Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Transmission Lines
Contents
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.1.1 The Role of Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.1.2 Propagation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.2 The Lumped Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.2.1 Coax Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.2.2 TEM Line Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.3 The Transmission Line Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line . . . . . . 2-15
2.4.1 Getting to the 1D Wave Equation . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.4.2 Solving the Wave Equation (Phasor Form) . . . . 2-17
2.4.3 Returning to the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.5 The Lossless Microstrip Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
2.5.1 Analysis and Synthesis of Microstrip . . . . . . 2-23
2.5.2 Common Mstrip Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
2.6 Lossless Tline General Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
2.6.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
2.6.2 Standing Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42
2-1
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2-2
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction
In this second chapter your knowledge of circuit theory is connected
into the study transmission lines having voltage and current along
the line in terms of 1D traveling waves. The transmission line is a
two-port circuit used to connect a generator or transmitter signal to a
receiving load over a distance. In simple terms power transfer takes
place.
Zg
A B
+
~ Sending-end Receiving-end
Vg Transmission line ZL
port port
−
A' B'
Generator circuit Load circuit
Figure 2-1 A transmission line is a two-port network connecting a generator circuit at the sending end to a load at the
receiving end. Figure 2.1: Two-port model of a transmission line.
2-3
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2-4
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Dispersionless line
Metal Metal w
2b
2a d
h
D
Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing Dielectric spacing
(a) Coaxial line (b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line
h
Metal ground plane
Dielectric spacing Metal ground plane Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing
(d) Strip line (e) Microstrip line (f) Coplanar waveguide
Metal
Concentric
dielectric
layers
mircowave circuit TEM lines (d)–(f), and non-TEM lines (g) & (h).
2-6
2.2. THE LUMPED ELEMENT MODEL
RL
ial line
Load
Cross section
Figure
field is in the radial direction 2.4:theThe
between innertransverse fields of the
and outer conductors, andcoax.
the
conductor. The coaxial line is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission
fields are orthogonal to the direction
non-TEM of propagation
means one or morebetween
fieldthecomponents
generator andlies
in the di-
rection of propagation, e.g. metal or optical fiber waveguides
2-7
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
We will see that these four parameters are calculated from (1)
the line cross-sectional geometry (see 2.4) and (2) the EM con-
stitutive parameters (c and c for conductors and , , and
insulation/dielectric)
For the three classical line types the four parameters are calcu-
lated using the table below (also see the text Java modules1)
Table
Table 2-1 R0, L0, G 0, and
2.1:Transmission-line C 0 forR′ ,the
parameters L′ , Gfour
′ , and classical
C ′ for three line types.
types of lines.
2πσ πσ σw
G′ * + , S/m
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h
2πε πε εw
C′ * + , F/m
ln(b/a) ln (D/d) + (D/d)2 − 1 h
1
http://em7e.eecs.umich.edu/ulaby_modules.html
2-8
2.2. THE LUMPED ELEMENT MODEL
– p
Note: The series resistance of the line increases as the
f
– Also Note: If c f c R0 ' 0
2-9
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
The formula for C 0 (see Chapter 4), which is the shunt capaci-
tance between the conductors, is
2
C0 D F/m
ln.b=a/
0 0 1 1
L C D ) up D p Dp
L0C 0
p
– Recall from Chapter 1 c D 1= 00
Secondly,
G0
D
C0
2-10
2.2. THE LUMPED ELEMENT MODEL
Use the text Module 2.2 to obtain the transmission line param-
eters
4
parms.
With hand coding many options exist to do more than just ob-
tain R0, L0, G 0, and C 0
2-11
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2-12
2.3. THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS
Node Node
N i(z, t) N+1 i(z + ∆z, t)
+ +
R' ∆z L' ∆z
− −
∆z
Figure 2.7: A differential section of TEM transmission line, z
Figure 2-8 Equivalent circuit of a two-conductor
ready transmission
for Kirchoff’sline
laws.
of differential length ∆z.
