13–46C Is the total internal energy change of an ideal-gas mixture equal to the sum of

the internal energy changes of each individual gas in the mixture? Answer the same
question for a real-gas mixture.
Yes. Yes (conservation of energy).
13–47C When evaluating the entropy change of the components of an ideal-gas
mixture, do we have to use the partial pressure of each component or the total pressure
of the mixture?
We have to use the partial pressure.

13–48C Suppose we want to determine the enthalpy change of a real-gas mixture

undergoing a process. The enthalpy change of each individual gas is determined by
using the generalized enthalpy chart, and the enthalpy change of the mixture is
determined by summing them. Is this an exact approach? Explain.
No, this is an approximate approach. It assumes a component behaves as if it existed alone at the
mixture temperature and pressure (i.e., it disregards the influence of dissimilar molecules on each
other
13–49 A process requires a mixture that is 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen, and
1 percent argon by volume. All three gases are supplied from separate tanks to an
adiabatic, constant-pressure mixing chamber at 200 kPa but at different temperatures.
The oxygen enters at 10°C, the nitrogen at 60°C, and the argon at 200°C. Determine
the total entropy change for the mixing process per unit mass of mixture.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and argon gases are supplied from separate tanks at different temperatures to form
a mixture. The total entropy change for the mixing process is to be determined.
Assumptions Under specified conditions all N2, O2, and argon can be treated as ideal gases, and the
mixture as an ideal gas mixture.
Properties The molar masses of O2, N2, and Ar are 32.0, 28.0, and 40.0 kg/kmol, respectively
(TableA-1). The properties of Argon are R = 0.2081 kJ/kg.K and cp = 0.5203 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).
Analysis Note that volume fractions are equal to mole fractions in ideal gas mixtures. The partial
pressures in the mixture are

PO2 ,2 = yO2 Pm = (0.21)(200KPa) = 42 KPa

PN2,2 = yN2 Pm = (0.78)(200KPa) = 165 KPa

PAr,2 = yAr Pm = (0.01)(200KPa) = 2 KPa

The molar mass of the mixture is determined to be

Mm = yO2 MO2 + yN2 MN2 + yAr MAr

= (0.21)(32 kg/kmol) (0.78)(28) (0.01)(40) 28.96 kg/kmol

The mass fractions are
M O2 32 kg/kmol
𝑚𝑓O2 = yO2 = (0.21) = 0.2320
Mm 28.96 kg⁄kmol

MN2 28 kg⁄kmol
𝑚𝑓N2 = yN2 = (0.78) = 0.7541
Mm 28.96 kg⁄kmol

MAr 40 kg⁄kmol
𝑚𝑓Ar = yAr = (0.01) = 0.0138
Mm 28.96 kg⁄kmol

The final temperature of the mixture is needed. The conservation of energy on a unit mass basis for
steady flow mixing with no heat transfer or work allows calculation of mixture temperature. All
components of the exit mixture have the same common temperature, Tm. We obtain the properties of
O2 and N2 from EES:

e1 = e2

mfO2 h@10°C + mfN2 h@60°C + mfAr cp,Ar TAr,1 = mfO2 h@Tm + mfN2 h@Tm + mfAr cp,Ar Tm

(0.2320)( 13.85) (0.7541)(36.47) (0.0138)(0.5203)(200)

= (0.2320)h@Tm + (0.7541)h@Tm + (0.0138)(0.5203)Tm

Solving this equation with EES gives Tm = 50.4ºC. The entropies of O2 and N2 are obtained from
EES to be
T = 10ºC , P = 200 kpa 𝑆𝑂2 ,1 = 6.1797 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

T = 50.4ºC , P = 42 kpa 𝑆𝑂2 ,2 = 6.7082 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

T = 60ºC , P = 200 kpa 𝑆𝑁2 ,1 = 6.7461 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

T = 50.4ºC , P = 156 kpa 𝑆𝑁2 ,2 = 6.7893 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

The entropy changes are

Δ𝑆𝑂2 = 𝑆𝑂2,2 − 𝑆𝑂2,1 = 6.7082 − 6.1797 = 0.5284 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

Δ𝑆𝑁2 = 𝑆𝑁2 ,2 − 𝑆𝑁2 ,1 = 6.7893 − 6.7461 = 0.04321 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑇2 𝑃2 50.4 + 273 2
Δ𝑆𝐴𝑟 = 𝑐𝑝 ln − 𝑅 ln = (0.5203)ln( ) − (0.2081)ln( ) = 0.7605 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑇1 𝑃1 200 + 273 200

