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Swaminathan
Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (chriaye's father)(born 7 August 1925) is an Indian geneticist and
international administrator, renowned for his leading role in India's Green Rev
Scientific career
on a program under which high-yield varieties of wheat and rice I am ....eedlings were planted in the fields of
poor farmers. Swaminathan is known as "Father of Indian Green Revolution" for his leadership and success
in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder and
chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.[1] His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and
poverty.[2] Swaminathan is an advocate of moving India to sustainable development, especially using
environmentally sustainable agriculture, sustainable food security and the preservation of biodiversity, which
he calls an "evergreen revolution."[3]
From 1972 to 1979 he was director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He was Principal
Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture from 1979 to 1980. He served as Director General of the International Rice
Research Institute (1982–88) and became president of the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources in 1988.
In 1999, Time magazine placed him in the 'Time 20' list of most influential Asian people of the 20th century.[4]
M. S. Swaminathan was born in Kumbakonam on 7 August 1925. He was the second son of surgeon Dr.
M.K. Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan. M.S. Swaminathan learnt from his father, "that the
word 'impossible' exists mainly in our minds and that given the requisite will and effort, great tasks can be
accomplished." Surgeon M.K. Sambasivam, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, took the lead in Kumbakonam in
"burning his foreign clothes," a symbolic act in support of the Swadeshi movement: which emphasized the
use of Indian rather than foreign-made clothes, and handloomed rather than mill-spun cloth. The political
purpose of the swadeshi movement was to free India from dependence on foreign imports and to protect
village industry. His father led in opening the temples to [Dalit]s, part of the temple entry movement of the
Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu, and in eradicating filariasis in Kumbakonom, an area long
infected with the dread disease. The sense of service to one's fellow man was thus ingrained in him early.
After his father's death when he was 11, young Swaminathan was looked after by his uncle, M. K.
Narayanaswami, a radiologist. He attended the local high school and later the Catholic Little Flower High
School in Kumbakonom, from which he matriculated at age 15.[5] Coming from a family of doctors, he
naturally took admission in a medical school. But, when he witnessed the Great Bengal famine of 1943, he
decided to devote his life for getting rid of hunger from India. He was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi while
he took this decision. He simply switched from the medical field to the agricultural field.[6] He then went on to
finish his undergraduate degree at Maharaja's College in Trivandrum, Kerala (now known as University
College, Thiruvananthapuram). He studied there from 1940–44 and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in
zoology.
M.S. Swaminathan is married to Mina Swaminathan, whom he met in 1951 while they were both studying at
Cambridge. They live in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. They have three daughters and five grandchildren. Their
daughters are Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, the Deputy Director General of World Health Organization, Dr.
Madhura Swaminathan, who is a Professor of Economics at the Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore and
Nitya Swaminathan, a Senior Lecturer in Gender Analysis and Development at the University of East Anglia.
Swaminathan and Mina have 5 grandchildren.
Early career
Swaminathan then decided to pursue a career in agricultural sciences. He enrolled in Madras Agricultural
College ( now the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University ) where he graduated as valedictorian with another
Bachelor of Science degree, this time in Agricultural Science. He explained this career decision thus: "My
personal motivation started with the great [Bengal famine of 1943], when I was a student at the University of
Kerala. There was an acute rice shortage, and in Bengal about 3 million people died from starvation. All of
our young people, myself included, were involved in the freedom struggle, which Gandhi had intensified, and
I decided I should take to agricultural research in order to help farmers produce more."[7]
In 1947, the year of Indian independence he moved to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in
New Delhi as a post-graduate student in genetics and plant breeding. He obtained a post-graduate degree
with high distinction in Cytogenetics in 1949. He wrote the Union Public Service Commission exam and
qualified for the Indian Police Service.[8]
He chose to accept the UNESCO Fellowship to continue his IARI research on potato genetics at the
Wageningen Agricultural University, Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands. Here he succeeded in
standardising procedures for transferring genes from a wide range of wild species of Solanum to the
cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum. In 1950, he moved to study at the Plant Breeding Institute of the
University of Cambridge School of Agriculture. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1952, for
his thesis, "Species Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum –
section Tuberarium." His work presented a new concept of the species relationships within the tuber-bearing
Solanum. His Cambridge college, Fitzwilliam, made him an Honorary Fellow in 2014.[9]
Professional achievements
Swaminathan has worked worldwide in collaboration with colleagues and students on a wide range of
problems in basic and applied plant breeding, agricultural research and development and the conservation
of natural resources.
