Sunteți pe pagina 1din 14
Assignment #1 - Introduction een eeerecarear ee eeenra 1) The compressor of a large gas turbine receives air from the surroundings at 97 kPa, 27°C. At the compressor outlet, the pressure is 390 kPa; the temperature is 190°C. and the velocity is 100 m/s, The power input to the compressor is 2000 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of the air. 2) A small, high-speed turbine operating on compressed air produces 100 W. The inlet conditions are 400 kPa, 20°C. The exit conditions are 100 kPa, -0°C. Assume the velocities to be low. Find the required mass flow rate of air. 3) Air flows through a long duct of constant area at 0.15 kg/s. A short section of the duct is cooled by liquid nitrogen that surrounds the duct. The rate of heat loss in this section is (15.0 ki/s) from the air. The absolute pressure, temperature, and velocity entering the cooled section are 188 kPa, 440 K, and 210 m/s, respectively. At the outlet, the absolute pressure and temperature are 213 kPa and 351 K. Compute the duct cross-sectional area and the changes in enthalpy, internal energy, and entropy for this flow. 5) Is an adiabatic expansion of air from 300 kPa, 60 °C, to 150 kPa, 27 °C, possible? Justify your answer. Show the process states on a T-S diagram. 6) The figure (1.1) shows the cross section of the end oc circular duct through which air flows with gage pressure and density of 1065 kPa and 2.66 kg/m’, respectively. The air discharged through circumferential slot to the ‘atmosphere with velocity of 30 m/s, Find the force exerted by the air on the duct. 7) The elbow filter nozzle assemply shown in figure (1.2) is bolted to a water main . The pressure in the main is 3 ber and the water main is 30 cm. The nozzle has an exit diameter of 5 cm and water passes through it at 6.5 m’/min. The flow leaves the nozzle at atmospheric pressure Calculate the force on bolts of the flange , assume uniform. velocity profile everywhere . Select a suitable control volume. 8) Atmospheric air is allowed to fill an initially an evacuated bottle, What is the temperature of the air in the bottle when itis filled? Assume air at 22C and k = 1.4, 9) Consider the process of charging an air bottle from a main supply. Apply the fluid mechanics and thermodynamics laws to find the mass charged inside bottle, 10) a-The compressibility of a liquid is usually expressed in terms of the bulk modulus of compression B where: fe » Show that the sonic speed C= || lp re Ve b-To what pressure must liquid water be compressed in order to leave the nozzle at atmospheric pressure with a jet velocity equal to the sonic speed. (B = 2000 MPa) 11) The compression pulse change the velocity of the fluid over which it passes by 3 ny/s. Calculate the pressure rise across the pulse for: a-water b-air at 100 kPa and 25 °C. 12) Photographs of bullet in flight show that at a great distance from the bullet the total included angle of the cone is 50.3° . The pressure and temperature of undisturbed air are 100 kPa and 22 °C respectively. Calculate the velocity of the bullet. 13) Consider the flow over two circular cylinders , one having four times the diameter of the other , the flow over the smaller cylinder has free stream density , velocity and temperature as p;,V\ and T,, respectively. The flow over larger cylinder has free stream p, V2 and T,, respectively ,where: P2 = prt V2=2V, T2=4T; Assume both y (dynamic viscosity) and a sonic speed) are proportional to T. Show that the flow is dynamically similar. ati Me te Fig. (1-3) | DI = 1.0 mt Vi =250 m/sec Pi = Pamb = 40 KPa pl 204 kg/m D2 = 0.95 mt 0.44 kg/m’ P2 = 63 KPa at nozzle exit Fig. (1-4) . Assignment #2 - Isentropie Flow 1) _ What will the pressure and the temperature that air attains be if it is stagnated isentropically from M = 4, T = 50°C and P = 0.1 atm.? 2) An air stream, having a pressure of 40 MPa and Mach number of 0.5, is isentropically decelerated to a Mach number of 0.2. Determine the change in static pressure and area ratio required to achieve this. 3) Air with a stagnation pressure of 1000 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 360 K enters a convergent nozzle having an exit area of 500 mm’. Determine the mass flow rate for back pressures of 800 kPa, 528 kPa and 300 kPa. Assume isentropic flow. 4) The pressure and the temperature at entry ofa nozzle are 143 kPa and 60°C, the exit pressure is 107 kPa when the entry Mach number is 0.4. Determine the following: a The velocity and temperature at exit. _b- Rate of flow per unit area exit. c Rate of flow as percentage of choked flow. 5) A perfect gas (k= 1.4, R = 284 I/kg K) is supplied to a converging nozzle at low velocity and 707 kPa and 300°C. The nozzle discharges to the atmosphere where the