The goal of this section is to obtain the voltage across the line
v.z; t / and the current through the line i.z; t / for any l
z < 0 and t value
Q j!t
i.z; t / D Re I .z/e ;
2-14
2.4. WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION LINE
d VQ .z/
D R0 C j!L0 IQ.z/
dz
d IQ.z/
D G 0 C j!C 0 VQ .z/
dz
d 2VQ .z/ 0
Q
0 d I .z/
D R C j!L ;
dz 2 dz
2-15
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
then replace d IQ.z/=dz with the right side of the second equa-
tion
d 2VQ .z/ 0 0
0 0 Q
R C j!L G C j!C V .z/ D 0
dz 2
or in the form of the phasor-based 1D voltage wave equation
d 2VQ .z/
2VQ .z/ D 0;
dz 2
where
is the complex propagation constant
q
D R0 C j!L0 G 0 C j!C 0
d 2IQ.z/
2IQ.z/ D 0
dz 2
In full detail
q
˛ D Re R0 C j!L0 G 0 C j!C 0 (Np/m)
q
ˇ D Re R0 C j!L0 G 0 C j!C 0 (rad/m)
2-16
2.4. WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION LINE
VQ .z/ D V0Ce
z
C V0 e
z (V)
IQ.z/ D I Ce
0
z
C I0 e
z (A)
2-17
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
The variables .V0C; I0C/ and .V0 ; I0 / are unknowns that will
be found using boundary conditions
Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e−γz Incident wave
Vg ZL
− (V0−, I0−)eγz Reflected wave
z
where the last line follows from the second general wave equa-
tion solution
2-18
2.4. WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION LINE
It appears that
We define
s
0 0
R C j!L R0 C j!L0
Z0 D D ./
G 0 C j!C 0
VQ .z/ D V0Ce
z
C V0 e
z (V)
C
V V0
z
IQ.z/ D 0
e
z
e (A)
Z0 Z0
2-19
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
D jV0Cje ˛z cos !t ˇz C C
˛z
C jV0 je cos !t C ˇz C
Also, the first term travels in the Cz direction while the second
term travels in the z direction
2-20
2.4. WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION LINE
2-21
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
h
t
Metal thickness
assumed zero w
s = ----
h
Conducting ground plane (μc , σc)
2-22
Conducting ground plane (μ c)
c , σTHE
2.5. LOSSLESS MICROSTRIP LINE
(a) Longitudinal view
also 1 c
up D vp D p Dp
00r r
Considering Figure 2.9, the electric field lines are mostly in the
dielectric, but some are topside in air
2-23
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
c
up D vp D p
eff
2-24
2.5. THE LOSSLESS MICROSTRIP LINE
2-25
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
where
0:75
30:67
tD
s
2-26
2.5. THE LOSSLESS MICROSTRIP LINE
where
60 2
qD p
Z
r0 r
r C 1 Z0 r 1 0:12
pD C 0:23 C
2 60 r C 1 r
2-27
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
3
http://www.rogerscorp.com/documents/606/acs/RT-duroid-5870-5880-Data-
Sheet.pdf
4
https://www.rogerscorp.com/documents/722/acs/RO3000-Laminate-Data-Sheet-
RO3003-RO3006-RO3010-RO3035.pdf
5
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/alumina-99-5
6
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/gallium-arsenide
2-28
2.5. THE LOSSLESS MICROSTRIP LINE
The equations in the book can be used straight away, but here
we will use the Python functions that are in Chapter 2 IPYNB
2-30
2.5. THE LOSSLESS MICROSTRIP LINE
2-32
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
2-33
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Table 2.3: Summary of lossless line parameters for the four classical
line types. Table 2-2 Characteristic parameters of transmission lines.
