Local Residents Attitude towards Tourism Development in Tanay Rizal

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The first chapter of the study will provide a background of the study. The background

will explain and discuss shortly the attitude towards tourism development in Tanay Rizal. Also

discuss the background & history of Tanay Rizal. Local residents are the basis in tourism

development of Tanay Rizal. The subject of tourism development and destination residents,

specifically host residents support for tourism development. The problem discussion will be the

fundamental of the research purpose and research question.

Tanay Rizal aims to be a premier municipality where every constituent is part of a

concerted effort towards achieving sustainable growth. Under the helm of Mayor Rex Manuel C.

Tanjuatco, Tanay LGU is slowly, yet surely achieving such a lofty dream. Tanay LGU seeks to

guarantee that every Tanayan is served basic services at a professional and timely manner. Tanay

Rizal, being part of the Sierra Madre Mountain range and one of the coastal towns surrounding

the Laguna de Bay, is fully conscious of the need to enforce environmental protection programs.

Accordingly, the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office under Engr. Carlos

Inofre, Jr have long been championing programs that put emphasis on caring for the

environment.

Tanay Rizal was settled by early Austronesian people. Shortly after the conquest and

subjugation of Manila by the Spaniards and the surrounding lake areas by Juan de Salcedo in

1570-1574, Franciscan missionaries arrived to Christianize the inhabitants of what is now the

Morong-Pililla area. In 1583, both Morong and Pililla were created as separate towns with Tanay
forming part of Pililla. In 1853, a new political subdivision was formed. The town of Tanay

together with Morong, Baras, Pililla, Angono, Binangonan and Jalajala form the Province of La

Laguna, with the capital at Morong. This district was later changed to Distrito Politico-Militar de

Morong after four years.

Places of interest in Tanay Rizal are Daranak falls and Batlag waterfalls a popular local

tourism attraction. Masungi Georeserve, in the Sierra Madre Mountains near Cuyambay, may be

of interest to hikers and geologists. Calinawan Cave and Rawang Pass: Stronghold of the

Filipinos in the Revolution against Spain and in the Filipino-American War in April–May 1900.

It also housed the town’s people during the Second World War, beginning the Invasion of Tanay

in March, 1945 from the Filipino soldiers and recognized guerrillas against the Japanese Imperial

forces. Parola, the historic lighthouse of Tanay, offers a picturesque view of Laguna de Bay as

well as several nearby restaurants.Tanay Church: Also known as Saint Ildefonsus of Toledo

Parish. Tanay Park: Adjacent to the church, this is the main social gathering place in the town,

where during festivals one may observe performances of the Tariki dance, or the Subok. It is also

the place where Annual Amateur Singing Contest is held during the Fiesta Season January

22,23,2. A monument of José Rizal also stood there. Tanay Rizal Town Center (SaveMore): The

First Community Mall ever established at Tanay, showing the start of Business Development in

the Area. Regina Rosarii Institute of Contemplation in Asia (Regina RICA): A 71-foot-tall statue

of the Queen of the Holy Rosary. Tanay Rizal Adventure Camp, at Sitio Malaanonang, Tanay,

Rizal, 1 km from the University of Rizal System, holds the record for having the longest zip line

(230m) in Rizal.
Statement of the Problem

This research aims to determine the local resident’s attitude towards tourism development

in Tanay Rizal.

Specifically the researchers will seek to answer to the following question:

1. How do the local residents perceive tourism?

2. What is the acceptability of the local residents towards tourism development in terms?

2.1 Environmental impact

2.2 Socio-economic value

3. What is the extent of the attitude displayed by local residents towards tourism?

4. Does significant difference displayed by local residents according to tourist attraction?

5. What may be proposal to enhance community involvement in tourism development?

Hypothesis I:

There is no significant relationship between place attachment factors and

destination attractiveness.

Hypothesis 2:

There is no significant relationship between the place attachment and

environmentally responsible behavior of the tourists.

Significance of the Study

This part of the research discusses the benefits derived from the study. Provides

contribution to the following:

1. Tourism Industry- This study will be beneficial to the tourism industry as their

reference in initiating and providing programs to the tourism development.