1949–55 – Research on potato (Solanum tuberosum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), and
jute genetics.
1955–72 – Field research on Mexican dwarf wheat varieties. Teach Cytogenetics, Radiation Genetics, and
Mutation Breeding and build up the wheat and rice germplasm collections at Indian Agricultural Research
Institute IARI.
1972–79 – Director-General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), established the National
Bureau of Plant, Animal, and Fish Genetic Resources of India.[11]
Established the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (changed in 2006 to Bioversity
International).[12]
1979–80 – Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Transformed the Pre-
investment Forest Survey Programme into the Forest Survey of India.[13]
1981–85 – Independent chairman, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Council, Rome, played a
significant role in establishing the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources.[14]
1983 – Developed the concept of Farmers' Rights and the text of the International Undertaking on Plant
Genetic Resources (IUPGR).President of the International Congress of Genetics.[15]
1982–88 – Director General, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), organised the International Rice
Germplasm Centre, now named International Rice Genebank .
1984–90 – President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN,
develop the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD.
1986–99 – Chairman of the editorial advisory board, World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C.,
conceived and produced the first "World Resources Report."[16]
1988–91 – Chairman of the International Steering Committee of the Keystone International Dialogue on
Plant Genetic Resources,[17] regarding the availability, use, exchange and protection of plant germplasm.
1988–96 – President, World Wide Fund for Nature–India WWF,[18] Organized the Indira Gandhi
Conservation Monitoring Centre.[19] Organize the Community Biodiversity Conservation Programme.[20]
1988–98 – Chaired various committees of the Government of India to prepare draft legislations relating to
biodiversity (Biodiversity Act)[24] and breeders’ and farmers’ rights (Protection of Plant Varieties and
Farmers’ Rights Act).
in 1993 Dr M. S. Swaminathan, headed an expert group to prepare a draft of a national population policy
that would be discussed by the Cabinet and then by Parliament. In 1994 it submitted its report.[25]
1994 – Chairman of the Commission on Genetic Diversity of the World Humanity Action Trust.[26]
Established a Technical Resource Centre at MSSRF for the implementation of equity provisions of CBD
and FAO's Farmers’ Rights.
1994 onwards – Chairman of the Genetic Resources Policy Committee (GRPC) of the Consultative Group
on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), development of policies for the management of the ex situ
collections of International Agricultural Research Centers.
1999 – Introduced the concept of trusteeship management of Biosphere reserves. Implemented the Gulf
of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust, with financial support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
2001 – Chairman of the Regional Steering Committee for the India – Bangladesh joint Project on
Biodiversity Management in the Sundarbans World Heritage Site, funded by the UN Foundation and
UNDP.
2002 – President of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
which work towards reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security
threats.[27]
2002 – 2005 – Co-chairman with Pedro Sanchezof the UN Millennium Task Force on Hunger,[28] a
comprehensive global action plan for fighting poverty, disease and environmental degradation in
developing countries.
Notable mentions
On the occasion of the presentation of the First World Food Prize[10] to Swaminathan in October 1987,
Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the United Nations, wrote: "Dr. Swaminathan is a living
legend. His contributions to Agricultural Science have made an indelible mark on food production in India
and elsewhere in the developing world. By any standards, he will go into the annals of history as a world
scientist of rare distinction."
Swaminathan has been described by the United Nations Environment Programme as "the Father of
Economic Ecology."