2-34
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
Find up , C 0 and Z0
c 3 108
up D p D p D 1:225 108 (m/s)
r 6
0
p also p
To find C we use the fact that ˇ D ! L0C 0 D ! , so
0 0r 4 10 7 8:85 10 12
6
C D D D 83:42 (pF/m)
L0 0:8 10 6
L0 0:8 10 6
Z0 D 0 D D 97:94 ./
C 83:42 10 12
2-35
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
must VQL
Q
ZL D ;
IQL
I0 V0
D D
I0C V0C
2-37
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Matched Load
When
V0 D 0 ) L D 0 ) ZL D Z0
making the load matched to the tline characteristic impedance.
Z0 (open) 1 0 (in-phase)
Z0 jX = jω L 1 ±180◦ − 2 tan−1 x
−j
Z0 jX = 1 ±180◦ + 2 tan−1 x
ωC
2-38
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
RL 50 Ω
Z0 = 100 Ω
CL 10 pF
A'
Figure 2.18: RC load on a Z0 D 100 lossless tline.
Figure 2-13 RC load (Example 2-3).
Consider a Z0 D 100 lossless tline driving a load ZL com-
posed of resistor RL D 50 in series with capacitor CL D 10
pF
2-39
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
VQL D V0C C V0
Q V0C V0
IL D
Z0 Z0
or IQLZ0 D V0C V0
V0 VQL IQLZ0
L D D
V0C VQL C IQLZ0
2-40
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
Source Termination
is Matched Simulation Focus
IR = IL
2
Lossline with
length given as
delay time, i.e.,
Td = l/up
–
V0 Ṽ L – Ĩ L Z 0
L = ------+ = ------------------------
V0 Ṽ L + Ĩ L Z 0
Phase L
Mag plot formula
Magnitude and L
L
phase values
overlapping here
2-41
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Q V0C jˇz
e jˇz
V .z/ D e
Z0
2-42
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
C
2
1=2
D jV0 j 1 C jj C 2jj cos.2ˇx r / ;
Finally, we have
1=2
jVQ .d /j D jV0Cj 1 C jj2 C 2jj cos 2ˇd
r
C
jV j 1=2
jIQ.d /j D 0
1 C jj2 2jj cos 2ˇd r
Z0
2-43
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Sliding probe
To detector
Probe tip Slit
Zg
~+
Vg ZL
− 40 cm 30 cm 20 cm 10 cm
+ max
V 0 = 1 0
Z 0 = 50 ---
2
Load
min End
max
min/max
correspond
min
Load
End
Special Cases:
2-45
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
~
|V(d)|
Matched line
|V0+|
d
λ 3λ λ λ 0
4 2 4
(a) ZL = Z0
Short-circuited line ~
|V(d)|
λ/2
2|V0+|
d
λ 3λ λ λ 0
4 2 4
(b) ZL = 0 (short circuit)
Open-circuited line ~
|V(d)|
λ/2
2|V0+|
d
λ 3λ λ λ 0
4 2 4
(c) ZL = (open circuit)
8
2-46
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
multiple of i.e.,
2ˇdmax r D 0; 2; : : :
2.6.3 VSWR
The ratio of jVQ jmax to jVQ jmax is given the name voltage standing-
wave ratio (VSWR) or (SWR) and in the text is denoted by S
jVQ jmax 1 C jj
SD D
jVQ jmin 1 jj
also S 1
jj D
S C1
2-47
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Z 0 = 100
2-50
2.6. LOSSLESS TLINE GENERAL CASE
Just pulling the L value from the plot is easier still, and quite
accurate when you zoom in
2-51
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
1 C e j 2ˇd
D Z0 ./
1 e j 2ˇd
To be clear:
2-52
2.7. WAVE IMPEDANCE OF A LOSSLESS LINE
A B C
Zg
+
~ Z(d ) Z0 ZL
Vg
− A′ B′ C′
d=l d 0
(a) Actual circuit
A B
Zg
+
~ Z(d )
Vg
− A′ B′
(b) Equivalent circuit
Figure 2.30: Significance of the wave impedance in tline circuit
Figure 2-17 The segment to the right of terminals BB ′
modeling.
can be replaced with a discrete impedance equal to the
wave impedance Z(d).
