ABSTRACT

The recycling of C& D Wastes has long been accepted to have the possible to conserve natural
resources. Concrete is usually construction material which has been used in all type of civil
engineering construction work. In the construction field the utilization of construction &
demolished waste became an alternative of coarse aggregate and its utilization save the natural
resources and it is economically good for us. The present study covers the use or replacement of
demolished recycled coarse aggregate in concrete with conventional aggregate. The main aim of
the study is to investigate the compressive strength and split tensile strength behaviour of
demolished recycled aggregate concrete.
The investigation was carried out using compressive strength test and split tensile strength,
confined to the objective we have tested and empirically observed no. of M20 grade concrete
cubes in stipulated timeframe for different proportions of recycled aggregate i.e. 0% ,10%, 20%,
30%, 40% &50% as replacements with new aggregate.
Fifty four concrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150 mm size for compressive strength and
twenty four cylinders of 300mm in length and 150mm in diameters were tested for investigation
purpose. Finally, as per results found that 30% recycled aggregate serves our purpose on reliable
strength basis for most of the feasible construction works while confirming the optimum
utilization of the waste aggregate. The samples were cured for specified periods and also tested
in the laboratory for compressive strength and split tensile strength behaviour of recycled
aggregate concrete. It was found that under the equivalent mix proportion (ie. The mix
proportions are same, expect for different coarse aggregate replacement percentage), the
compressive strength and split tensile strength behaviour of concrete decreases as the proportion
of recycled aggregate increases in the virgin aggregate. There were total of sixth batches of
concrete mixes, consists of every 10% increment of recycled aggregate replacement from 0% to
50%. Here we take a constant water cement ratio of 0.50.

Literature Review
Ms. Manjushree et al. conclude in 2013 that water absorption of recycled aggregate is about 3
to 5% higher than Natural Aggregate.

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Preeti Saini(2015)[37] studied that more than 50% of recycled aggregate have
adhered mortar paste. In almost all the cases this paste is identified to be of poorer
quality than the new paste. An account of this poor quality, (highly porous mortar) the
recycled aggregates are of inferior quality. The percentage of adhered mortar depends
on the size of aggregates.
% Adhered Mortar = (Mass of RCA−Mass of RCA after removal of Mortar) / Mass of
RCA
Ms. Manjushree et al. (2013) Conclude that Reduction in the 28-day compressive
strength of concrete due to complete replacement of natural aggregates with recycled
concrete aggregate range from 11% to 33%.

Experimental Programme
Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of Ultra tech brand of 43grade obtained from a
single batches was used.
Typical Composition Of Ordinary Portland Cement
Sr no. Characteristics Value obtained IS 8112:1989
requirement
1 Fineness 4% <10%
2 Specific gravity 2.96 3.14
3 Initial setting time 1 hours 35 minute >30 minute
4 Finial setting time 4 hours <10 hours
5 Consistency 27.5% 30%

Fine Aggregate (Sand)

Usually natural sand is used as a fine aggregate. The material which passes through 4.75
mm sieve is termed as fine aggregate.
The sand used for experimental programme confirmed to Indian standard specifications
IS: 383-1970

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 120

100
% Cumulatie Retain
80

60

40 Cumulative %
retained
20

Sieve Size

Cumulative Retained of fine aggregate

Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate

S.NO. TEST RESULT
1 Type Natural Sand
2 Fineness Modulus 3.76
3 Specific Gravity 2.67
4 Water absorption 0.04 %
5 Grading Zone II

Collection of Coarse Aggregate Samples

Collection of aggregate samples is the first and foremost step involved in the project.
It is the most difficult and time consuming part of the project.

Two kinds of aggregate are required for the project and They are Fresh aggregate and
recycled coarse aggregate. The Fresh aggregate was collected from the dumping of
IPS College.

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Used aggregate sample -Location was IPS College of Technology and management
where a few used cubes, beams and concrete cylinders are utilized for practical purpose
and some aggregate is collected from National Highway 3 by the debris generated due to
demolition of culvert on Shivpuri link road.
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Natural Coarse Aggregate

Sr .no Description Natural coarse

aggregate
Sample in
grams
1 Weight of sample taken in gram 2000
2 Weight of standard dry and surface dry 1000
sample=C
3 Weight of vessel +sample+ water= A 3380
4 Weight of vessel + water = B 2736
5 Weight of oven dry sample = D 981
6 Specific gravity = [D/{C –( A-B )}] x 100 2.755
7 Water absorption = [(C-D)/D] x 100 1.93
Specific Gravity 2.76%
Water Absorption 1.93%

