T1-1 [176 marks]

1. Which coefficients would balance this equation? [1 mark]

__ MnO2+ __ HCl → __ MnCl2+ __ Cl2+ __ H2O

What is the coefficient for O2(g) when the equation for the combustion of 1 mole of pentane is balanced? [1 mark]
2.
C 5H12(g)+ _ O2(g) _ CO2(g) _ H2O(g)
A. 5

B. 6

C. 8

D. 16

3. What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using whole numbers? [1 mark]

___ Fe2O3(s)+ ___ CO(g) → ___ Fe(s)+ ___ CO2(g)

A. 5

B. 6

C. 8

D. 9

What is the sum of all coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers? [1 mark]
4.
__ C 2H2+ __ O2 → __ CO2+ __ H2O

A. 5

B. 7

C. 11

D. 13

What is the sum of the coefficients for the equation when balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers? [1 mark]
5.
__ N2H4(g)+ __ O2(g) → __ NO2(g)+ __ H2O(g)

A. 5

B. 6

C. 7

D. 8
 Nitroglycerine, C 3H5N3O9, can be used in the manufacture of explosives. What is the coefficient of C 3H5N3O9(l) when the equation[1 mark]
6.
for its decomposition reaction is balanced using the lowest whole numbers?

___ C 3H5N3O9(l) → ___ CO2(g)+ ___ H2O(l)+ ___ N2(g)+ ___ O2(g)

A. 2

B. 4

C. 20

D. 33

Which statements about solutions are correct? [1 mark]

7.
I. A solute dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.

II. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

III. Concentrations of solutions can be expressed in g dm−3.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Chemical kinetics involves an understanding of how the molecular world changes with time.

8a. (i) Define the term rate of reaction. [4 marks]

(ii) Temperature and the addition of a catalyst are two factors that can affect the rate of a reaction. State two other factors.

(iii) In the reaction represented below, state one method that can be used to measure the rate of the reaction.

−
ClO− +
3 (aq) + 5Cl (aq) + 6H (aq) → 3Cl2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
 A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for a reaction, lowering the activation energy, Ea.

8b. (i) Define the term activation energy, Ea. [4 marks]

(ii) Sketch the two Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for a fixed amount of gas at two different temperatures, T1 and
T2 (T2 > T1). Label both axes.

Sketch graphical representations of the following reactions, for X → products.

(i) Concentration of reactant X against time for a zero-order reaction. [3 marks]

8c.

(ii) Rate of reaction against concentration of reactant X for a zero-order reaction.

(iii) Rate of reaction against concentration of reactant X for a first-order reaction.

 For the reaction below, consider the following experimental data.

2ClO2(aq) + 2OH− (aq) → ClO− −

3 (aq) + ClO2 (aq) + H2O(l)

(i) Deduce the rate expression. [5 marks]

8d.
(ii) Determine the rate constant, k, and state its units, using the data from Experiment 2.

(iii) Calculate the rate, in mol dm−3s− 1, when [ClO2(aq)] = 1.50 × 10− 2 mol dm−3 and [OH− (aq)] = 2.35 × 10− 2 mol dm−3.

Another reaction involving

OH− (aq) is the base hydrolysis reaction of an ester.

CH3COOCH2CH(aq) + OH− (aq) → CH3COO− (aq) + CH3CH2OH(aq)

Apply IUPAC rules to name the ester, CH 3COOCH2CH3(aq). [1 mark]

8e.
 Describe qualitatively the relationship between the rate constant, k, and temperature, T. [1 mark]
8f.

The rate of this reaction was measured at different temperatures and the following data were recorded. [4 marks]
8g.

Using data from the graph, determine the activation energy, Ea, correct to three significant figures and state its units.
 A two-step mechanism has been proposed for the following reaction.

Step 1: ClO− (aq) + ClO− (aq) → ClO− −

2 (aq) + Cl (aq)
− − −
Step 2: ClO−
2 (aq) + ClO (aq) → ClO3 (aq) + Cl (aq)

Deduce the overall equation for the reaction. [1 mark]

8h.

Deduce the rate expression for each step. [2 marks]

8i.

Step 1:

Step 2:

A student added 7.40 × 10− 2 g of magnesium ribbon to 15.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid. The hydrogen gas produced was
collected using a gas syringe at 20.0 °C and 1.01 × 105 Pa.