Noting that
j 2ˇl
l D e
2-53
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
allows us to write
ZL cos.ˇl/ C jZ0 sin.ˇl/
Zin D Z0
Z cos.ˇl/ C jZL sin.ˇl/
0
ZL C jZ0 tan.ˇl/
D Z0
Z0 C jZL tan.ˇl/
also making use of Euler’s identity and then dividing top and
bottom by cos./
VQg Zin
VQi D IQi Zin D
Zg C Zin
!
Q
Vg Zin 1
V0C D
Zg C Zin e jˇl C e jˇl
2-54
2.7. WAVE IMPEDANCE OF A LOSSLESS LINE
~
Ii A Transmission line
Zg + ~
+ IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Zin Z0 VL ZL
−
− A′ −
Generator Load
z = −l z=0
d=l d=0
~
Ii A
Zg
+
+
~ ~
Vg Vi Zin
−
− A′
Figure Figure
2.31: How 2-18to obtain
C
At theV0generator
using Zend,
in to the
obtain VQi and IQi , and
terminated
then V0C using VQi . line can be replaced with the input
transmission
impedance of the line Zin .
Finally obtaining V0C completes the solution of the 1D trans-
mission line wave equation; everything is known!
2-55
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
This study opens the door to filter design and impedance match-
ing circuits, and the use of the Smith Chart
2-56
2.8. SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
Zinsc Z0 short
circuit
d
l (a) 0
~
Vsc(d)
2jV0+
Voltage 1
d 0
λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
−1
(b)
~
Isc(d) Z0
2V0+
1
Current
d 0
λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
−1
(c)
Zinsc
jZ0
Impedance
l 0
λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
(d)
or
Z0 tan.ˇl/
Leq D (H)
!
provided tan.ˇl/ > 0
sc Z0 short
Zin circuit
sc 1
Zin Zc =
jωCeq
Figure 2.33:
FigureShort-circuited lineline
2-20 Shorted behaves as a capacitor
as equivalent depending
capacitor
upon the(Example 2-8).l.
line length
2-58
2.8. SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
Now,
2 0 2 up pi f
ˇl D D D
4 up =f 4f0 2 f0
Expressing Zinsc as function frequency, we have
f
Zinsc.f / D jZ0 tan. / D jZ0 tan
2 f0
– Note: At f D f C 0 we have D =2 rad or 90ı, which
both correspond to 0=4
2-59
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
At distance d away from the load the voltage and current are
given by
C1
‚…„ƒ
VQsc.d / D V0 e
C jˇd
D 2jV0C cos ˇd
jˇd
C e
C 2V0C
V
IQsc.d / D 0
e jˇd
e jˇd
D sin ˇd
Z0 „ƒ‚… Z0
C1
2-61
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Zinoc Z0
d
(a) l 0
~
Voc(d)
2V0+
Voltage 1
d 0
(b) λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
−1
~
Ioc(d) Z0
Current 2jV0+
1
d 0
(c) λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
−1
Zinoc
Impedance jZ0
l 0
(d) λ 3λ λ λ
4 2 4
Figure 2.36:
FigureOpen-circuited lineline
2-21 Transmission showing voltage,
terminated current and
in an open
oc
Zin circuit: l.(a) schematic representation, (b) normalized
=jZ0 versus
voltage on the line, (c) normalized current, and
2-62
(d) normalized input impedance.
2.8. SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
2-64
2.8. SPECIAL CASES OF THE LOSSLESS LINE
Thus
ZL C jZ0 0
Zin D Z0 D ZL
Z0 C jZL 0
2
ˇl D D ;
2 2
so as tan.=2/ ! 1
Z02
Zin D ; l D C n ; n D 0; 1; 2; : : :
ZL 4 2
2-65
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Feedline A
λ/4 transformer
A'
λ/4
Figure 2.39: Quarter-wave matching of 100 to 50 via Z02 D
Figure 2-22 Configuration for Example 2-10.