pressure is 100 kPa (abs). Assuming frictionless adiabatic flow and a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s, calculate: a The pressure in the exit plane. b- The velocity in the exit plane. © The cross sectional area of the plane. (6) nozzle is required to pass 1.5 kg/s of air. The inlet conditions are a zero velocity, a pressure of 350 kPa and a temperature of 425°C. If the air is to expand to 140 kPa, determine the throat area reqyjréd. Also calculate the exit velocity and exit area if the nozzle efficiency is 95 %, Assuime that friction takes place in the diverging part only. (7) A stream of air flows in a duet of 10 em diameter at a rate 1 kp/s. The stagnation temperature is 35°C. At one section of the duct static pressure is 40 kPa . Calculate the Mach number, velocity and stagnation pressure at this section. (8) __A converging-diverging nozzle has an exit to throat area ratio of 2. Air enters the nozzle with a stagnation pressure of 1000 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 360 K. The throat area is 500 mm”. Determine the mass flow rate, exit pressure, exit temperature, exit Mach number and exit velocity for the following conditions: a sonic velocity at throat (diverging section act as a nozzle). b- sonic velocity at throat (diverging section act as a diffuser). 9) At acertain point in a stream tube, air flows with a velocity of 150 m/s and has Pressure and temperature of 70 kPa and 4°C respectively. At a point further downstream in the stream tube where the cross sectional area is 15 % smaller than the upstream sectional area, calculate the following quantities: a- Stagnation pressure and temperature. _b- The stream pressure and temperature. c- The stream velocity and Mach number. 10) A large main is connected to an evacuated tank with a volume of 10 m° by means of 4 rounded-entrance converging nozzle having a diameter of 5.0 cm. Initially, a diaphragm over the orifice seals the tank from the main. The air in the main is at | MPa and 2°C. The diaphragm is suddenly broken and air rushes into the tank. Estimate the time required for the pressure in the tank to reach 250 kPa, assuming isentropic conditions. Assignment #3 — Jet Propulsion Engines 1) A small rocket with an initial mass 400 kg is to be launched vertical upon ignition . The rocket consumes fuel at the rate of 5 ke/s and ejects gas at atmospheric pressure with speed of 1500 m/s relative to the rocket . Determine the initial acceleration of the rocket and the rocket velocity after 10 seconds, if air resistance is neglected. 2) A rocket motor is to provide 5 MN of thrust at sea level , the rocket chamber pressure and temperature are 5 MPa and 300 °K with the rocket exhaust gases having a mean molecular mass of 16 and y= 1.4. In order to reduce both initial mass and drag of the rocket , the area of the nozzle is to be restricted to 3:1. Determine the nozzle throat and exit area required. Evaluate the thrust produced with no area restriction. 3) The initial mass of a rocket is to be 50000 kg of which 5% is to be structure , the remainder is fuel and payload. If the specific impulse of the propellant combination used is 3 kN/kg/s . Calculate the payload mass that would be escaped from earth for a single stage and for two stages rocket. Neglect aerodynamic drag and gravity. 4) Define the isentropic efficiency of compressor and of turbine for a gas turbine. Hence, find the stagnation temperature equivalent of work done for compressor and turbine for given pressure and expansion ratios, respectively. What is meant by polytropic ( small stage efficiency for compressor and turbine. Obtain relations between isentropic and polytropic efficiencies. 5) Determine the specific thrust and specific fuel consumption for a turbo jet engine having the following components performance at design point at which cruise speed is 270 m/s and at altitude of $000 m ( P, = 0.54 bar and T, = 255 °K) Compressor pressure ratio 0.8 Turbine inlet temperature 1200°K. Compressor isentropic efficiency 0.87 Turbine isentropic efficiency 0.87 Propulsion nozzle isentropic efficiency 0.95 Mechanical transmission efficiency 0.99 Combustion efficiency 0.98 Combustion chamber pressure loss 4% of compressor delivery pressure. 6) The following data apply to twin spool turbofan engine with the fan driven by the LP turbine and the compressor by the HP turbine , separate hot and cold nozzles are used: ‘Overall pressure ratio 19 Fan pressure ratio 1.65 By pass ratio 3 Turbine inlet temperature 1300 °K Fan, compressor and turbine polytropic efficiency 0.9 Isentropic efficiency for both propelling nozzles. 