 43 Vitocal 333-G BWT 108
values for geothermal provides values for the maximum area-specific
Heating output: 7.8 kW (at B 0 °C / W 35 °C)
collectors with DA 32 extraction rate (qE) for various clearances between
Cooling capacity: 6.3 kW (at B 0 °C / W 35 °C)
pipework – in practical pipe runs and different types of soil.
Brine content: 3.9 l
applications, however,
Mono mode operation (1800 h)
this size of pipe is
Calculated extraction rate for the location (sand):
hardly ever used, as it is 40
25 W/m2
extraordinarily difficult
to lay. 35
This enables the required total surface area of the
geothermal collector to be determined:
30
Q K = 6300 W
W/m2
25
qE = 25 W/m2
FE = 6300 W / 25 W/m2
20
10
A PE pipe 25 x 2.3 (DA 25) is selected for the
pipework.
5
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
At a maximum length of 100 m and a clearance
Pipe clearance (m)
between pipe runs of 0.5 m (= specific pipe length
Sand DA 20 of 2 m/m2), the following number of required pipe
Loam DA 25
circles/loops results for DA 25 (DN 20):
Silt
Sandy clay
250 m2 · 2 m/m2
NRK =
100 m
Note
C.1.2 Heat transfer medium
VR = V VL + VEK + V WP
25 x 2.3 25 20 0.327
V EK = 5 · 100 m · 0.327 l/m
32 x 3.0 (2.9) 32 25 0.531
V VL = 10 m · 0.531 l/m
40 x 2.3 0.984
40 32 V WP = 3.9 l
40 x 3.7 0.835
50 x 2.9 1.595 V R = 5 · 100 m · 0.327 l/m + 10 m · 0.531 l/m + 3.9 l
50 40
50 x 4.6 1.308
The pipework contains 172.71 l.
63 x 3.6 2.445
63 50
63 x 5.8 2.070
C.1 Brine/water heat pumps
Apart from the system temperature in the The total pressure drop results from adding
secondary circuit, sizing the heat source the pressure drop in the supply line and the
system, including the pipework, is vital for pressure drop in a parallel pipe circuit.
the efficiency of the heat pump system – this
concerns primarily the selection of the flow
Δp = Δpsupply line + Δppipe circuit
rate in the primary circuit.
Δp total pressure drop in mbar
The lower the temperature differential in Δpsupply line pressure drop in the supply line
the brine circuit, the higher the source in mbar
temperature at the evaporator – which in turn Δppipe circuit pressure drop in the pipe circuit
increases the machine efficiency. For probes in mbar
and geothermal collectors, a temperature
differential of 3 K is recommended when
calculating the flow rate; up to 5 K is
Example
permissible.
The total flow rate in the brine circuit is 1160 l/h.
At 3 K, a mixture of 85 % water and 15 % With 5 pipe circles (parallel) of 100 m each PE pipe
glycol and a flow rate in the brine circuit of 25 x 2.3 (DA 25), the flow rate is therefore
184 l/h per kW result. 1160/5 = 232 l/h
C.2.1 Groundwater
Refrigerant
B Water
A Contamination
B Ice formation
Water Brine
6 °C 4 °C
74/75
4 5 6
The available amount of water must
correspond at least to the minimum
flow rate.
Avoid maximum primary temperatures in
excess of 25 °C. This can be governed by
1 Overflow 4 Primary pump
means of a hold-down controller.
2 Water container 5 Intermediate circuit heat exchanger
In this case, too, the use of an 3 Motorised valve 6 Intermediate circulation pump
intermediate circuit is recommended. with hold down control 7 Heat pump
The temperature in the primary circuit must be limited when using coolant as a heat source.
C.3 Air/water heat pumps
C.3.2 Sizing/engineering
C.3.2.1 Heat pump output When selecting a suitable heat pump, initially
the model, the output of which lies below
When using air as a heat source, observe the heat load of the building, will be chosen.
that the heat pump heating output increases A simulation determines the proportion of
with rising outside temperatures and drops reheating of the required annual heat load.
with falling outside temperatures. Mono DIN EN 15450 limits electrical reheating to a
mode operation would consequently require maximum of 5 %. If the result lies below that
very large systems. This in turn would value, that heat pump can continue to be used
mean that the heat pump was oversized for planning purposes.
for the majority of its runtime. As a result, A simulation program assists in the calculation
air source heat pumps are predominantly
operated in dual mode. The dual mode point
Example
should be between –3 °C and –10 °C outside
temperature so that the heat pump can cover Heat load of the building: 15 kW
the largest possible proportion of the annual Standard outside temperature: –14 °C
heat load (see chapter D). System temperatures: 45/35 °C
Example
32
This formula is rearranged as follows in order
to calculate the maximum flow rate:
28
24 =
c · Δt
20
Building
heat load
15 kW
16
4kW 12 Example
4
For the connection lines, this means:
0 Heat pump output: 26 kW
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
Air temperature in °C Spread: 10 K
Design temperature -14 °C Heating limit temperature
= 26,000 W
c = 1.16 Wh/(kg·K)
Heating output Pheating Δt = 10 K
Power consumption, Pelectr.
THV = 35 °C
THV = 45 °C 26,000 W
= = 2241 l/h
THV = 65 °C 1.16 Wh/(kg·K) · 10 K
THV Heating water flow temperature
The pipework must be sized for a flow rate of
2200 l/h.