70:7 .
2-67
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
θr λ nλ
Positions of voltage maxima (also dmax = + , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
positions of current minima) 4π 2
⎧
⎪
⎪ θλ
⎨ r , if 0 ≤ θr ≤ π
Position of first maximum (also dmax = 4π
⎪
position of first current minimum) ⎩ θr λ + λ , if − π ≤ θ ≤ 0
⎪
r
4π 2
θr λ (2n + 1)λ
Positions of voltage minima (also dmin = + , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
positions of current maxima) 4π 4
% &
λ θr
Position of first minimum (also dmin = 1+
position of first current maximum) 4 π
% & % &
zL + j tan β l 1 + Γl
Input impedance Zin = Z0 = Z0
1 + jzL tan β l 1 − Γl
Positions at which Zin is real at voltage maxima and minima
% &
1 + |Γ|
Zin at voltage maxima Zin = Z0
1 − |Γ|
% &
1 − |Γ|
Zin at voltage minima Zin = Z0
1 + |Γ|
Zin of short-circuited line sc = jZ tan β l
Zin 0
|V0+ | = amplitude of incident wave; Γ = |Γ|e jθr with −π < θr < π ; θr in radians; Γl = Γe− j2β l .
2-68
2.9. POWER FLOW IN A LOSSLESS LINE
v.d; t / D Re VQ .d /e j!t
C
D Re jV0Cje j e jˇd C jje jr e jˇd
D jV0Cj cos !t C ˇd C C
C jj cos.!t ˇd C C C r /
jV0Cj
cos !t C ˇd C C
i.d; t / D
Z0
jj cos.!t ˇd C C C r /
C
where V0C D jV0Cje j and D jje jr
2-69
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
where
i jV0Cj2 C
P .d; t / D 1 C cos.2!t C 2ˇd C 2 /
2Z0
C 2
r 2 jV0 j C
P .d; t / D jj 1 C cos.2!t 2ˇd C 2 C 2r /
2Z0
(book has minus on reflected power term)
2-70
2.9. POWER FLOW IN A LOSSLESS LINE
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r 2 i
Pav = |Γ| Pav
−
d=l d=0
Figure 2.42: Summary of power flow in a loss transmission line.
Figure 2-23 The time-average power reflected by a load
connected to a lossless transmission line is equal to the
Phasor Domain
incident Power
power by |Γ|2 .
Calculation
multiplied
Given 100 (W) of power sent down a tline toward the load and
jj D 0:2, how much power is returned?
2-71
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Im Im
Z − Z0 z − 1
Γ= = j
Z + Z0 z + 1 Re( Z ) < 0
Re( Z ) < 0
−1
Re 1+ Γ Re
z= 1
1− Γ
−j Re( Z ) = 0
z -Plane where z = Z Z 0
z 1 1C
D and z D
zC1 1
r 2 1 C x2
U D
.r C 1/2 C x 2
2x
V D
.r C 1/2 C x 2
Putting the two circle types together results the high-level Smith
chart shown below
2-73
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
0 0.5 1 3
0 0.5 1 3 r U
−x
unit circle
Z = R + jX and Γ = U + jV
Z Z 0 = z = r + jx
1
0.5
0
−0.5 r 1
−1
U
−3 unit circle