2. Government- This study will help the LGU of Tanay Rizal maintain the preservation

and develop of their environment, and also to plan specific strategies and programs to

attract more tourists and to create supportive residents in the future.

3. Resorts/Nature- This study will benefit the local residents to enhance their

Development in Tanay Rizal image and improve quality service for the tourist.

4. Tourists- On how to behave local residents towards in tourism development, to be

aware of what will be the outcome of being a responsible and response tourist and also to

know the rules and regulations on preserving and developing the environment that they

can apply wherever they go.

5. Local Residents- This study will benefit the local communities by maintaining and

improving the host communities standard of living and quality of life. This can be

achieved through enhancing infrastructures, telecommunication, education, training,

and healthcare.

6. Future researchers- This study will benefit the next researchers by letting them

know what responsible tourist behavior is. It will serve as a reference for the future

researchers to guide and help their research shortly.

Scope and Delimitations

This study covered the extent of place development, Local Residents Attitude towards

Tourism Development. The proponents surveyed 30 respondents consisting of residents

and tourists with the use of quota sampling. The study employed the descriptive design.

The data were gathered through the use of the survey.

Definition of Terms

Responsible – having an obligation to do something, or having control over or care for

someone, as part of one’s job or role.

Tourist – a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure

Behavior – is the direct result of interaction between certain personal and environmental

variables on a continuous basis

Destination – the place to which someone or something is going or being sent

Cultural Background – constitutes the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic, or

other socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual’s upbringing. Cultural

Background can be shaped at the family, societal or organization level.

Social Influence – occurs when a person’s emotions, options, or behaviors are affected

by others. Social influence can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure,

obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing.

Perception – is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the

senses.

Personality – is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s

distinctive character.

Education – is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a

school or university.

Global Ethics – is an area of critical ethical enquiry into the nature and justification of

values and norms that are global in kind and into the various issues that arise such as

world poverty and intervention, and human rights.

Ecological Knowledge – describes aboriginal, indigenous, or other forms of traditional

knowledge’s regarding sustainability or local resources

UNWTO – the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United

Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally

accessible tourism.

Motivate – to give someone a reason for doing something

Environment – the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal or plant lives or

operates.

Experience – is a practical contact with and observation of facts or events.

Researcher –is a person who carries out academic or scientific research.

Pollution – is the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing

that has harmful or poisonous effects.

Destination Attractiveness –is a comprehensive statement attractiveness territory in

relation to decision-making in tourism visitors about the destination of their travel and

stay.

Core Attributes – a central and often foundational part usually distinct from the

enveloping part by a difference

Augmented Attributes – to increase the number, size or shape with same kind
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes related articles, research studies, journals and thesis that helped the

researchers in strengthening the current study.

Local Residents Attitude towards Tourism Development

Many rural communities view tourism as an economic development strategy. This study explores

the relationship between resident attitudes toward tourism and support for specific tourism

development options. In addition, attitudes and support for development in seven diverse

communities are compared. Results indicate that communities differ with respect to residents’

support for specific tourism development options and attitudes toward tourism. In general,

residents perceive tourism positively and support most specific types of development. There is a

relationship between attitudes and support for development, although the nature of the

relationship is different for each community

The importance of tourism nowadays is determined by the multiple roles that it plays within

any country (economic, social and cultural) and its ability to create a positive impact

(employment, wealth, dynamism, income enhancement, infrastructure, international friendship

and moving people and assets) The tourism sector has become, during the last several decades, a

major factor of importance in world GDP because of its rapid growth and development [3,4],

often associated with an export industry Eshliki and Kaboudi describe the tourism sector as a

“powerful force of change in the economy,” mainly due to its positive economic impact on
communities. Stetic underlines the key role that rural areas play in the tourism sector, not only

because of their special position as areas of excellence, but also as ecological oases combined

with the ability to preserve traditional culture and ethno-cultural heritage. Therefore, Vazques et

al. appreciate the importance of rural tourism as a key factor for proper socio-economic

development, while Giannakis highlights the importance of rural areas within the European