Note
In order to assess the acoustic implications of The directivity, Q, takes the spacial radiation
the heat pump installation site, the expected conditions at the source of sound into
A precise sound sound pressure level on rooms requiring consideration. If the source of sound is placed
immissions prognosis protection must be calculated. in a completely unobstructed room, sound
must be produced (consult waves propagate in the air in every direction
an acoustic engineer) if the The following formula enables the estimation equally in the shape of a sphere. In this case,
heat pump sound pressure of the sound pressure level derived from the directivity Q = 1.
level as estimated from the sound power level of the appliance,
the table differs by more the installation location and the respective If the source of sound is floorstanding, the
than 3 dB(A) from the distance from rooms requiring protection: sound waves can only propagate in the form
permissible standard value of semi spheres; the directivity, Q, is then 2.
given by the TA Lärm.
Q The tighter the radiation angle (quarter-space,
LP = LW + 10 · log ( ) eighth-space), the higher the directivity and
4 · π · r2
sound level at the receiver.
LP sound pressure level at the receiver
(standard value to TA Lärm) The sound pressure level at the room to be
LW sound power level at the source of sound protected therefore reduces (starting with the
(details from the datasheet) actual sound power level at the appliance)
Q directivity subject to distance and directivity.
r distance between receiver and source
of sound
Q=2 Q=4
Directivity Q
Example
Viessmann controllers offer an optional night
Selected heat pump 14 kW setback. If this parameter is set, the sound
power level for fan stage 2 can be assumed.
The siting on a building wall results in directivity Q 4.
The building is situated in a general residential area
The table in Fig. C.3.3–4 or the Viessmann
in accordance with a local building plan. Here, the
system sizing aid can be used
permissible standard immission value at the receiver
(see Fig. C.3.3–5) to provide an easy
during daytime is 55 dB(A) and at night 40 dB(A).
determination of the sound pressure level and
Sound power according to datasheet: the required minimum clearances.
Daytime
The sound pressure level reduces by 5 dB(A)
at 1 m distance
At night
The sound pressure level reduces by 19 dB(A)
at 5 m distance
D
For internally sited air/water heat pumps, the
A
outdoor air required as heat source is routed
to the heat pump via a duct system. It is
therefore necessary to carry out a pressure
B
drop calculation for the duct system.
Δp < Δpavail
C
A Light well
Δp = ∑ Δp1 + ∑ Δp2 + ∑ Δp3
B Sound-absorbing
∑ Δp1 total of individual pressure drop values,
external casing
C Ground level grating
wall outlet
D Perforated deflector ∑ Δp2 total of individual pressure drop values,
B
(only required for light wells 90° bend
A with an angled transition ∑ Δp3 total of individual pressure drop values,
from the floor to the wall)
weather grille
E Grille (to protect against small animals)
F Wall outlet, air duct
Example
Δp < Δpverf
D System engineering
Whilst the previous chapter considered the different energy sources available for use
with heat pumps, this chapter turns its attention to the way that heat pumps interact
with other components. Only carefully devised planning and engineering turns efficient
appliances into efficient systems.
In building services, efficiency is achieved This chapter provides design engineers and
through optimum interaction between all heating system installers with information that
components employed. Given this pre- is important for the correct selection of
requisite, it is essential that the engineering appliances and determination of conditions, in
and layout of a heating system meet the three order to be able to significantly influence the
following requirements: user convenience, efficiency of the overall system on the heat
reliable operation and the lowest possible use transfer side. At the end of this chapter
of primary and auxiliary energy. Viessmann engineering aids for trade partners
are explained in full.
Operating modes
Subject to the required application and the associated temperature, heat pumps can
operate in different ways, as individual appliances or in combination with additional
heat sources.
The efficiency of the heat pump is essentially be used efficiently if their integration into the
dependent on the downstream system and system as a whole is clearly determined at the
the maximum necessary flow temperature. planning stage.
In new buildings, the downstream system
can be designed from the start to operate A heat pump can be operated in mono or
efficiently with low system temperatures (e.g. dual mode. For dual mode operation, we
area heating systems). However, systems differentiate between alternative, parallel and
in modernisation projects are frequently partially parallel operating modes.
encountered that can only be matched to
a sole heat pump operation with some
difficulty, or that have a very high heat
demand. Nevertheless, heat pumps can still
86/87
The heat pump covers the entire heat load Apart from the heat pump, a second heat
of the building and the DHW heating, as sole source is essential – this provides either a
heat generator. For this, the maximum system proportion of the required heating output
temperature must be below the maximum or a necessary higher system temperature.
flow temperature that the heat pump If the second heat source is an electric
can achieve. booster heater (for example a heater rod or
an instantaneous heating water heater), it is
referred to as "mono energetic operation".
20 20
A B
0 0
-10 0 +10 +20 -10 0 +10 +20
Outside temperature (°C) Outside temperature (°C)
Up to the dual mode point, the heat pump The heat pump operates in parallel to the
covers the heat load of the building on its own second heat generator until the maximum
and then passes the entire heat generation flow temperature has been reached and then
to the second heat generator. From this dual shuts down.
mode point onwards, the heat pump remains
switched off. The second heat generator The second heat generator is sized for
can cover the entire heat load at the required the entire heat load, the same as with
temperature levels. In this operating mode the the alternative operating mode. With this
heat source will be sized with reference to the operating mode, the heat source must be
heat pump output. sized with reference to the entire heat pump
heating output.