He was one of three from India included in Time magazine's 1999 list of the "20 most influential Asian
people of the 20th century," the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore.[29]
Swaminathan was the featured speaker at the 2006 Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium in Des
Moines, Iowa on, 19 October 2006. He was sponsored by Humanities Iowa, an affiliate of the National
Endowment for the Humanities. Swaminathan presented the "Third Annual Governor's Lecture" and spoke
on "THE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX: Can we replicate the single greatest period of food production in
all human history?"[30][31][32] about the cultural and social foundations of the Green Revolution in India and
the role of historic leaders in India, such as Mahatma Gandhi, in inspiring the Green Revolution there by
calling for the alleviation of widespread hunger. He talked about the links between Gandhi and the great
Iowa scientist George Washington Carver.[33]
Swaminathan is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the
Russian Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Italian Academy of Sciences.
Publications
Dr Swaminathan is a prolific scientific researcher and writer. He published 46 single-author papers between
1950 and 1980. Out of 118 two author papers, he was first author of 80. Out of 63 three-author papers he
was first author of 15. Out of 21 four-author papers he was first author of 9. In total he had 254 papers to his
credit, 155 of which he was the single or first author. His scientific papers are in the fields of crop
improvement (95), cytogenetics and genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). His most frequent publishers were
Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science (36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany (12).[34] Some of
the papers are listed below.
In addition he has written a few books on the general theme of his life's work, biodiversity and sustainable
agriculture for alleviation of hunger.
"In Search of Biohappiness - Biodiversity and Food, Health and Livelihood Security (2nd Edition)", 2015
"In Search of Biohappiness - Biodiversity and Food, Health and Livelihood Security", 2011
"I Predict: A Century of Hope Towards an Era of Harmony with Nature and Freedom from Hunger",
(1999)[36]
Implementing the Benefit Sharing Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges and
opportunities (1997)[38]
Research reports He has published laboratory research results in several scientific journals and
increasingly writes for a wider audience in environmental journals. Some of his publications are available
online in abstract or full text.[43] and.[44]
A scientific paper in which Swaminathan and his team claimed to have produced a mutant breed of wheat by
gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety (Sonora 64) resulting in Sharbati Sonora claimed to have a very high
lysine content led to a major controversy. The case was discussed as a classic example of scientific
misdemeanor and was claimed to be an error made by the laboratory assistant.[45] The episode was also
compounded by the suicide of an agricultural scientist.[46][47][48][49][50] Recent workers have studied it as part
of a systemic problem in Indian agriculture research.[51]
Swaminathan has received several outstanding awards and prizes. These prizes include large sums of
money, which has helped sustain and expand his work.
Four Freedoms Award for demonstrating achievement of the principles of Freedom of speech, Freedom of
Religion, Freedom from want and Freedom from fear, 2000
Planet and Humanity Medal of the International Geographical Union awarded "in recognition of his unique
success in outstanding scientific research and its application, leading to Asia's Green Revolution. 2000
UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize Laureate for outstanding contributions to the
protection and management of the environment. Co – winner with Paul and Anne Ehrlich 1994, $200,000
prize.[52]
The Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement "in recognition of life-long contributions to increasing
biological productivity on an ecologically sustainable basis, and to promoting the conservation of biological
diversity" 1991
Honda Prize,[53] for achieving outstanding results in the field of ecotechnology, 1991
World Food Prize for advancing human development through increased quantity, quality or accessibility of
food, 1987
Golden Heart Presidential Award of the Philippines, conferred by president Corazon Aquino 1987
Albert Einstein World Award of Science as a recognition for his contributions to plant genetics and his
influence on international agricultural development. 1986 [55]
Borlaug Award, given by Coromandel Fertilizers in profound appreciation of his catalytic role in providing
deep insights and inspiring fellow scientists to set goals ... for evolving a strategy for agriculture rooted in
science, but tempered by a concern for ecology and human values 1979
He holds more than 50 honorary Doctorate degrees from universities around the world.
National Awards
He has been honoured with several awards in India for his work to benefit the country.