0.95 Mechanical efficiency of each spool 0.99 Combustion pressure loss 1.23 bar Total air mass flow 115 kg/s Find the thrust under sea level static conditions of | bar and 288 °K. 7) Under take off conditions when ambient pressure and temperature are 1.01 bar and 288 °K, the stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature in the jet pipe of a turbo Jet engine are 2.4 bar and 1000°K and mass flow is 23 kg/s. Assuming the expansion in the propulsion nozzle is isentropic, calculate the exit area required and the thrust produced, For a new version of the engine the thrust is to be increased by the addition of an. after fan which provides a separate fan and core streams, the engine has a by-pass ratio of 2.0, fan and turbine pressure ratio are 1.75 , the isentropic efficiencies of the fan ant turbine sections are 0.88 and 0.9, Tespectively. Calculate the take-off thrust assuming the expansion in the fan nozzle is also isentropic and the hot mass flow rate is 23 kp/s. 8) With improved propeller design, the aircraft industry is considering turbopropeller jet engines for flight at Mach number 0.8 . Consider an engine suitable for cruise at altitude of 7.6 km, the maximum inlet turbine temperature is 1370 °K and the ‘compressor pressure ratio of 10. The propeller efficiency is 0.83 based on modem transonic techniques. The turbine total temperature ratio (exit total temp inlet tot. temp) = 0.53. Show if the propulsion nozzle is not choked. Calorific value of fuel is 4200 ki/kg. Assume ideal component performances. Draw a sketch of the engione and (T-5) chart and calculate: (a) The work output coefficient for the core engine, the propeller and the whole engine (b) The whole engine specific thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption. Assignment #4 - Shock Waves (1) A supersonic nozzle has throat and exit diameter of 1 and 1.4 cm respectively, the nozzle is supplied with air at 810 kPa and 150°C, find a. The change in back pressure in order to move the shock wave from the throat to exit section. b. The back pressure which locates a shock at an area 20% greater than throat area . (2) A convergent divergent nozzle is designed for Mach number of 3. The nozzle is supplied with air at 1.013 MPa and discharges into a space where the pressure is 597.2 kPa. (Check if there is a shock or not. Find its location. (3) The exit area of a convergent-divergent nozzle is three times the area of the throat. The stagnation pressure of air at entry is 2.5 times the: static pressure at exit. Neglecting all losses except that due to shock in the divergent portion of the nozzle, determine the Mach number and the area at the section were the shock ‘occurs, the exit Mach number and the increase in entropy across the shock. (4) A supersonic Pitot tube is used for measuring the air velocity in a duct having a 100 mm diameter. The static conditions upstream are 60 kPa and 250 K. The stagnation Pressure measured by the tube is 250 kPa. Calculate the velocity and the mass flow rate, (5) A supersonic nozzle has a throat area of 300 mm” and an area ratio (Ag/A‘) of 2. The supply temperature is 290 K, and the nozzle discharges into an atmospheric pressure of 95 kPa Find the following: a) The supply pressure required for a shock-free operation. b) The mass flow rate. : = ©) The drop in the supply pressure that causes a shock at the nozzle exit, ‘What is the mass flow rate in this case? (©) A supersonic nozzle has a throat area of 100 mm” and a design Mach Number of 3. The nozzle is supplied with air at constant stagnation conditions of 1000 kPa and 300 K. The back pressure is varied by using an exhauster. Calculate: a) The maximum flow rate. b) The back pressure required for shock-free operation. ¢) The back pressure required for subsonic operation at the maximum flow rete. 4) The range of back pressure that causes over-expansion outside the nozzle. £) The range of back pressure that causes under-expansion outside the nozzle. (DA supersonic nozzle has a throat area of 220 mm” and an area ratio (Ae/A") of 4. The stagnation supply conditions are 700 kPa and 300 K. Calculate the back pressure that causes @ normal shock to stand at the section where the flow area is 500 mm”, Find the exit velocity and the mass flow rate (8) A rockst stage motor is designed to operate between two altitudes. The atmospheric pressure at the low and high altitudes are 0.8 and 0.4 bar, respectively. The rocket nozzle is designed to operate free from shocks at high altitude where the nozzle exit static temperature and velocity are 960 °K and 1830 m/s. Ifthe nozzle throat area is 80 cm?, Estimate: a- Combustion chamber pressure and temperature, b- Thrust produced ‘When the rocket operates at low altitude with the same combustion chamber pressure and temperature ,find: a- Shock position , if any b- New value of the thrust. (9)ln a wind tunnel, the cross-sectional area of