D.1.2.3 Partially parallel operating mode The heat pump coverage is specified by
DIN 4701-10 and also acts as basis for
Up to dual mode point, the heat pump covers calculation in the VDI 4650 (see Fig. D.1.2–4).
the entire heat load of the building. Below
the dual mode point, a second heat generator
will be started in addition to the heat pump.
Fig. D.1.2–4 Heat pump rate of coverage (extract from DIN 4701 Part 10)
Proportion of coverage of a system
operated in dual mode subject to
the dual mode point, output Dual mode point [°C] -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3
proportion and heat pump
Output portion [-] 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.58 0.54 0.50
operating mode.
Coverage [-] 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96
for dual mode parallel operation
Coverage [-] 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.87 0.83
for dual mode alternative operation
Heat pumps are predominantly used in D.1.3.1 Cascade systems with the same
detached and two-family houses. Generally, temperature level
this output range can be covered by standard
products. However, the market for higher Cascade systems can be designed so that the
heating outputs is growing, as employed intermittent output demands can be satisfied
in apartment buildings, municipal facilities in stages, i.e. through individual modules
and the industrial sector, for example. Here, with different output ratings. The cascade
heat pumps are used to cover the heating controller starts individual modules subject to
and DHW demand, as well as for cooling the output demand of the building. Generally,
the building. the common return temperature serves as the
"control variable".
Standard and bespoke heat pumps are
available for these purposes. In order for
standard heat pumps to be able to deliver D.1.3.2 Cascade systems with different
higher heating outputs efficiently, smaller temperature levels
units are often assembled into cascaded
systems. Systems with simultaneously different
temperature demands can also be supplied
A cascade is comprised of several modules efficiently by means of a cascade system.
and offers crucial benefits, e.g. individual If, in an apartment building, there is a
modules can be handled more easily simultaneous demand for DHW and central
during the building phase and thus enable heating, a high temperature heat pump with a
a more flexible engineering of systems. flow temperature of 70 °C can heat the DHW
This facilitates the joining of modules with cylinder to 60 °C, whilst different modules
different output and flow temperatures into a in the cascade can deliver central heating at
single system. As a result, a cascade system a substantially lower temperature level. This
can be matched to the individual demand of would not be possible with a single machine.
the project in question.
Secondary circuit
Apart from a sufficiently sized heat source and the selection of a suitable operating
mode, the sizing and implementation of the secondary circuit are crucial factors for the
efficiency of the heat pump.
The maximum flow temperature of the Heat pump systems should operate on the
heating system, the spread between system secondary side with a spread of between
temperatures, the DHW demand, as well 5 and 10 K. This enables the condenser to
as the hydraulic design of the secondary operate with an efficient average condensing
circuit system, all have a decisive impact temperature (condensation).
on energy consumption and running costs.
Although this applies generally to all systems In the following, the heating operation and
employing advanced heat generators, DHW heating are described separately.
the loss of efficiency with heat pumps
can be significantly higher as a result of
poorly engineered or implemented heating
circuits than, for example, with condensing
boilers. Careful system engineering is
therefore essential.
92/93
DHW heating using heat pumps can be Systems in apartment buildings and public
covered – subject to requirements – with the installations are considered to be large if
following systems: their cylinder capacity exceeds 400 l and/or
the water content in each pipeline between
Centralised DHW heating by means of a the DHW cylinder and the draw-off point is
DHW heat pump greater than 3 l.
Centralised DHW heating by means of
storage in a DHW cylinder For large systems, the DVGW Code of
Centralised DHW heating by means of Practice W 551 requires a permanent DHW
storing the heating water in a buffer outlet temperature of at least 60 °C at the
cylinder and centralised freshwater module DHW cylinder. The return temperature of the
Decentralised heating via individual DHW circulation pipe must be at least 55 °C.
apartment stations
Decentralised heating via electrical The DHW content of preheat stages must be
instantaneous water heater heated to 60 °C, or higher, at least once every
day. For small systems, an outlet temperature
of 60 °C must be maintained.
D.2.1.1 Temperature and hygiene
considerations On account of the refrigerants used,
conventional heat pumps can generally
When designing DHW heating systems, two achieve maximum flow temperatures of
principle requirements must be met, that if between 55 °C and 65 °C. With a flow
considered separately would result in different temperature of 55 °C, DHW temperatures
sizing and system components. For reasons of 48 °C can be achieved; with a flow
of hygiene, the amount of stored DHW should temperature of 65 °C, maximum DHW
be kept to a minimum; in other words DHW temperatures of 58 °C can be reached. In
cylinders with a small volume should be order to achieve these temperatures in the
selected. The smaller the cylinder volume, the DHW cylinder, heat pumps operate with a
greater the heat generator output to cover the very low coefficient of performance
heat demand. Given a good modulation level, (COP 2.5 – 3.3, depending on the heat
this is easily accomplished with conventional source temperature).
heat generators and it is comparatively
affordable. Cylinders need to be reheated to an outlet
temperature of 60 °C in order to meet the
When the heat generator only delivers a hygienic requirements of DHW cylinders in
limited output, a larger cylinder capacity will apartment buildings. This may be brought
be required in order to be able to cover the about by a dual mode heat generator, by heat
DHW demand. In other words, planning DHW pumps with flow temperatures of up to 75 °C
heating when using heat pump systems developed specifically for this purpose, or by
requires great care. direct electric heaters.
Various approaches for assessing demand are In the reference period, the required DHW
followed in practical applications: output must be available in the form of stored
DHW or as heating output.
