ASSIGNMENT (DRYER)

List down all the characteristics of each dryer.

1) Tray dryer

- Shelf, cabinet or compartment dryer

-Lumpy or pasty solid is spread uniformly on a metal tray to a depth of 10 -100 mm.

-Steam-heated air is circulated by a fan over the surface of the tray.

-Electrical heat is used for low heating loads

-10-20% of fresh air is passed over the tray , the remainder being recirculated air.

-Cabinet is opened after drying and trays are replaced with a new batch of trays.

2) Vacuum-Shelf Indirect dryers

-Are indirectly heated batch dryers similar to tray dryers

-Consist of a cabinet made of cast-iron or steel plates fitted with tightly fitted doors so it
can be operated under vacuum

-Hollow shelves of steel are fast end permanently inside the chamber and are connected
in parallel to inlet and outlet steam headers.

-The heat is conducted through the metal walls and aided by radiation

-For low-temperature operation, circulating warm water is used instead of steam to

vaporize the moisture
-Used to dry expensive or temperature-sensitive or easily oxidizable materials

-Useful for handling materials with toxic or valuable solvents

3) Continuous Tunnel dryers

-Often batch truck or tray compartments

-Operated in series

-Solids are placed on trucks or trays which move continuously through a tunnel with hot
gasses passing over the surface of each tray

-The hot air flow can be countercurrent , cocurrent , or a combination

-Foods are dried this way

-When granular particles of solids are to be dried, perforated or screen-belt continuous

conveyors often used

-Wet granular solids are conveyed as a layer 25 to about 150 mm deep on a screen or
perforated apron while heated air is blown upward through the bed or downward.

-Consists of several sections in series,each with a fan and heating coils

-A portion of the air is exhausted to atmosphere by a fan.

-Pasty materials can be performed into cylinders and placed on the bed to be dried

4) Rotary dryers

-Consists of a hollow cylinder which rotated and usually slightly declined toward the
outlet
-Wet granular solids are fed at high end and move through the shell as it rotates

-Heating shown is by direct contact with hot gases in countercurrent flow

-Some cases,heating is by contact through the heated wall of the cylinder

-Granular particles move forward slowly a short distance before showered downward
through the hot gases

5) Drum dryers

-Consists of a heated metal roll on the outside which a thin layer of liquid or slurry is
evaporated to dryness

-Final dry solid is scraped off the roll,which revolving slowly

-Suitable for handling slurries or pastes of solids in fine suspension and solution

-Function partly as an evaporator as well as dryer

-The single-drum type are twin rotating drums with dip feeding or with top feeding to the
two drums

-Potato slurry is dried using drum dryers to give potato flakes

6) Spray dryers

-A liquid or slurry solution is sprayed into a hot gas stream in form of mist of fine
droplets

-Water is rapidly vaporized from droplets,leaving particles of dry solid which separated
from gas stream

-Flow of gas and liquid in spray chamber may be countercurrent,cocurrent or a

combination

-Fine droplet are formed from the liquid feed by spray nozzles or high speed rotating
spray disks inside a cylindrical chamber.

-Necessary to ensure that the droplet or wet particles of solid do not strike and stick to
solid surfaces before drying taken place,large chambers are used

-Dried solids leave at the bottom of the chamber through a screw conveyor

-The exhaust gases flow through a cyclone separator to remove fines

-The particles produced usually light and quite porous