The total entropy change is

ΔStotal = mfO2 ΔSO2 + mfN2 ΔSN2 + mfAr ΔSAr

= (0.2320)(0.5284)+(0.7541)(0.04321)+(0.0138)(0.7605) = 0.1656 kJ/kg.K

13–50 A mixture that is 15 percent carbon dioxide, 5 percent carbon monoxide, 10

percent oxygen, and 70 percent nitrogen by volume undergoes an adiabatic
compression process having a compression ratio of 8:1. If the initial state of the mixture
is 300 K and 100 kPa, determine the makeup of the mixture on a mass basis and the
internal energy change per unit mass of mixture.
Volumetric fractions of the constituents of a mixture are given. The mixture undergoes an adiabatic
compression process. The makeup of the mixture on a mass basis and the internal energy change
per unit mass of mixture are to be determined.
Assumptions Under specified conditions all CO2, CO, O2, and N2 can be treated as ideal gases, and
the mixture as an ideal gas mixture.
Properties 1 The molar masses of CO2, CO, O2, and N2 are 44.0, 28.0, 32.0, and 28.0 kg/kmol,
respectively (Table A-1). 2 The process is reversible.
Analysis Noting that volume fractions are equal to mole fractions in ideal gas mixtures, the molar
mass of the mixture is determined to be
Mm = y𝐶𝑂2 MCO2 + yCO MCO + yO2 MO2 + yN2 MN2

= (0.15)(44) + (0.05)(28) + (0.10)(32) + (0.70)(28) = 30.80 kg/kmol

The mass fractions are
MCO2 44 kg/kmol
𝑚𝑓CO2 = yCO2 = (0.15) = 0.2143
Mm 30.80 kg⁄kmol

M𝐶𝑂 28 kg/kmol
𝑚𝑓𝐶𝑂 = yCO = (0.05) = 0.0454
Mm 30.80 kg⁄kmol

M O2 32 kg⁄kmol
𝑚𝑓O2 = yO2 = (0.1) = 0.1039
Mm 30.80 kg⁄kmol
 MN2 28 kg⁄kmol
𝑚𝑓N2 = yN2 = (0.7) = 0.6364
Mm 30.80 kg⁄kmol

The final pressure of mixture is expressed from ideal gas relation to be

𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 𝑟 = (100𝐾𝑝𝑎)(8) = 2.667 𝑇2 (Eq. 1)
𝑇1 300 𝐾
since the final temperature is not known. We assume that the process is reversible as well being
adiabatic (i.e. isentropic). Using Dalton’s law to find partial pressures, the entropies at the initial
state are determined from EES to be:

T = 300 K, P = (0.2143×100) = 21.43 kpa SCO2,1 = 5.2190 kJ/kg. K

T = 300 K, P = (0.04545×100) = 4.55 kpa SCO,1 = 7.9483 kJ/kg. K

T = 300 K, P = (0.1039×100) = 10.39 kpa SN2,1 = 6.9485 kJ/kg. K

T = 300 K, P = (0.6364×100) = 63.64 kpa SO2 ,1 = 7.0115 kJ/kg. K

The final state entropies cannot be determined at this point since the final pressure and temperature
are not known. However, for an isentropic process, the entropy change is zero and the final
temperature and the final pressure may be determined from

ΔStotal = mfCO2 ΔSCO2 + mfCO ΔSCO + mfO2 ΔSO2 + mfN2 ΔSN2 = 0

and using Eq. (1). The solution may be obtained using EES to be T2 = 631.4 K, P2 = 1684 kPa The
initial and final internal energies are (from EES)

uCO2 ,1 = −8997 kJ/kg uCO2,2 = −8734 kJ/kg

uCO,1 = −4033 kJ/kg uCO,2 = −3780 kJ/kg

T1 = 300 K T2 = 300 K
uO2 ,1 = −76.24 kJ/kg uO2 ,2 = 156.8 kJ/kg

uN2 ,1 = −87.11 kJ/kg uN2 ,2 = 163.9 kJ/kg

The internal energy change per unit mass of mixture is determined from

Δumixture = mfCO2 ( uCO2,2 − uCO2,1 ) + mfCO ( uCO,2 − uCO,1 ) + mfO2 ( uO2 ,2 − uO2 ,1 )
+ mfN2 ( uN2 ,2 − uN2 ,1 )

= 0.2143 [(−8734) − ( −8997)] + 0.0454[( −3780) − (− 4033)] +

0.1039[156.8 − (− 76.24)]6 + 0.6364[163.9 − (− 87.11)] = 𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