For residential buildings, sizing is often carried
out to DIN 4708 Part 2. Taking into account For sizing, initially the maximum daily DHW
the sanitary amenities of the individual demand and the corresponding pattern of
apartments/residential units, the number of consumption must be established. Apart
occupants/users and utilisation factors, the from actual consumption values, average
demand factor N can be determined. This draw-off profiles can also be used for this
demand factor, together with the boiler output calculation. These are shown in the EN 15450
and the NL factor of the cylinder, flow into in Appendix E, as examples for three user
the engineering calculations for heating the groups; these can be individually expanded.
domestic hot water.
The period with the highest output demand is
However, this design and sizing procedure, determined from the load profile. The output
though suitable for boilers, cannot generally demand in turn leads to a cylinder size.
be transferred to heat pump systems, as the
NL factor of cylinders are hardly ever available
for the flow temperatures that arise during
Note
heat pump operation.
Fig. D.2.1–2 EN 15450: Average draw-off profile of an individual person (36 l at 60 °C)
Appendix E of EN 15450 details
average draw-off profiles for three
user groups. Details on the timing
Required Minimum
value of 6 and amount of energy for DHW
value for 6
Energy Reference period (to be reached for the start drawings are provided that are
Draw-off during draw-off of counting
No. Time of day draw-off for partial storage helpful when planning DHW heating
systems pattern
priority event) the energy
utilisation with a heat pump.
hh:mm kWh K °C
36 l at 60 °C
Fig. D.2.1–3 EN 15450: Average draw-off profile of a family (without bathing, 100 l at 60 °C)
Required Minimum
value for 6 value of 6
Energy Reference period (to be reached for the start
Draw-off during
No. Time of day draw-off for partial storage pattern of counting
priority systems draw-off event) the energy
utilisation
hh:mm kWh K °C
Fig. D.2.1–4 EN 15450: Average draw-off profile of a family (with bathing, 200 l at 60 °C)
Required Minimum
value for 6 value of 6
Energy Reference period (to be reached for the start
No. Time of day Draw-off during draw-off of counting the
draw-off for partial storage pattern
priority systems event) energy
utilisation
hh:mm kWh K °C
Example
The required amount of DHW can be
Apartment building calculated from the total energy demand
6 residential units with 3 occupants per unit during a reference period.
Example
The cylinder loss will be specified in the
For the sample system, this means: relevant manufacturer's technical datasheets.
Example
In the following step, the heat pump heating
For the sample system, this means: output required for DHW heating must
be calculated. This value is the required
V DP = 459 l
supplement for DHW heating to the heat
15 % mixing loss
pump heating output. This depends on the
Vcyl-min = 459 l · 1.15 time available between individual reference
periods.
The required minimum cylinder volume is 528 l.
Vcyl = 2 · 390 l
cw = 0.001163 kWh/kg K
tset = 60 °C
tcw = 10 °C
T heat-up = 11.5 h
If the period between two reference periods Correlation of the individual steps for
is very short, in other words the heat pump determining demand:
output required for DHW heating is very high,
two alternatives could be considered: Either 1. Determining the load profile
the cylinder size is increased by the value 2. Determining the energy demand of the
for the second reference period, or a second longest periods
heat generator is provided as a dual mode 3. Calculating the theoretical cylinder
heat generator for DHW heating. The latter capacity to safeguard the provision during
may be the better solution where costs are the longest periods
concerned, since the development of the 4. Determining the actual cylinder capacity
heat pump primary source requires only little through supplementary factors to
outlay. This is frequently the case in larger compensate for radiation and mixing
apartment buildings. losses
5. Determining the required heat pump
When sizing by means of reference periods, heating output
a plausibility check is recommended as a 6. Plausibility check on daily demand
final step. The heating output calculated for 7. Considering the DHW heating output
the heat-up time must be greater than the
calculated essential output at a constant
draw-off rate over the whole day. Simplified procedure
For detached or two-family houses with
a standard sanitary equipment level, the
QWP > QDPT · NNE
required cylinder size and the required heating
QWP heat pump heating output in kW output can be determined by means of a
required for DHW heating simplified procedure:
NNE number of residential units with
identical profiles 25 l (60 °C) per person is assumed to cover
Q DPT output demand for daily consumption the daily demand (see chapter D.2.1.2). For
in kW cylinder sizing up to approximately
10 persons, this value is doubled so as to
obtain the required minimum cylinder volume.
This minimum volume is recalculated for the
Example
actual storage temperature.
For the sample system, this means:
Fig. D.2.1–13
Vitocal 222-G compact
brine/water heat pump
102/103
Where high load peaks need to be covered, or The heating lance reduces the inlet
where large heat pumps are to be used, the flow rate and consequently protects
the temperature stratification inside
deployment of primary stores with external
the cylinder.
heat exchangers is appropriate. External heat
exchangers offer the benefit of enabling the
heat exchanger surface area to be selected
in any size. This enables high outputs to
be transferred with small temperature
differentials.