9a. State the equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. [1 mark]
9b. Determine the limiting reactant. [3 marks]

Calculate the theoretical yield of hydrogen gas:

(i) in mol. [3 marks]

9c.
(ii) in cm3, under the stated conditions of temperature and pressure.

The actual volume of hydrogen measured was lower than the calculated theoretical volume. [2 marks]
9d.
Suggest two reasons why the volume of hydrogen gas obtained was less.
10. What are the coefficients of H2SO4(aq) and H3PO4(aq) when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole [1 mark]
numbers?

___ Ca3(PO4)2(s)+ ___ H2SO4(aq) → ___ CaSO3(s)+ ___ H3PO4(aq)

What are the coefficients of H2SO4(aq) and H3PO4(aq) when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole [1 mark]
11.
numbers?

___ Ca3(PO4)2(s)+ ___ H2SO4(aq) → ___ CaSO4(s)+ ___ H3PO4(aq)

12. What is the whole number ratio of the coefficients of ammonia to oxygen when the following equation is balanced correctly? [1 mark]

___NH3(g)+___O2(g) → ___NO(g)+___H2O(l)

A. 1:2

B. 2:1

C. 4:5

D. 5:4

In December 2010, researchers in Sweden announced the synthesis of N,N–dinitronitramide, N(NO2)3. They speculated that this
compound, more commonly called trinitramide, may have significant potential as an environmentally friendly rocket fuel oxidant.

13a. Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the coefficients required to balance the [1 mark]
equation for this reaction.

___ N(NO2)3(g)+ ___ CH3OH(l) → ___ N2(g)+ ___ CO2(g)+ ___ H2O(l)

−1
 Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol− 1, when one mole of trinitramide decomposes to its elements, using bond enthalpy data [3 marks]
13b.
from Table 10 of the Data Booklet. Assume that all the N–O bonds in this molecule have a bond enthalpy of 305 kJ mol− 1.

13c. Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen gas, N2. [2 marks]
 Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning. [3 marks]
13d.

13e. Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule. [2 marks]
13f. Methanol can also be burnt as a fuel. Describe an experiment that would allow the molar enthalpy change of combustion to be [3 marks]
calculated from the results.

Explain how the results of this experiment could be used to calculate the molar enthalpy change of combustion of methanol. [3 marks]
13g.
13h. Predict, with an explanation, how the result obtained would compare with the value in Table 12 of the Data Booklet. [2 marks]

In December 2010, researchers in Sweden announced the synthesis of N,N–dinitronitramide, N(NO2)3. They speculated that this
compound, more commonly called trinitramide, may have significant potential as an environmentally friendly rocket fuel oxidant.

Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the coefficients required to balance the [1 mark]
14a.
equation for this reaction.

___ N(NO2)3(g)+ ___ CH3OH(l) → ___ N2(g)+ ___ CO2(g)+ ___ H2O(l)

1 −
14b. Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol , when one mole of trinitramide decomposes to its elements, using bond enthalpy
−
data [3 marks]
from Table 10 of the Data Booklet. Assume that all the N–O bonds in this molecule have a bond enthalpy of 305 kJ mol 1.

−
The entropy change, ΔS, for the decomposition of trinitramide has been estimated as +700 J K− 1mol 1. Comment on the sign of [2 marks]
14c.
ΔS.

− −1 −1
 −1 − 1 −
14d. Using +700 J K mol as the value for the entropy change, along with your answer to part (c), calculate ΔG , in kJ mol 1, for [3 marks]
this reaction at 300 K. (If you did not obtain an answer for part (c), then use the value −1000 kJ mol− 1, but this is not the correct value.)

Explain how changing the temperature will affect whether or not the decomposition of trinitramide is spontaneous. [2 marks]
14e.

Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen gas, N2. [2 marks]
14f.
 Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning. [3 marks]
14g.

Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule. [2 marks]

14h.

Both sodium and sodium chloride can conduct electricity.

Compare how electric current passes through sodium and sodium chloride by completing the table below. [3 marks]
15a.
 Sodium can be obtained by electrolysis from molten sodium chloride. Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of this [3 marks]
15b.
electrolytic cell.

Ethene belongs to the homologous series of the alkenes.

Outline three features of a homologous series. [3 marks]

16a.

16b. Describe a test to distinguish ethene from ethane, including what is observed in each case. [2 marks]
16c. Bromoethane can be produced either from ethene or from ethane. State an equation for each reaction. [2 marks]

A bromoalkane, C 4H9Br , reacts with a warm, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.