Union from the point of view of their vast territory held (91%) and the population involved

(59%). These rural areas can be strengthened and revitalized The idea of sustainable tourism

development emerged in the last several decades as a necessity

to ensure an efficient tourism sector based on three main components: environmental interests,

socio-cultural and economic needs of the communities involved . To maintain a balance between

the positive and negative impacts that the three factors could generate, one must take into

consideration the local community—the core element within the tourism development process

and the most important stakeholder Analyzing the local community’s perceptions regarding

tourism impact becomes a major concern, because it is strongly connected to the will to support

tourism development . Generally, tourism is perceived by residents as having strong economic

benefits, which outweigh any other possible negative impacts, encouraging residents to perceive

tourist activity in a positive way and resulting in strong involvement and support . Still,

interesting findings were noted in Vietnam, where touristic activity is supported by the

community not for its economic benefits, but rather for its socio-cultural and environmental

benefits . Studies focus both on the negative and positive impacts of tourism on local

communities. For example, communities in Egypt have been shown to support tourist activity,

even if both negative and positive impacts are perceived, because the positive are stronger than

the negative . In terms of economic development, positive impacts are reflected in job creation,
investments and increasing the national income, while negative impacts are related to an

increased level of inflation. Socio-cultural factors can generate two kinds of attitudes: positive

ones related to cultural exchange, and negative ones linked to the way of life and overcrowded

places . In research conducted in Arizona, Mcgehee and Andereck concluded that support for

tourism development is highly related to personal benefits obtained by the local community

members, where overall the community perceives tourism in a positive way due to its effects on

the local economy (such as job creation and an improvement in quality of life). A study

conducted in Mauritius observed a similar positive economic impact due to job creation and

improvements in quality of life. A positive relationship was observed between the support for

tourism and economic and socio-cultural factors, while a negative relationship was established

between community support and the environment. Sustainability 2016, 8, 100 3 of 14 It has been

observed that the main components of sustainable tourism development influence the local

community’s goodwill and support for tourism; therefore, much research focuses on studying its

economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts . Even if tourism offers important positive

benefits, its strong development could cause major dissatisfaction among communities due to

intensive traffic, inflation, and crime.The relationship between community satisfaction and

tourism development analyzed by Min et al. (2012) shows that, even if the level of satisfaction

related to tourist activity in the area is not high, the community still supports it when it is

considered promising for future city development. The residents’ support for tourist activity is

connected also to their perceptions of economic, environmental and socio-cultural factors.

Positive impact on aforementioned factors indicate high support from the local community. An

important finding was obtained by Koa and Stewart after conducting a study in the Keju Islands

of Korea, a relatively undeveloped area. Results indicated that residents’ attitudes toward tourism
are directly related to the stage of development of the host community. In Uganda it was

observed that the local community has a positive attitude towards tourism because it is

considered as a factor of development generating incomes, increasing agricultural production and

“good fortune”. The results of research conducted in North Carolina indicated two main reasons

for which the community is willing to support tourist activities, which are strongly related to the

personal benefits obtained: The female population positively perceives the cultural dimension

represented by the development of arts, craft and household items, while the youngsters perceive

improvements in social life and recreation facilities. The community attachment and

involvement, as well as the support for sustainable tourism development, are influenced by their

perceived benefits to local residents . Understanding the residents’ perceptions towards tourism

is important in order to shape future policies that minimize the potential negative impact of

tourism and maximize its benefits . 3. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in a rural

area in the region of Nord-Vest in Romania from November 2014 to April 2015. Nord-Vest

comprises 6 counties: Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Cluj, Maramures, Satu-Mare and Salaj. It has a

surface area of 34,159 km2 , representing 14.32% of the total country surface. The region

borders both Hungary and Ukraine . This region has a high potential for tourism due to its natural

environment and landscape (mountains, natural reservations, thermal waters, salt mines) and to a

variety of cultural tourist attractions (churches, wooden churches, traditions, etc.). The region

includes 170 protected areas of national importance, of which two are national parks (Rodna