50 °C 60 °C 58 °C 60 °C
DHW cylinder DHW cylinder
Heat pump Heat pump
(domestic hot water) (domestic hot water)
(heating water) (heating water)
40 °C 50 °C 53 °C 55 °C
D.2 Secondary circuit
Sizing pumps for primary store systems runs at a very low speed when there is
Both the heating and the cylinder primary a cylinder heating demand – this results
pump will be sized on the basis of the in low flow rates with high stratification
calculated flow rates and pressure drop values temperatures. At the end of heating, the
from sizing the heat exchanger. pump will run at maximum speed. This
enables the transfer of the heat pump output
The efficiency of the primary store system at very high temperature levels – which in turn
can be substantially improved by intelligent prevents the heat pump from cycling.
speed control of the primary pump on the
secondary side. Initially, the primary pump
Note
Combi cylinders Special requirements apply to the integration
of combi buffer cylinders in heat pump
Combi and buffer Currently, there is rising interest in the use systems:
cylinders essentially of heat pumps with stoves, solar thermal
store heating water, systems or additional heat generators, both The target temperatures in combi buffer
it is often thought for central heating and DHW heating. Combi cylinders must be higher than for DHW
that the temperature buffer cylinders offer a way of achieving cylinders. As a result, achievable DHW
requirements of this – these are heating water buffer cylinder outputs are generally very low on account of
DIN 1988 or those and DHW cylinder in a single unit. The main the low heat pump flow temperatures.
of the DVGW Code benefit of this type of cylinder is its low space
of Practice W 551 of requirement. Cylinders with integral inner cylinder are only
at least 60 °C do not suitable for very low DHW demands, since
need to be maintained. Essentially, two types of combi buffer the reheating (as with duplex walled cylinders)
However, that part of cylinders are known: is brought about by the comparatively small
the combi cylinders that surface area of the inner cylinder that acts as
holds DHW is subject to Tank-in-Tank systems a heat exchanger.
the same requirements. Combi cylinders with integral
For freshwater modules, instantaneous water heater principle
the content of the
pipework between the
freshwater module
outlet and the draw-off
point is crucial (< 3 l).
Fig. D.2.1–17 Tank-in-Tank system Fig. D.2.1–18 Integral instantaneous water heater principle
Freshwater systems
Buffer cylinders connected in parallel also take over the function of a low loss header.
106/107
Benefits:
robust hydraulic system,
hydraulic separation of heating circuit and
generator circuit,
several heating circuits can operate in
parallel.
Disadvantages:
The generator circuit requires an additional
circulation pump (additional drive energy).
The heating circuit with the highest
temperature level dictates the target
temperature inside the buffer cylinder.
Consequently, the heat pump operates
with slightly higher flow temperatures on
average. This means higher radiation
losses than with buffer cylinders linked in
series in the return (see D 2.2.2.).
2 3 4
Positioning in the return results in low cylinder
radiation losses, then again the cylinder 1 Heat pump
2 Buffer cylinder
cannot be reheated. Return buffer cylinders
3 Overflow valve
are only used to increase the system volume
4 Heating circuit
and to increase the compressor runtime.
Buffer cylinders connected in series are energetically more advantageous, but will require an overflow valve
to safeguard the minimum flow rate.
D.2 Secondary circuit
Example
Buffer cylinder for runtime optimisation
Heat pumps can be optimised through the Calculation of the necessary volume of the heating
longest possible runtimes and associated long water buffer cylinder for one heat pump with an
pauses. Parameters for this operating mode output of 15 kW and static heating surfaces:
are defaulted by the heat pump controller.
QWP = 15 kW
V HP min. = 20 l
V HP = 15 kW · 20 l/kW
Example
power-OFF time of the building. In residential
buildings, for a maximum power-OFF time Calculation of the necessary volume of the heating
of two hours, a value of 60 l buffer cylinder water buffer cylinder for one heat pump with an
volume per kW heating output has proven to output of 15 kW and up to 2 hours power-OFF time.
be acceptable.
QWP = 15 kW
V HP OFF = 60 l
VHP = QWP · VHP OFF
V HP = 15 kW · 60 l/kW
V HP heating water buffer cylinder volume
The heating water buffer cylinder has a volume
in litres
of 900 l.
QWP rated heat pump heating output
(absolute) in kW
V HP OFF recommended minimum volume per
kW heating output for up to 2 hours
power-OFF time in litres
B
– during commissioning and adjustment,
3
Flow temperature:
the heating curves and thereby the flow
2 35 °C
temperatures must be optimally matched to
45 °C
the system. 1
55 °C
0 60 °C
To be able to achieve low temperatures, fan- -5 0 5 10 15
Source temperature (°C)
assisted radiators can also be used alongside
area heating systems. For area heating
At the same source temperature,
systems, the spread should be 7 K, for the coefficient of performance
radiators 10 K and for fan-assisted radiators drops significantly with higher
between 5 and 10 K. In new buildings, these heating circuit flow temperatures.
On account of their low design temperatures, Conventional radiators transfer their heat into
area heating systems are particularly the room by means of radiation and natural
suitable for heat pump heating systems. convection. With fan convectors, heat transfer
Essentially, these are used in the form by convection is significantly increased
of underfloor or wall heating systems. In through forced circulation, which in turn
addition, complete structural sections – as enables flow temperatures to be significantly
so-called "concrete building component reduced. Forced circulation is achieved
activation" – can be heated. The relatively through integral, electrically operated fans.
low surface temperatures create a pleasant Subject to design, fan convectors can be used
ambient climate through radiated heat. for heating, as well as cooling. A condensate
Underfloor heating systems with extremely drain is required for cooling operation.
low installed height that can be installed on
existing floors, were developed especially for
modernisation projects.
Fig. D.2.2–6 Area heating systems Fig. D.2.2–7 Ultra low temperature radiators
An underfloor heating system enables low temperatures in On account of their higher heat transfer rate, fan convectors
the heating circuit that are favourable for heat pumps. also enable low flow temperatures.