16d. State the equation for the reaction of C 4H9Br with NaOH. [1 mark]

Suggest what would happen to the pH of the solution as the reaction proceeds. [1 mark]
16e.
 The time taken to produce a certain amount of product using different initial concentrations of C 4H9Br and NaOH is measured. The
results are shown in the following table.

Deduce the effect of the concentration of C 4H9Br and NaOH on the rate of reaction. [2 marks]
16f.

C4H9Br:

NaOH:

Suggest why warm sodium hydroxide solution is used. [1 mark]

16g.

Deduce whether C4H9Br is a primary or tertiary halogenoalkane. [2 marks]

16h.
 Determine the structural formula of C 4H9Br. [1 mark]
16i.

Describe, using an equation, how C 4H9Br can be converted into C 4H8Br2. [1 mark]
16j.

16k. Explain the mechanism for the reaction in (c) of C 4H9Br with NaOH, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron [4 marks]
pairs.

But-2-ene belongs to the homologous series of the alkenes.

Outline three features of a homologous series. [3 marks]

17a.
17b. Describe a test to distinguish but-2-ene from butane, including what is observed in each case. [2 marks]

2-bromobutane can be produced from but-2-ene. State the equation of this reaction using structural formulas. [1 mark]
17c.

17d. State what is meant by the term stereoisomers. [1 mark]

Explain the existence of geometrical isomerism in but-2-ene. [2 marks]

17e.
 The time taken to produce a certain amount of product using different initial concentrations of C 4H9Br and NaOH is measured. The
results are shown in the following table.

Deduce the order of reaction with respect to C 4H9Br and NaOH, using the data above. [3 marks]
17f.

C 4H9Br

NaOH:

Deduce the rate expression. [1 mark]

17g.

17h. Based on the rate expression obtained in (c) (ii) state the units of the rate constant, k. [1 mark]

Halogenalkanes can react with NaOH via SN1 and SN2 type mechanisms. Explain why C 4H9Br reacts via the mechanism described[1 mark]
17i.
in (d) (i).
 Identify the rate-determining step of this mechanism. [1 mark]
17j.

Iron tablets are often prescribed to patients. The iron in the tablets is commonly present as iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4.

Two students carried out an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of iron in a brand of tablets marketed in Cyprus.

Experimental Procedure:

• The students took five iron tablets and found that the total mass was 1.65 g.

• The five tablets were ground and dissolved in 100 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq). The solution and washings were transferred
to a 250 cm3 volumetric flask and made up to the mark with deionized (distilled) water.

• 25.0 cm3 of this Fe2+ (aq) solution was transferred using a pipette into a conical flask. Some dilute sulfuric acid was added.
• A titration was then carried out using a 5.00 × 10−3 mol dm−3 standard solution of potassium permanganate, KMnO4(aq). The
end-point of the titration was indicated by a slight pink colour.

The following results were recorded.

When the Fe2+ (aq) solution was made up in the 250 cm3 volumetric flask, deionized (distilled) water was added until the bottom of [1 mark]
18a.
its meniscus corresponded to the graduation mark on the flask. It was noticed that one of the two students measured the volume of the
solution from the top of the meniscus instead of from the bottom. State the name of this type of error.

State what is meant by the term precision. [1 mark]

18b.
 When the students recorded the burette readings, following the titration with KMnO 4 (aq),the top of the meniscus was used and not [1 mark]
18c.
the bottom. Suggest why the students read the top of the meniscus and not the bottom.

This experiment involves the following redox reaction.

5Fe2+ (aq) + MnO− + 3+ 2+

4 (aq) + 8H (aq) → 5Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)

18d. Define the term reduction in terms of electrons. [1 mark]

Deduce the oxidation number of manganese in the MnO−

4 (aq) ion. [1 mark]
18e.

−
18f. Determine the amount, in mol, of MnO4 (aq), used in each accurate titre. [2 marks]

2+ 3
18g. Calculate the amount, in mol, of Fe (aq) ions in 250 cm of the solution. [1 mark]
 Determine the total mass of iron, in g, in the 250 cm3 solution. [1 mark]
18h.

18i. Determine the percentage by mass of iron in the tablets. [1 mark]

18j. One titration was abandoned because a brown precipitate, manganese(IV) oxide, formed. State the chemical formula of this [1 mark]
compound.

Chlorine occurs in Group 7, the halogens.

Two stable isotopes of chlorine are 35Cl and 37Cl with mass numbers 35 and 37 respectively.

Define the term isotopes of an element. [2 marks]

19a.

Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl. [2 marks]
19b.
 Using the mass numbers of the two isotopes and the relative atomic mass of chlorine from Table 5 of the Data Booklet, determine [2 marks]
19c.
the percentage abundance of each isotope.

Percentage abundance 35Cl:

Percentage abundance 37Cl:

Chlorine has an electronegativity value of 3.2 on the Pauling scale.

Define the term electronegativity. [1 mark]

19d.

Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, explain the trends in electronegativity values of the Group 7 elements from F to I. [2 marks]
19e.
 State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium bromide, KBr(aq), with chlorine, Cl 2(aq). [1 mark]
19f.

Describe the colour change likely to be observed in this reaction. [1 mark]

19g.

Chloroethene, H2C=CHCl, the monomer used in the polymerization reaction in the manufacture of the polymer poly(chloroethene),
PVC, can be synthesized in the following two-stage reaction pathway.

Stage 1: C 2H4(g) + Cl2(g) → ClCH2CH2Cl(g)

Stage 2: ClCH2CH2Cl(g) + HC=CHCl(g) + HCl(g)

−
Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol 1, for stage 1 using average bond enthalpy data from Table 10 of the Data [3 marks]
19h.
Booklet.

19i. State whether the reaction given in stage 1 is exothermic or endothermic. [1 mark]
19j. Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene) showing two repeating units. [1 mark]

Suggest why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids whereas polymers are solids. [2 marks]
19k.

Define oxidation in terms of oxidation number. [1 mark]

20a.

3−
[2 marks]
20b. Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction of copper, Cu(s), with nitrate ions, NO (aq), in acid, to produce
copper(II) ions, Cu2+ (aq), and nitrogen(IV) oxide, NO2(g).
 Deduce the oxidizing and reducing agents in this reaction. [1 mark]
20c.

Oxidizing agent:

Reducing agent:

A voltaic cell was set up, using the standard hydrogen electrode as a reference electrode and a standard Cu2+ (aq)/Cu(s) electrode.

Describe the standard hydrogen electrode including a fully labelled diagram. [3 marks]
20d.

Define the term standard electrode potential, E Θ . [1 mark]

20e.

Deduce a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for the overall reaction which will occur spontaneously when the [2 marks]
20f.
two half-cells are connected.
 Another voltaic cell was set up, using a Sn2+ (aq)/Sn(s) half-cell and a Cu2+ (aq)/Cu(s) half-cell under standard conditions.

Θ , in V, when the two half-cells are connected.

Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential, Ecell [1 mark]
20g.

Water in a beaker at a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa and a temperature of 298 K will not spontaneously decompose. However,
decomposition of water can be induced by means of electrolysis.

Deduce the sign of the standard free energy change, ΔG Θ , for any non-spontaneous reaction. [1 mark]
20h.

State why dilute sulfuric acid needs to be added in order for the current to flow in the electrolytic cell. [1 mark]
20i.

State why copper electrodes cannot be used in the electrolysis of water. Suggest instead suitable metallic electrodes for this [1 mark]
20j.
electrolysis process.
 Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode (cathode). [2 marks]
20k.

Positive electrode (anode):

Negative electrode (cathode):

Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols. [1 mark]

20l.

Draw a fully labelled diagram of the electrolytic cell, showing the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode (cathode). [2 marks]
20m.
 20n. Comment on what is observed at both electrodes. [1 mark]

20o. Two electrolytic cells are connected in series (the same current passes through each cell). One cell for the electrolysis of water [2 marks]
produces 100 cm
3 of oxygen, measured at 273 K and 1.01 × 105 Pa. The second cell contains molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr . Determine the mass, in g, of
2
lead produced.

[1 mark]
21. Some sodium chloride is dissolved in water. Which term describes the role of sodium chloride in this process?
A. Solute

B. Solvent

C. Solution

D. Saturated

[1 mark]
22. Which expression gives the sum of all the coefficients for the general equation for the complete
combustion of hydrocarbons?

___ C xHy(g)+ ___ O2(g) → ___ CO2(g)+ ___ H2O(l)

y
A. 1+x+ 4
y
B. 1+x+ 2
3y
C. 1 + 2x + 4
3y
D. 1 + 2x + 2

What is the sum of all coefficients for the combustion of one mole of propane? [1 mark]
23
.
___ C 3H8(g)+ ___ O2(g) → ___ CO2(g)+ ___ H2O(l)

A. 8

B. 12

C. 13

D. 15

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