Mountains National Park and Calimani National Park) and two natural parks (Apuseni Natural

Park and Maramures Mountains Natural Park) . The parks, both national and natural, attract

tourists due to the possibilities of hiking, bird watching, rural tourism and agritourism . Table 1

presents a timeline of tourism’s supply and demand from 2005 to 2014. In Nord-Vest, at the end
of 2014, there were 676 (11% of the total number at national level) lodging facilities, of which

33% (226) were agritourism guesthouses, which represent the main type of accommodation

facility in the rural area. During the last 10 years in Nord-Vest, the number of lodgings rose by

40% and the number of agritourism guesthouses 61%, while the occupancy rate and the average

length of stay remained quite similar. This can be explained by the increase in the number of

tourist arrivals and overnight stays. The arrivals in agritourism guesthouses in the region of

Nord-Vest increased by almost 200%, and the overnight stays by 188% from 2005 to 2014. The

number of guesthouses increased from 2005 to 2010 by 90% mainly due to European funds that

supported rural development, and by the end of 2014 they decreased by 15%. Factors which

could have led to this decreasing trend may include managers’ lack of specific entrepreneurial

education and skills and owners’ lack of capacity to adapt and diversify their services according

to the needs of the tourists.

Tourism is becoming an important component of economic development programs around the

world. Planners who have traditionally viewed economic development as “bricks and mortar”

industrial development now consider tourism a viable strategy as traditional industries relocate

for cheaper labor and resources. At the same time, residents in many areas are encountering

tourism’s impacts and benefits for the first time. To gain support for tourism projects and

initiatives, many planners now strive to understand how the public perceives the tourism

industry. For planners with little exposure to the tourism industry other than being tourists

themselves, the learning curve about this industry and resident attitudes toward tourism can

prove daunting. Despite growing interest, only a handful of articles on tourism planning have
found their way into planning journals (Harrill and Potts 2003; Inskeep 1988; Ioannides 1995;

Jamal et al. 2002; Marcouiller 1997,1995),

Socioeconomic Factors

The use of socioeconomic factors to explain resident attitudes has been common among tourism

researchers. These variables, such as income, ethnicity, and length of residence, have been used

in many cases as part of formal hypotheses regarding resident attitudes; however, more often

than not, these variables are included simply as a standard part of survey instruments. Identified

as variables important to community development by Park and Burgess of the Chicago School,

this systemic model supposes that attachment weakens in the absence of formal and informal ties

(Ritzer 1996). Consequently, tourism researchers have assumed that the longer residents live in a

community, the more negative their perception of tourism development. However, despite the

numerous researchers exploring the relationship between socioeconomic variables and resident

attitudes, the literature suggests that socioeconomic factors play a relatively minor, and

sometimes contradictory, role in explaining the variation in resident attitudes toward tourism

development (Perdue et al. 1990).

FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDES TOWARD TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Socioeconomic Factors The use of socioeconomic factors to explain resident attitudes has been

common among tourism researchers. These variables, such as income, ethnicity, and length of

residence, have been used in many cases as part of formal hypotheses regarding resident

attitudes; however, more often than not, these variables are included simply as a standard part of
survey instruments. Identified as variables important to community development by Park and

Burgess of the Chicago School, this systemic model supposes that attachment weakens in the

absence of formal and informal ties (Ritzer 1996). Consequently, tourism researchers have

assumed that the longer residents live in a community, the more negative their perception of

tourism development. However, despite the numerous researchers exploring the relationship

between socioeconomic variables and resident attitudes, the literature suggests that

socioeconomic factors play a relatively minor, and sometimes contradictory, role in explaining

the variation in resident attitudes toward tourism development (Perdue et al. 1990).