110/111
D.2.3.1 Principles
The indoor air is cooled and dehumidified For this, the cooling load is calculated
in order to bring it into the comfort range. by means of the room dimensions, the
Engineering and sizing the cooling system orientation of window areas, simple structural
requires the calculation of the cooling load and details and a detailing of internal loads.
the consideration of the dew point
(see below). Empirical values can also be used to provide
an initial estimate of the cooling load of
individual rooms.
Cooling load
The term "cooling load" describes the heat flux Dew point
that must be dissipated in order to maintain
the required ambient condition. The dew point temperature is that point below
The following factors influence the cooling which water vapour condenses. At the dew
load: point, the relative humidity is 100 %. Water
external factors, such as insolation and vapour condenses (sweating) when the
transmission, surface temperature of bodies is lower than
internal factors, such as the number of the dew point temperature of the ambient air.
persons, lighting, electrical appliances,
possible material flux (e.g. proportion of For air handling technology, the dew point
outdoor air). temperature is of particular importance:
Condensate will be created on cooling
EN ISO 13790 provides the basis for surfaces if their actual temperature falls below
calculating the cooling load, VDI 2067 offers the dew point temperature. This dehumidifies
a simplified method. Simple calculating the indoor air.
programs are available for estimating the
cooling load of individual rooms
(see chapter D.3.2).
D.2 Secondary circuit
Passive cooling
Passive cooling is also known as "natural Natural cooling is possible with the following
cooling". From a room, this system extracts systems:
heat that is transferred to the primary source. underfloor heating system,
For this, the heat pump compressor is idle. fan convectors,
An additional heat exchanger provides the chilled ceilings,
system separation. concrete core tempering.
Natural cooling with brine/water heat pumps
is highly efficient, as it requires the operation The indoor air can only be dehumidified
of only two circulation pumps. During natural in conjunction with natural cooling if fan
cooling, the heat pump will only be started convectors are used – this requires a
to produce domestic hot water. The primary condensate drain. With cooling via alternative
temperature rises on account of the heated heating surfaces the system is regulated so
heat transfer medium, which results in an that condensation, i.e. undershooting the dew
improvement of the performance factor during point on the heating surfaces, is avoided.
DHW heating. Prefabricated assemblies can
be used with Viessmann heat pumps to utilise
natural cooling.
3
4
6 3
1 1 Geothermal probe 1
2 3-way mixing valve (primary circuit)
3 Heat exchanger 1 Geothermal probe
4 3-way diverter valve (secondary circuit) 2 3-way mixing valve (primary circuit)
5 Heating surface with overflow valve 3 Heating surface with overflow valve
6 Heat pump 4 Heat pump
Note
Active cooling
The compressor runs when actively cooling Only cooled heating water courses through In cooling mode, heat
in the heat pump process. A diverter valve the heating circuit. The heat removed from is transferred to the
changes over the functions of evaporator and the internal areas can also be used directly, geothermal collectors or
condenser. The heat pump cools the building for example for DHW heating or for heating a probes. It is frequently
with the available cooling capacity. The swimming pool. a subject of discussion
constant cooling capacity available is subject whether this heat
to the output of the heat pump. With active Air/water heat pumps can be "stored" in
cooling, the cooling capacity is significantly With air/water heat pumps, the changeover the ground for a later
higher than with natural cooling. between heating and cooling mode is brought heating operation in
about by means of a 4-way diverter valve order to improve the
The changeover between heating and cooling in the refrigerant circuit. The compressor COP of the machine
mode can be effected either outside the heat continues to operate unchanged, whilst or even to reduce the
pump or via a 4-way diverter valve in the the valve reverses the flow direction of system development
refrigerant circuit. the refrigerant. costs (reduced probe
depths). This is not
Brine/water heat pumps In heating mode, the air:refrigerant heat possible with smaller
With brine/water heat pumps, the changeover exchanger takes on the role of evaporator, and systems – however,
between heating and cooling mode is the refrigerant:water heat exchanger that of on very large probe
generally made by hydraulic peripheral condenser. In cooling mode, the 4-way valve arrays regeneration via
equipment. reverses the function of both heat exchangers cooling operation can be
With active cooling, the refrigerant circuit is – the air:refrigerant heat exchanger becomes appropriate. However, a
operational – but not for heating. The internal the condenser and the refrigerant:water heat geological assessment
control unit reverses the output and input exchanger becomes the evaporator. This would always be
functions and now actively transfers heat cools the circulating heating circuit water. required for this.
from the building to the geothermal probe.
4 4
1 3 1 3
2 5 2 5
The cooling capacity can be transferred To achieve an higher gain in comfort, cooling
into the internal space by various systems. with fan convectors offers the option of
When planning and selecting these systems, cooling and dehumidifying the indoor air. Cold
building characteristics (underfloor heating water at a temperature below the dew point
system) as well as the intended requirements flows through the fan convectors, where it is
of ambient conditions (dehumidification, channelled through a finned heat exchanger.
ambient temperature) must be taken Indoor air is routed across this heat exchanger
into account. under fan assistance. This cools the indoor air
and the flowing water heats up. Condensate
forms on the heat exchanger surface which
Area cooling must be routed via the condensate pan.