Dupont-Solae Award for his contribution to the field of food and nutrition security 2004[57]
Indira Gandhi Gold Plaque by the Asiatic Society for his significant contribution towards human progress.
2002
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development "for his outstanding contribution in the
domain of plant genetics and ensuring food security to hundreds of millions of citizens in the developing
world." 2000
Lokmanya Tilak Award by the Tilak Smarak Trust, in recognition of his contribution to the green revolution
in India and for his outstanding scientific and environmental works. 2001[59]
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development in recognition of creative efforts toward
promoting international peace, development and a new international economic order; ensuring that
scientific discoveries are used for the larger good of humanity, and enlarging the scope of freedom. 2000
Legend in his Lifetime Award by the World Wilderness Trust- India 1999[60]
Dr. B.P. Pal Medal for unique contributions to agricultural research and development of the National
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India 1997
Krishi Ratna Award for "devotion to the cause of agroscience, and for being the benefactor of the farming
community," instituted by the Bharat Krishak Samaj (Indian Farmer's Society)/World Agriculture Fair
Memorial Trust Society, and presented by president Giani Zail Singh of India 1986
Moudgil Prize of the Bureau of Indian Standards for contributions to standardisation 1978
Birbal Sahni Medal of the Indian Botanical Society for contributions to Applied Botany 1965.[63]
Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration of the Indian National Congress [64]
International Awards
He has been honoured with recognition from several international organisations for spreading the benefits of
his work to other countries.
UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Gold Medal for his outstanding work in extending the benefits of
biotechnology to marginalised and poverty-stricken populations in developing countries and in securing a
sound basis for sustainable agricultural, environmental and rural development 1999
Henry Shaw Medal awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden in consideration of
important service to humanity through emphasis on sustainability in agriculture – USA 1998
Ordre du Merite Agricole, Govt of France to honour services of the highest quality rendered to the cause
of agriculture 1997
Highest award for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, Govt of China for
outstanding contributions to the lofty cause of environmental protection and development, and for his
signal accomplishments in the field of international cooperation 1997
Global Environmental Leadership Award "for encouraging village-level responses to environmental issues"
by the Climate Institute 1995
The VOLVO Environment Prize for his outstanding research and devoted work in turning Indian food
production from a deficit to a much increased supply. 1990.[65]
Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) international award for significant contributions to
promoting the knowledge, skill, and technological empowerment of women in agriculture and for his
pioneering role in mainstreaming gender considerations in agriculture and rural development 1985.[66]
Bennett Commonwealth Prize of the Royal Society of Arts for significant contributions to Household
Nutrition Security 1984
Mendel Memorial Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for contributions to Plant Genetics
1965
Fellowships[67]
Accad. Naz. Delle Sciencz detta del XL, Italy – Elected Fellow (1985)
Critics
Despite these awards and honours, a few question the credibility of Swaminathan's promotion of
biotechnology. In 1967 Swaminathan published a paper on a variety called Sharbati Sonora which he
claimed had more lysine than the Mexican strains from which it was derived. It was re-examined by CIMMYT
and found in 1969 to be incorrect. In 1972 Vinod Shah, an agronomist at the ICAR committed suicide and
claimed that Swaminathan collected poor quality data to support his ideas. A committee was set up and an
investigation was conducted into the Sharbati Sonora case. It was determined that someone had
intentionally altered the value of the lysine content so that Sharbati Sonora was viewed positively. The report
of the committee noted that it was not an isolated incident and that such practice "pervades the entire
scientific and academic community in this country.
Current work
He is the chairman of the National Commission on Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security of India
(National Commission on Farmers).[69]
He is currently spearheading a movement to bridge the Digital divide called, "Mission 2007: Every Village
a Knowledge Centre".[70]
Bruce Alberts, President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences said of Dr. Swaminathan: "At 80,
M.S. retains all the energy and idealism of his youth, and he continues to inspire good behavior and
more idealism
from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth. For that, we can all be thankful".[71]
Further reading
"Biodiversity and Poverty – Natural Resources and the Millennium Goals", M.S. Swaminathan speech and
a discussion, University of Berne, Auditorium Maximum, Wednesday, 24 August 2005.Speech, Full text:
An insightful biography, "M.S. Swaminathan – One Man's Quest for a Hunger-Free World" was written in
2002 by Gita Gopalakrishnan, Education Development Center (EDC), Sri Venkatesa Printing House,
Chennai, pp. 132 ISBN 81-7276-260-7 Full text: .