Early research employing these variables pursued many different socioeconomic elements to

determine 2 Journal of Planning Literature which ones might have an influencing effect. For

example, using segmentation analysis in a study of Scotland, Brougham and Butler (1981)

identified significant differences in resident attitudes related to local and personal characteristics,

contact with tourists, length of residence, age, and language. In a study of northern Wales,

Sheldon and Var (1984) discovered evidence suggesting that residents’ attitudes toward tourism

development are culturally bound, finding that natives and Welsh speakers were more sensitive

to tourism’s social and cultural impacts than were nonnatives and non-Welsh speakers. Similarly,

in a study of New Braunfels, Texas, Um and Crompton (1987) found German ethnicity was a

factor in attitudes toward tourism development, discovering that the more attached a resident was

to the community regarding birthplace, heritage, and length of residence, the less positively he or

she perceived impacts, with the exception of perceived adverse impacts on environmental

quality. However, although finding significant variations in attitudes toward tourism

development by demographic subgroup, Liu and Var’s (1986) study of Hawaiian residents did
not find significant differences in attitudes based on ethnicity and length of residence. Supporting

Liu and Var’s (1986) findings, Allen et al.’s (1993) study of ten rural Colorado communities

found no significant influence of length of residence on attitudes toward tourism development.

However, Girard and Gartner (1993) found that for long- and short-term second homeowners in

Wisconsin, both groups appreciated the availability of goods and services from increased

tourism, although long-term residents did not want to see increased tourism development.

Similarly, McCool and Martin (1994) and Williams et al. (1995) in studies of Montana and

Virginia, respectively, found that long-term residents had a less favorable perception of tourism

than did shortterm residents. Snaith and Haley’s (1999) study of residents of the historic city of

York, England, observed that the shorter the length of residence, the more positive residents’

opinions about tourism were, although short- and long-term residents both recognized the

benefits and impacts of tourism. Age has also been explored as a factor in resident attitudes

toward tourism development and should receive more attention as the baby boomers retire and

seek tourist destinations in which to work and play.

Tomljenovic and Faulkner’s (1999) study of Australia’s Gold Coast found that older residents

were generally as favorably inclined toward tourism development as young residents. In

addition, older residents were more tolerant of international tourists and less concerned about

tourism’s adverse environmental impacts. Cavus and Tanrisevdi (2002), in a study of Kusadasi,

Turkey, also found a significant relationship between age and length of residence and attitude

toward tourism development, but contrary to Tomljenovic and Faulkner, they discovered that

older residents had more negative perceptions. Regarding gender, Mason and Cheyne (2000), in

a study of rural New Zealand, found that women were more opposed to tourism development

than men due to perceived negative impacts, such as increases in traffic, noise, and crime,
although acknowledging positive benefits, including community tourism facilities and regional

economic benefits. In a study of Charleston, South Carolina, Harrill and Potts (2003) also found

gender to be a significant predictor of tourism’s perceived economic benefits, with more women

than men negatively disposed toward tourism development. The authors suggested that this

difference might be attributed to traditional wage and occupational differences. However, they

also asserted that this finding might be related to feminist perspectives regarding women and

urban space (Ritzdorf 1995), with some women associating increasing tourist volumes with

decreasing neighborhood safety and marginal economic benefits. Using chi-square analysis, the

researchers found no significant association between gender and the survey item, “Tourism has

increased crime in Charleston,” although they argued that crime and security are perceived

differently by urban residents. Beyond socioeconomic factors, the literature presents perceptions

influenced by the concentration or spatial arrangement of tourism facilities and activities, the

economic impact of tourism (including social and environmental trade-offs), and types of

attitudes within resident groups or communities (Table 1). Spatial Factors A few researchers

have investigated the relationship between urban space and attitudes toward tourism

development, attempting to make connections between attitudes in specific residential or tourism

zones and the physical distance between residents and tourists. Based on the variables of size,

distance, and location Toennies, Durkheim, Simmel, and Wirth’s linear model of community

development supposes that attachment weakens as population and density increase.

Consequently, tourism researchers have assumed that the closer a resident lives to concentrations

of tourism activity, the more negative his or her perception will be of tourism development. So

important is this relationship that Hester (1993)

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1. Influence of place attachment on the relationship between Attitudes of local residents

in tourism development attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior.

Figure 2.

Factors that affect Responsible Behavior Place Attachment on the relationship between Attitudes

of local residents in tourism development are two factors that trigger the Responsible behavior in

a tourist.