−3
Z = R + jX and −0.5 −1
Z Z 0 = z = r + jx Γ = U + jV
V = Γi
xL = 2
xL = 0.5 xL = 1
rL = 0, Γ = −1
Short circuit load
xL = 0
U = Γr
z L = 1, Γ = 0
Matched load rL = ∞, Γ = +1
rL = 0.5 Open circuit load
xL = −1 rL = 2
rL = 1
rL = 0 xL = −0.5
xL = −2
2-75
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
0.12 0.13
45
50
1 110 40 70 0.3
λ towards generator
0.4 4
1.0
0.9
0.1
1.2
8
55
0.8
0.0 35
7
0.3
1.4
2 0 60
0.4 3
0.7
λ towards load
12
0.6 60
)
/ Yo 0.1
1.6
7 jB
0.0 E (+ 8
Γ
30
3 NC 0.3
0.4 TA 2
1.8
EP 0.2
0 C 50
65
13 S US
VE
2.0
0.5
I
6
0.1
IT 25
0.0
9
PA
4
0.3
0.4
CA
1
70
R
,O 0.4
o)
0
40
14
0.4
5
0.2
0.0
20
5
0.3
0.4
jX
(+
3.0
T
75
EN
0.6
N
PO
4
0.2
0.0
0
6
0.2
OM
0.3
1
30
15
0.4
9
EC
0.8 15
>
R—
4.0
80
NC
TO
TA
1.0
0.22
AC
ERA
0.28
0.47
5.0
RE
1.0
GEN
160
0.2
20
85
IV E
10
UCT
ARD
0.8
0.23
IN D
0.48
0.27
S T OW
ANG
90
0.6
ANG
L E OF
10
N GT H
L E OF
170
0.1
0.4
T R A N SM
0.24
0.0 —> W A V E L E
0.49
0.26
R E FL E C T IO N O E FFI C I E N T I N D E G
20
0.2
0.25λ
I SSI O N C O E F F I C I E N T I N
50
0λ
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10
20
50
0.25
0.25
± 180
0.0
C
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
50
—
Γ = 0.45∠ − 26.2°
0.2
D L OA D <
20
0.24
0.49
0.2
Move towards the generator
6
0.4
-170
0.1
OW A R
DEGR
10
REES
−26.2°
0.6
ST
EES
-90
0.23
o)
0.48
0.27
GTH
/Y
0.8
( -jB
EN
-10
-160
CE
VEL
-85
-20
0.2
AN
1.0
5.0
0.22
WA
0.28
0.47
T
EP
1.0
<—
SC U
-15 -80
4.0
ES
0.8 -15
IV
.04
0.2
0
-30
0.3
CT
6
0.2
0
1
0.4
9
ND
0.6
I
-75
OR
3.0
),
5
Zo
0.2
-20
0.0
X/
5
0.4
0.3
0.4
( -j
-4
4
-1
0
T 0.4
EN
-70
N
PO
6
0.1
0.0
M 9
CO -25
4
0.3
0.4
-65 .5
CE 1
2.0
0
-5
30
-1 AN 0
7 CT A 0.1
1.8
RE 0.2
0.0 VE
8
0.6
ITI 0.3
3
0.4 AC -30 2
1.6
CAP
-60
8 20 -60 0.1
0.7
0.0 -1 7
1.4
3
1.2
-55
0
0.9
0.1
1.0
9 -70
0.0 -110 0
-4
6
0
-5
0.3
-4
1
0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4
-90
0.11 0.14 0.35
0.4 0.12 0.13
0.39 0.36
0.38 0.37
T O W A R D L O A D —> <— T O W A R D G E N E R A T O R
SW d B F, P or I
∞ 100 40 20 10 4 53 2. 5 2 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 1. 2 1. 1 1 15 10 7 4 35 2 1
)
N. RFL CO
.P
FF N ]
R BS ]
S A
, P ST
LO . C EF
SS OE F, E
[ d
L.
S R
I
or
1 0. 9 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 ∞
,E
FF
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
TR
OE
.C
SM
CENTER
AN
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
TR
0.447
Figure 2.47: Pointing out some of the scales found on the Smith
chart.