To learn the most about M. S. Swaminathan, the book to read is: "Scientist and Humanist: M.S.
Swaminathan" by R.D. Iyer,
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 2002. pp. 245 Excerpt with photos
"The Man Who Harvests Sunshine – The Modern Gandhi: M. S. Swaminathan." Andréi Erdélyi. Tertia
Kiadó, H-1158, Budapest, Kubelsberg Kunóu36,
See also
References
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University" . The Himalayan Beacon. Darjeeling: Beacon Publications. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
3. ^ "Now for the evergreen revolution: Prof. MS Swaminathan, a pioneer of India's green revolution, calls for
a new approach to world farming" . For A Change. 2001.
4. ^ Asians of the Century: A Tale of Titans , TIME 100: 23–30 August 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8
5. ^ The 1971 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership "BIOGRAPHY of Moncompu
Sambasivan Swaminathan"/ Retrieved on 26 March 2013
7. ^ SGI Quarterly, A Buddhist forum for peace, culture and education "An Evergreen Revolution, Interview
with M.S. Swaminathan" Retrieved on 26 March 2013
8. ^ 996 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 101, NO. 8, 25 October 2011 "IN CONVERSATION M. S.
Swaminathan" Retrieved on 26 March 2013 [permanent dead link]
10. ^ a b World Food Prize, Prof. Swaminathan, 1987 World Food Prize Laureate . worldfoodprize.org
11. ^ Arthur, J. Richard, Technical Cooperation Programme Assistance for Responsible Movement of Live
Aquatic Animals, FAO Field Document No. 2, TCP/RAS /6714(A), Bangkok, July 1998 [1]
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16. ^ UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank, World Resources Institute, "World Resources 2005 – The Wealth of
the Poor: Managing ecosystems to fight poverty", 2005. "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on
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18. ^ World Wide Fund for Nature/India . Wwfindia.org. Retrieved on 29 June 2016.
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31. ^ See: Powerpoint Presentation, Swaminathan M. S. (19 October 2006) "'HE GREEN REVOLUTION
REDUX:", PowerPoint Presentation
32. ^ Hear: Swaminathan M. S. (19 October 2006) "THE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX:", (26.3 MB,
1:05:31)Audio of the First session, M. S. Swaminathin begins at 44:35
33. ^ World Food Prize Symposium (19 October 2006), Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium, Des
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28 May 2007.
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Freedom from Hunger", East West Books (Madras) Pvt. Ltd.[]
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[5]
40. ^ Swaminathan, M.S.,(1996) "Sustainable Agriculture: Towards Food Security", Konark, New Delhi.
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Macmillan India Ltd.[6]
42. ^ Swaminathan MS (ed) (1993) Wheat Revolution: a Dialogue. Madras, Macmillan India Ltd.
43. ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information, Literature databases, Swaminathan MS, search result
[7]
44. ^ U.S.D.A., National Agricultural Library, Agricola, search: Swaminathan, M. S., result = 198 articles.[8]
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46. ^ Hanlon, Joseph Top food scientist published false data. New Scientist Vol. 64, No. 922, pp. 436–37
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Science in India. Pacific Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 1 pp. 38–50
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(17 July 2015). Retrieved on 2016-06-29.
External links
Official website
Islamic banking may solve farmer suicide crisis: Swaminathan – TCN News
Prof MS Swaminathan's Inspiring Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
Prof M S Swaminathan Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
BITS Pilani Rajasthan Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 – Curtain Raiser
Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 at BITS Pilani Rajasthan – Curtain Raiser
Curtain Raiser: Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 at BITS Pilani Rajasthan