Physical Properties of Natural Coarse Aggregate

Sr. no. TEST RESULT

Type Natural coarse aggregate

1 Fineness Modulus 7.49 %
2 Specific Gravity 2.76
3 Water absorption 1.93 %
4 Aggregate Impact Value 13.25 %
5 Aggregate crushing value 13.38%

Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Recycled Coarse Aggregate

Natural coarse
Sr. no. Description aggregate
Sample in grams
1 Weight of sample taken in gram 2000

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 2 Weight of standard dry and surface dry 1000
sample=C

3 Weight of vessel +sample+ water= A 3332

4 Weight of vessel + water = B 2728
5 Weight of oven dry sample = D 962.67
6 Specific gravity = [D/{C –( A-B )}] x 100 2.755
7 Water absorption = [(C-D)/D] x 100 1.93
Specific Gravity 2.43%
Water Absorption 3.87%

Physical Properties of Recycled Coarse Aggregate

Sr. no. TEST RESULT
0 Type Recycled coarse aggregate
1 Fineness Modulus 7.51%
2 Specific Gravity 2.43
3 Water absorption 3.87%
4 Aggregate impact value 29.13%
5 Aggregate crushing value 26.21 %

Test data for material

Specific gravity Water absorption

Compaction % Water
Cement Fine Coarse factor Slump Fine Coarse cemen
aggregate aggregate mm aggregate aggregate t ratio
2.96 2.67 2.43 0.90 86 0.4 1.93 0.50

Mix Proportion for Controlled Sample for W/C=0.50

Mix Designation NAC RCA RCA 20 RCA 30 RCA RCA

10 40 50
Cement (kg/m3) 383 383 383 383 383 383

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 Natural fine aggregate (kg/m3) 580 580 580 580 580 580

Natural coarse aggregate(kg/m3) 1217 1095.3 973.6 851.9 730.2 608.5

Recycled coarse 0 121.7 243.4 365.1 486.8 608.5

agregate(kg/m3)

Water in total (lit) 191.58 191.58 191.58 191.58 191.58 191.58

Water Cement ratio 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Test Setup for Compressive Strength Test

Calculation - The Compressive strength can be calculated by dividing the max load
applied to the area of the cube.

The formula for finding the Compressive strength is, C = P/A

Compressive strength evaluation chart of concrete cube specimens

The compressive strength testing machine of capacity 2000 kN is used for determining
the maximum compressive loads carried by concrete cubes
Test setup for split tensile strength test

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Various cylindrical specimens of 150mm dia. x 300mm long were casted for conducting
split tensile strength test for prepared mix.The tensile split strength can be calculated by
the following formula
T = 2P/ ΠLD

OR

T = 0.637 P/LD

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Compressive Strength

Three cubes of 150mm x 150 mm x 150mm size from each batch of concrete mix were
casted and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days in order to determine compressive strength of
recycled coarse aggregate concrete in compression testing machine.

7 Days Compressive Strength of Specimen

Failure load (KN) 7 days
% of RCA Compressiv

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Sr. Replacement Samples no. e Strength
No. with NA Mpa
I II III Average Stress=P/A
of three
1 0 360.32 324.35 355.49 346.72 15.41

2 10 337.95 15.02
353.28 340.32 320.25
3 20 14.78
327.12 335.34 335.19 332.55
4 30 13.86
310.34 317.15 308.06 311.85
5 40 13.31
302.14 296.28 300 299.475
6 50 12.92
277 291.22 303.88 290.7

14 Days Compressive Strength of Specimen

14 days
% of RCA Failure load (kN) Compressive
Sr. no. Replacement Strength
with NA Samples no. Mpa
I II III Average of Stress=P/
three A
1 0 452.65 474.96 431.16 452.92 20.13
2 10 441.79 443.32 455.44 446.850 19.86
3 20 443.62 438.76 443.32 441.900 19.64
4 30 415.35 422.68 426.92 421.650 18.74
5 40 400.72 411.1 407.23 406.350 18.06
6
50 389.925 17.33
385.32 392.87 391.585

28 Days Compressive Strength of Specimen

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 Failure load (kN) 28 days
% of RCA Compressive
Sr. Replacement Samples no. Strength
no. with NA Mpa
I II III Average Stress=P/
of three A
1 0 572.83 564.68 560.12 565.875 25.15
2 10 561.32 550.17 553.06 554.850 24.66
3 20 547.32 550.49 551.89 549.900 24.44
4 30 543.27 545.83 538.33 542.475 24.11
5 40 538.13 533.22 531.77 534.375 23.75
6 50 515.16 525.07 524.42 521.550 23.18