2-76
2.10. THE SMITH CHART
2-77
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Additionally, since
1 C jj
S D VSWR D
1 j
traces out a constant VSWR circle in the -plane
There are scales on the chart for directly reading S or the r > 1
axis scale can also be used (see next example)
2-78
2.10. THE SMITH CHART
λ 8
Three outer scales: 0.11
0.12 0.13
0.14 0.162λ Γd
0.1 0.39
0.38 0.37
0.36 0.15
zL = 1 + j1
θ r in degrees
90
0.4 100 80 0.35 0.1
9
0.0 6
45
50
1 110 40 70 0.3
λ towards generator
0.4 4
1.0
0.9
0.1
1.2
8
55
0.8
0.0 35
7
0.3
1.4
2 0 60
0.4 3
0.7
λ towards load
12
0.6 60
)
/ Yo 0.1
1.6
7 jB
0.0 E (+
Γ
30 8
3 NC 0.3
0.4 TA 2
1.8
EP 0.2
0 C 50
65
13 US
ES
2.0
IV
0.5
6
0.1
T 25
0.0
CI
9
PA
4
0.3
0.4
CA
1
70
R
,O 0.4
o)
0
40
14
0.4
5
0.2
0.0
20
5
0.3
0.4
jX
(+
3.0
T
75
EN
0.6
N
PO
4
0.2
0.125λ
0.0
0
6
0.2
OM
0.3
1
30
15
0.4
9
EC
0.8 15
>
R—
4.0
80
NC
Γ = 0.447∠63.4°
TO
TA
1.0
0.22
AC
ERA
0.28
0.47
5.0
RE
1.0
GEN
160
0.2
20
85
IV E
10
UCT
ARD
0.8
0.23
IN D
0.48
0.27
S T OW
ANG
90
0.6
ANG
L E OF
10
N GT H
L E OF
170
0.1
0.4
T R A N SM
0.24
0.0 —> W A V E L E
0.49
0.26
R E FL E C T IO N O E FFI C I E N T I N D E G
20
0.2
I SSI O N C O E F F I C I E N T I N
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10
20
50
0.25
0.25
± 180
0.0
C
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
VSWR 50
—
0.2
D L OA D <
20
0.24
0.49
0.2 6
0.4
-170
0.1
OW A R
DEGR
10
REES
z (0.125λ ) = 2 − j1
0.6
ST
EES
-90
0.23
o)
0.48
0.27
GTH
/Y
0.8
( -jB
EN
-10
-160
CE
VEL
-85
-20
0.2
AN
1.0
5.0
0.22
WA
0.28
0.47
T
EP
1.0
<—
SC U
-80
4.0
ES
0.8 -15
IV
.04
0.2
0
-30
0.3
CT
-15
6
0.2
0
1
0.4
9
ND
0.6
I
0.162λ + 0.125λ
-75
OR
3.0
),
5
Zo
0.2
-20
0.0
X/
5
0.4
0.3
= 0.287λ
0.4
40
( -j
-4
-1
0
T 0.4
EN
-70
N
PO
6
0.1
0.0
M 9
CO -25
4
0.3
0.4
0.5
CE 1
2.0
-5
30 AN 0
-65
-1 CT 0.1
7 A
1.8
RE 0.2
0.0 VE
8
0.6
ITI 0.3
3
0.4 AC -30 2
1.6
CAP
-60
8 20 -60 0.1
0.7
0.0 -1 7
1.4
3
1.2
-55
0
0.9
0.1
1.0
9 -70
0.0 -110 0
-4
6
0
-5
0.3
-4
1
0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4
-90
0.11 0.14 0.35
0.4 0.12 0.13
0.39 0.36
0.38 0.37
T O W A R D L O A D —> <— T O W A R D G E N E R A T O R
SW d B F, P or I
∞ 100 40 20 10 4 53 2. 5 2 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 1. 2 1. 1 1 15 10 7 4 35 2 1
)
N. RFL CO
.P
FF N ]
R BS ]
S A
, P ST
LO . C EF
SS OE F, E
[ d
L.
S R
I
or
1 0. 9 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 ∞
,E
FF
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
TR
OE
.C
SM
CENTER
AN
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
TR
ORIGIN
Use this scale for Γ
2-79
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Load impedance zL
Load admittance yL
2-80
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Feedline M A
Zg
+
~ Matching
Vg Z0 Zin ZL
network
−
M' A'
Generator Load
Figure
Figure2.50:
2-32TheThe
general impedance matching problem.
function of a matching network is
to transform the load impedance ZL such that the input
impedance Zin looking into the network is equal to Z0 of
the feedline.