the throat of a supersonic diffuser is 20m” _ The stagnation supply conditions of the nozzle are 800 kPa and 300 K. The test section is designed for a Mach number of 1.5. Calculate the nozzle throat area required for allowing a shock starting in the test section to be swallowed by the diffuser. What is the power loss (KW) at starting due to stagnation-pressure loss? Neglect frictional effects. (10) A fixed geometry convergent divergent wind tunnel diffuser is to be designed for ‘Mach number 2.0. The area of test section is 100 cm’. Assuming no friction, compare the maximum possible efficiency and the minimum % loss in stagnation pressure during operation for the following cases: a+ The best possible design is employed, b- The design is conservative with throat area 5% larger than the required for starting and with the shock located during operation at an area 10 % greater than the throat area ¢- The convergent portion is-eliminated and the process comprise a normal shock followed by reversible subsonic compression. (11)A ram jet airplane is to fly ot high altitude where the temperature is -57 °C and pressure is 0.2 bar with velocity 2140 km/h has a fixed geometry convergent divergent diffuser with an entrance diameter of 30 cm . What would be the diffuser throat diameter? Find the maximum efficiency and least stagnation pressure drop. If the craft is to be over speed to 3200 km/h for a short time, What would be, then, the diffuser throat diameter , maximum efficiency and least stagnation pressure drop. Assume shock is stabilized at 5% larger area than the throat area in both cases. (12)An explosion in air ( y = 1.4) creates a spherical shock wave propagation radially into still air at standard conditions ( 1.03 bar, 15 °C’), the pressure just inside the shock is 13.61 bar abs., estimate: a-The shock speed and -The air velocity just inside the shock. 2) 3) 4) Assignment #5 — Oblique Shocks and Expansion waves Consider supersonic flow at Mach no., pressure and temperature of 2.0, 1.0 bar and 288 °K. The flow is deflected at compression comer through 20°. Calculate the static and stagnation pressures and temperatures and Mach no. behind the shock wave. A supersonic two dimensional inlet is to be designed at M = 3. Two alternatives are: a- The compression and slowing down of flow takes place through a normal shock diffuser. b- A wedge shape diffuser , the deceleration of flow is through two oluque shocks, followed by a normal shock, the wedge turn angles are each 8° . Compare stagnation pressure loss and diffuser efficiency. A reservoir containing air with stagnation pressure 1000 kPa feeds a convergent divergent nozzle with an area ratio 2.6367. What is the Mach no. at exit plane ? Sketch the flow field for back pressure 250 kPa. A supersonic flow with M; = 1.5, Pi =1 atm. , T; = 288 °K, is expanded around a sharp corner through a deflection angle of 15° . Calculate the Mach no. , static and stagnation pressure and temperature behind the shock wave, and the anglesthat the forward and rearward Mach lines make with respect to upstream flow direction. A thin flat plate airfoil as shown in figure , inclined at an angle of attack of 10°: Find the flow properties in all the regions of the flow for Mi=3 and the free stream at T,= 15° and P,= 1 bar . Determine the drag and lift forces for cord length c m, per unit depth. A converging diverging nozzle with a design exit Mach no. of 2.2 is connected to a reservoir pressurized to 550 kPa and vented to an ambient pressure of 101.3 kPa. For these circumstances when the nozzle is over expanded and results ina plume structure as sketched. Determine the flow direction , static pressure and Mach no. in regions R,Ro Rs Assignment # 6 - Flow in Constant-Area Ducts with Friction (1) a) Estimate the maximum flow rate for air (kg /s) which can flow through the passage shown in figure (1), assuming that the friction coefficient of the duct is 0.005 ) For what range of back pressure will this maximum flow rate be achieved? -50 om oo ie ee LEE ae ae eee dee YT = 400 Kk LOI z eee rere ea 7 bur Fig. (1) @) Air flows along a circular pipe of 40-mm diameter, 300-mam length, and friction coefficient of 00052, The Mach number, stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature at the pipe inlet are 0.7, 700 kPa and 350 K, respectively. Calculate the stagnation pressure drop along the pipe. The flow may be assumed adiabatic. (3) The entry conditions of air in 60 cm diameter pipe are: M = 3.0, P =70.9 kPa and T =38 °C. A normal shock occurs at section where M= 2.5. The mach number at the exit pipe is 0:8. Assume f= 0,005, determine: a) The distance from the inlet at which normal shock occurs. ») The total length of the duct. ©) Total pressure at the exit of the