30
Combined compressive strength Chart
25
Compressive Strength, MPa

20

7 Days Compressive
15 strength MPa
14 Days Compressive
10 strength MPa
28 Days Compressive
5 strength MPa

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
% RCA Replacement with NCA

Split Tensile Strength

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Two cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300 mm in length from each batch of concrete
mix were casted and cured for 7 days and 28 days in order to determine compressive
strength of recycled coarse aggregate concrete in compression testing machine.
7 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete Cylinder

% of RCA Failure load (kN) 7 days

Sr. no. Replacement Split tensile Strength
with NA Sample no. Mpa

Split tensile strength

I II Average of two 𝟐𝐏
= 𝛑𝐃𝐋

1 0 138.5 137.9 136.2 1.92

2 10 133.4 133.7 133.55 1.89
3 20 131.05 133.31 132.18 1.87
4 30 130.36 129.76 130.06 1.84
5 40 128.13 126.33 127.23 1.80
6 50 125.01 125.21 125.11 1.77

28 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete Cylinder

28 days
Failure load (kN) Split tensile
% of RCA Strength
Sr. Replacemen
Sample no. MPa
no. t with NA
Split tensile
I II Average of two 𝟐𝑷
strength = 𝝅𝑫𝑳

1 0 234.34 233.60 233.97 3.31

2 10 219.19 224.71 221.95 3.14
3 20 215.08 213.28 214.18 3.03
4 30 203.45 200.87 202.16 2.86
5 40 189.94 193.18 191.56 2.71

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 6 50 182.89 175.71 179.30 2.53

Effect of Recycled Aggregate Proportion on Compressive Strength

and Split Tensile Strength
The 28 days compressive strength decreases as the proportion of recycled aggregate
increases but 28 days compressive strength was greater than that of 14 days and 7
days. it may be because the hydration was not complete at 7days and 14 days .it is
clear from various graphs that both compressive strength and split tensile strength
were decreases as the proportion of recycled aggregate increases. Similarly in fig 4.5,
The split tensile strength of concrete cylinder was tested at 7 and 28 days at 0.50 water
cement ratio. The 28 days split tensile strength decreases as the proportion of recycled
aggregate increases but 28 days compressive strength was greater than that of 7 days.
it may be because the hydration was not complete at 7days.
Conclusion of the Experimental study
 The compressive strength of concrete cube decreases as the proportion of recycled
aggregate increases.
 Recycled aggregate should be used at higher replacement level to minimise the
demolition waste.
 Recycled aggregate posses relatively lower bulk density, crushing and impact values
and higher water absorption as compared to natural aggregate.
 It was seen that at 7 days compressive strength of concrete specimen were
15.41,15.02, 14.78,13.86, 13.31, and 12.92MPa, at replacement of 0%, 10%, 20%,
30%, 40%, and 50% recycled aggregate the compressive strength decreases 2.53%,
4.09%, 10.06%, 13.62%, and 16.16% relative to conventional concrete cube.
 And for 14 days the compressive strength were find as 20.13, 19.86, 19.64, 18.74,
18.06 and17.33MPa,these were decreased by1.34%, 2.43%, 6.90%, 10.28% and
13.90% relative to conventional concrete cube .
 And for 28 day these were found as 25.15, 24.66, 24.44, 24.11, 23.75, and 23.18 MPa.
These strength were decrease by 1.94%, 2.83%, 4.13%, 5.57% and 7.83% relative to
conventional concrete cube.

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 And in case of split tensile strength of concrete cylinder the test was conducted for 7
days and 28 days. Here we find at the replacement of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and
50% recycled aggregate the split tensile strength were calculated as 1.95, 1.89, 1.87,
1.84, 1.80, and 1.77 MPa, decreases by for 7 days as 3.08%, 4.10%, 5.64%, 7.70%,and
9.23% relative to conventional concrete cylinder.
 And for 28 days split tensile strengths were calculated as 3.31, 3.14, 3.03, 2.86, 2.71,
and 2.53 MPa and these were decreased by 5.13%, 8.46%, 13.59%, 18.12%,and
23.56% relative to conventional concrete cylinder .
 By impact value test result its impact value is found 29.13% .which value give the
satisfactory result for surface dressing in road construction.
 Aggregate crushing value is found in considerable limit which is 26%. So that
recycled aggregate can also be utilised for cement concrete pavement.
Future Scope
It acts to be an environmental savoir. Due to lack of dumping sites in present
scenario, there is need to save land.
From above conclusion this process can be assumed to be economical process
as less transportation cost required and also construction cost is less.

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