Please note: The connection lines to the fan
With area cooling systems, the peripheral convector must be insulated with vapour
areas of an interior space (ceilings, floor or diffusion-proof material to prevent condensate
walls) are cooled. Systems that can be used forming on the pipes.
for this purpose are chilled ceilings, concrete
core tempering or cooling via the underfloor Fan convectors can be implemented as 2-line
heating system. With all area cooling or 4-line versions. In the 2-line system, cold
systems, the dew point temperature must not water flows through the heat exchanger for
be undershot on any of the said surfaces to cooling operation; when heating is required,
prevent condensation. Area cooling systems hot water flows through the same exchanger.
cannot provide dehumidification for the indoor In 4-line systems, the fan convector features
air, which must be provided by additional two separate heat exchangers – one for cold
systems, if required. water in cooling mode and one for hot water
in heating mode.
If the indoor air is not being dehumidified, the
relative humidity increases with falling room For sizing fan convectors, the required
temperature – which can result in a reduction room temperature and the cold water inlet
of comfort. temperature play major roles. The greater the
differential between these two temperatures,
Area cooling systems are frequently the more cooling capacity the fan convector
referred to as "silent cooling" as they will transfer. The reverse applies as follows:
are frequently implemented without fan A smaller appliance may be used in the case
assistance. However, there are now also of a large differential between the cold water
fan-assisted systems that facilitate a higher inlet and the room temperature.
cooling capacity.
Example
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Z.-Nr. Maßstab
Viessmann
Projekt 4605051 All actuators and sensors are clearly identified in
Datum Name
Master_hoch.dwg
bearbeitet 16.11.09 XKruT the schemes with designations and terminals in
Plan-Inhalt
geprüft
the controller.
120/121
122/123
Appendix
In addition to the technical information provided for engineering purposes, this appendix
includes information that may be useful and appropriate for practical applications.
The most important steps necessary for a Use the keyword index of essential terms to
successful engineering and installation project make this manual a useful professional guide
are listed as a brief summary. Those points for everyday use.
that should be taken into consideration as
part of the engineering process have been
collated.
System engineering starts with calculating the In new build, where no reference
heat load. This is essential both for new build consumptions can be known from previous
and modernisation projects alike, in order to years, the final energy demand from the
achieve an optimum engineering of the heat energy performance certificate serves as a
pump system. basis for engineering. It may be used, when
engineering ground-coupled heat pumps, to
DIN EN 12831 forms the basis for determine the extraction rate as well as the
determining the heat load. The resulting value amount of heat to be extracted.
would be the maximum heat load of the
building that must be covered by the output of
the heat generator.
The lower the system temperature, the higher Generally, heating surfaces should be
the efficiency of the heating system. Every re-calculated.
increase in flow temperature by 1 K reduces The flow temperature demand
the heat pump COP by 2.5 %. of the individual heating surfaces
must be balanced.
Where a heat pump system is intended to Individual heating surfaces with
be used in new build projects, generally high temperature demand must be
area heating systems will be used in order replaced or supplemented.
to achieve the lowest possible system
temperatures and consequently a high degree In any case, a heating circuit calculation and
of energy efficiency. hydraulic balancing should be included in the
quotation for any modernisation project.
Existing static heating surfaces offer a
worst COP and, as a result, poorer seasonal Knowing the heat load, the annual energy
performance factors, since their flow demand and the system temperatures are the
temperatures are higher than those of area essential foundation for further engineering
heating systems. To achieve the maximum steps.
possible efficiency in modernisation projects,
the following steps should be taken in order
to keep the heating system flow temperatures
reliably below 55 °C:
Appendix – The path to an efficient heat pump system
Prior to determining the heat source, its Probe systems require a permit from the
specific general conditions must be checked water board (generally for bore holes up
vis-a-vis the specific project. to 100 m deep) or the mining authority [in
Germany]. It should be checked whether any
Air existing conditions can actually be met.
The option of using an air/water heat
pump depends on the installation site. The Utilising geothermal equipment requires
requirements of TA Lärm [in Germany] heavy plant. Therefore a check is required
must be observed in order to avoid a noise as part of the engineering process whether
nuisance. sufficient space and access is available.
Essentially, demand is the critical factor appropriate. Where demand is low, DHW
for determining the type of DHW heating. should not be stored, as the cylinder and
In the residential sector, the decision as to DHW circulation losses would result in
which system to employ is determined by unnecessary cylinder heating cycles. Where
draw-off rate, draw-off peaks and hygiene the comparatively poor COP of heat pumps
requirements. The most common errors are used for DHW heating is taken into account,
avoided if the relevant heat exchanger areas a decentralised electrically operated system
are accurately tailored to the spread and can, in such case, provide a more efficient
output of the heat pump. solution.
6. System engineering
Content of flow and return lines for Area of indirect coils in Buffer cylinder capacity
systems without buffer cylinder the DHW cylinder
20 l/kW (runtime optimisation)
at least 3 l/kW at least 0.25 m²/kW 60 l/kW (bridging power-OFF periods)
Once output and type of primary source have All other pipework engineering steps follow
been established, system temperatures are the same rules as when using conventional
crucial for determining whether to select heat generators. This also applies to the
mono or dual mode operation. As dual mode creation of comprehensive documentation.
operation means either an additional outlay
or (in the case of electric booster heaters)
a negative influence on efficiency, the
decision can only be made based on a system
simulation.