pipe. 4) Static pressure at exit. ¢) Change of entropy between inlet and exit. ) Show the processes on the T-S diagram. @ A blower delivers 700 m/hour of air at stagnation pressure of 200 kPa and static temperature of 21°C at the inlet of a pipe with a diameter of 49 mm and a length of 25 meters. The average coefficient of friction is 0.0025. The flow may be assumed adiabatic. Using the Tables. Determine the following: a) Mach number at inlet. )Stagnation temperature at inlet. ©) Mach number at exit. 4) The drop in the stagnation values of pressure and temperature between inlet and outlet. (5) A convergent divergent nozzle is connected to a pipe of 193 cm length. The nozzle exit diameter and pipe diameter are both equal to 6 cm .The nozzle throat diameter is 2.29 cm. Compressed air enters the nozzle with stagnation pressure and temperature of 506.5 kPa and 400 K respectively. The back pressure at the pipe exit section is 101.3 kPa. Assuming an average coefficient of friction of 0.003, determine: " a) Velocity at pipe exit section and minimum force to hold nozzle and pipe stationary. b) The maximum back pressure at pipe exit section without reducing mass flow rate. a ©) __ Draw pressure distribution over the nozzle and pipe and illustrate the process on the T-S diagram for both (a) and (b). (6) A convergent divergent nozzle having a throat diameter of 1.54 cm receives air from a large tank at a temperature of 400 k and discharges it through a pipe of length 125 cm and 4 cm diameter. The pipe discharges into the atmosphere. Air jet leaving the pipe impacts a large plate normal to the jet. Assume an average friction coefficient for the pipe is 0.003 a) Find the pipe exit pressure and velocity for the following tank pressures: 1)709.1kPa —.2)1.013MPa 3) 3.546 MPa b) Which of the above tank pressures results in positioning the shock inside the duct system? Assignment #7 - Flow in Constant-Area Ducts with Heating or Cooling (1) _(@) Fuel is to be bumed in a stream of air moving with a mach number of 2.0 , a temperature of -70°C and.a pressure of 78 kPa in a duct of constant area. Estimate the maximum possible rise in the stagnation temperature and the corresponding final values of the temperature. pressure and stagnation pressure. (b)__ Ifthe supersonic stream of part (a) were passed through a normal shock before fuel was bumed, estimate the maximum possible rise in the stagnation temperature and the corresponding final values of temperature, pressure and stagnation pressure. @) Air fuel mixture enters a constant area ram jet combustion chamber with a velocity of 61 mis at a temperature of 49°C and a pressure of 202.6 kPa. If the air to fuel ratio employed was 43.5, what would be the stream properties at chamber exit and percentage loss in stagnation pressure. What is the maximum F/A ratio that can be used for the specified entry conditions? G) For preliminary design purposes, itis required to study a constant area combustion chamber fora jet engine. The combustion chamber air capacity is 38 kg /s. Air is being admitted to the chamber at a stagnation pressure of 405.2 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 400 K and a mach number of 0.4 (a) State the assumptions for the simple T» change model of analysis. (o) Determine: i- The stagnation temperature. velocity at the chamber exit and fuel rate to limit the stagnation pressure drop along the chamber to 12%. What would be the chamber diameter?. ji- The stagnation pressure drop along the combustion chamber and fuel flow rate when the exit stagnation temperature is incteased to a maximum of 1300° C and for the same air capacity. What would be then the chamber diameter 7 Note: Fuel calorific value is 10000 Keal/kg (4) A gaseous mixtures of air and fuel enters a ram jet combustion chamber at a velocity of 63 ‘v/s, stagnation pressure and temperature of 202.6 kPa and -23° C and fuel-to-air ratio of 1:50 by weight. The combustion chamber is 20 cm in diameter. After leaving the combustion chamber, the exhaust gases enter a convergent divergent nozzle where the nozzle discharges into an atmospheric pressure of 30.39 kPa. find (2) The nozzle throat and exit area in order to avoid shock waves. (b) The maximum fuel rate which may be burned in this combustion chamber without thermal choking. (5)As shown in the figure. air enters a constant area duct that is followed by a converging, segment with area ratio of [.5. At the entrance. the Mach number 2 and the pressure and temperature are 70 kPa and 278 °K. respectively. Ifthe Mach number at the minimum area is |. find the amount and direction (addition of rejection) of the heat interaction. Ifa normal shock wave stands, are the previous answers correct ? 13 Mya AYA = 1.5

S-ar putea să vă placă și