8. Instructions
Advanced heat pumps are safe to operate, The correlation with other heating system
and as easy to understand from the components should be explained. In order to
operations viewpoint, as any systems maintain an efficient operation, it is necessary
employing conventional heat generators. that
In the case of ground-coupled heat pumps, The assignment of hours run to load
the extraction of heat should be checked categories permits conclusions to be drawn
regularly during the period when the building as to what temperature levels were actually
is being dried out. The source temperature achieved inside the building and whether
can drop to a critical level if too much heat optimisation potentials might possibly still
is being extracted, resulting in a risk of exist. The hours run can be individually
damage to the probe system. If the energy scanned for any load category.
expenditure for drying the building is
excessive, a second heat generator should be These categories illustrate the temperature
linked in to cover this additional demand. differential between the evaporation and
condensation temperature (ΔT V/K).
Viessmann heat pump controllers offer an
operating log feature to assist inspection and
Load category Hours run at ΔT V/K
optimisation. Here, energy statement and load
1 ΔT V/K < 25 K
categories can be recorded.
2 25 K < ΔT V/K < 32 K
3 32 K < ΔT V/K < 41 K
4 41 K < ΔT V/K < 50 K
5 ΔT V/K > 50 K
The operator's log provides opportunities In systems with an electronic expansion valve,
for further possible analysis. This stores an additional "Heating energy statement"
additional information over time. For each can be created for each calendar week. This
calendar week (CW = calendar week) the indicates the ratio between electrical power
following values can be checked: consumed and transferred heating energy, in
other words it determines a weekly efficiency
level. For air source heat pumps, this enables
Average temperatures
the operating characteristics of the heat
T.in Heat pump intake
pump to be analysed at different outside
T.out Heat pump outlet
temperatures.
Hours run
Based on this data, it can be ascertained
HP1 Heat pump stage 1
whether the compressor runtimes and
HP2 Heat pump stage 2
temperature curves correlate with the
AC Active cooling mode
intended operating conditions. Checking the
NC Natural cooling function
heating circuit (Is the system well balanced?
Are there heating surfaces that are too
small, which "pull up" the [temperature
level of] entire system?) and the set DHW
temperatures, plus reheating, can inform
about any optimisation potential. In the case
of systems with several heat generators,
experience shows that adjusting the dual
mode point is another way of improving
efficiency.
Appendix – Keyword index
Keyword index
Detached houses
Apartment buildings
Commerce / Industry
The product range for all fuel types and Viessmann is extremely highly specialised in
output ranges: all these market segments, yet at the same
Boilers for oil or gas up to 116 MW heating time the company has a crucial advantage
or 120 t/h steam output over specialist suppliers: Viessmann
Solar thermal systems understands heating technology as a
Photovoltaics systematic whole and offers unbiased advice
Heat pumps up to 2 MW on technology and fuel type. This guarantees
Wood combustion systems up to 50 MW the best solution for every application.
Combined heat and power modules up to
30 MWel
Systems for the production of biogas from
18 kWel to 20 MWgas
Biogas upgrading plants up to 3000 m3 /h
Air conditioning technology
Heating system components
Services
The comprehensive Viessmann product range
Oil boilers
Architect's own home, Residential development, Zi Wei Ameco A380 Hangar Beijing, European Parliament, Strasbourg,
Bad Füssing, Germany Garden Xi'an, China China France
Gas boilers
Detached house, Kevelaer, "Wohnoase" residential park in Porsche Leipzig, European Parliament, Brussels,
Germany Regensburg, Germany Germany Belgium
Heliotrop Freiburg, HafenCity, Hamburg, City of Tomorrow, Malmö, The Palm Jumeirah,
Germany Germany Sweden Dubai
Wood combustion
technology, CHP, and
biogas production
Detached house, Wiesloch, Hotel Lagorai Cavalese, Congressional Centre, Monastery, St. Ottilien,
Germany Italy Brunstad, Norway Germany
Loftcube Regional Garden Studio flats, Brandenburg, University library, Bamberg, Residential estate, Pfäffikon,
Show, Neu-Ulm, Germany Germany Germany Switzerland
Energy consumption worldwide has doubled In these projects, Viessmann again and
since 1970 and will triple by 2030. The result: again faces up to the most varied challenges
The fossil fuels, oil and gas, are dwindling, to supply efficient heating technology by
energy prices are on the rise and excessive offering innovative solutions – in historical
CO2 emissions continue to affect our listed buildings as well as in modern industrial
environment. Energy efficiency is a must if we complexes and the large-scale residential and
want our future to be secure. industrial arena.
Publisher
Viessmann Werke, Allendorf (Eder)
Overall production
Grafisches Centrum Cuno, Calbe (Saale)
Sources
A.1–3 Linde AG
A.4.1–2 Ebner OG, Sitzendorf, Austria
B.1.1–1 BDEW, AG Energiebilanzen
B.1.4–2 Solarenergie-Förderverein
Deutschland (SFV)
S. 56 Pixel – Fotolia.com
B.2.1–2 dena
S. 60 U21, Hanover
C.1.1–3 VDI 4640
C.1.1–4 VDI 4640
C.1.1–5 BDH, information sheet no. 43
D.2.1–1 DIN EN 15450
D.2.1–2 DIN EN 15450
D.2.1–3 DIN EN 15450
D.2.1–4 DIN EN 15450
142/143
The Viessmann Group
D-35107 Allendorf (Eder)
Telephone +49 (0)6452 70-0
Fax +49 (0)6452 70-2780
www.viessmann.com
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134 D
GB 03/2011
04/2012
Copyright Viessmann.
Duplication and alternative use only with prior written consent.
Subject to technical modifications.