The circuit elements used n a matching network may be lumped
L and C and/or lossless transmission line sections and/or open
and short circuit stubs that attach to the through circuit
2-81
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Feedline M y(d2)
λ/4 transformer A
Feedline M A
Z0 Zin Z02 ZL
A' Z0 Zin L Z0 ZL
M'
M' d2 A'
(a) If ZL is real: in-series λ/4 transformer inserted at AA'
(d) In-parallel insertion of inductor at distance d2
Z(d)
Feedline M λ/4 d A
ys(l1)
B d1
Feedline M A
Z01 Zin Z02 Z01 ZL
B'
M' A' Z0 Z0 ZL
(b) If ZL = complex: in-series λ/4 transformer inserted M' A'
at d = dmax or d = dmin
Z0
y(d1)
Feedline M A
l1
Z0 Zin C Z0 ZL
M' d1 A'
(c) In-parallel insertion of capacitor at distance d1 (e) In-parallel insertion of a short-circuited stub
Figure 2-33
Figure 2.51:Five examples of in-series and in-parallel matching networks.
A collection of matching circuits.
For the network topologies chosen here there are two possible
solutions per approach
2-82
Z0 Zin Z02 ZL
A' Z0
M' 2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
The next and final step is find the quarter-wave section charac-
teristic impedance
Choose
p p p
Z02 D Z01 Z.d / D Z01 z.d /Z01 D Z01 z.d /
In summary:
( p
Z01 S ; d D dmax
Z02 D p
Z01 1=S ; d D dmin
Solution 1: Choose the dmin case and use Python to obtain the
numerical values
2-85
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
– Formally,
20 log10 |Γ|
= -Return Loss (dB)
20 dB return-loss
20 log10 |Γin | Bandwidth ~10.34 MHz
= -Return Loss (dB)
2-86
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
2-87
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
20 dB return-loss
Bandwidth ~5.21 MHz
2-88
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
2-89
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2-90
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
2-91
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2-92
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
2-93
M' A' Z0
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
(b) If ZL = complex: in-series λ/4 transformer inserted
at d = dmax or d = dmin
2.11.2 Lumped Element Matching
y(d1)
Feedline M A
Z0 Zin C Z0 ZL
M' d1 A'
(c)Figure
In-parallel insertionelement
2.69: Lumped of capacitor at using
matching distance d1 C
a shunt (e) I
y(d2)
Feedline Figure
M 2-33 Five examples
A of in-series and i
ZL
Z0 Zin L Z0 ZL
M' d2 A'
AA'
(d)Figure
In-parallel insertionelement
2.70: Lumped of inductor at distance
matching d2 L
using a shunt
2-94
l1
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
gd D 1 real-part condition
bs D bd imaginary-part condition
2-95
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2jj sin.r 2ˇd
bs D
1 C jj2 C 2jj C cos r 2ˇd
2-96
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Step 2
- Plot SWR circle with radius r = I r I
- Identify normalized load admittance
Y L = GL + j BL = 0.018817 + j 0.019965 S
• ZL
rL
0.5 - j 0.53052
0.45819 L -H3.8263 °
0 YL 0.94083 + j 0.99825
0 z (d) 0.5 - j 0.53052
YL gL + j b l= 0.94083 + j 0.99825
•
=
r(d) = 0.45819 L -113.8.263 °
y (d) = 0.94083 + j 0.99825
Remaining questions?
2-102
M' d2 A'
t AA' 2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Z0
l1
ZL
'
(e) In-parallel
Figure insertion using
2.81: Stub matching of a short-circuited stub stub or an
a shunt short circuit
open-circuit stub (not shown).
of in-series and in-parallel matching networks.
In 2.50 circuit (e) considers a special case of open/short circuit
single stub matching, which employs a series transmission line
connected to the load with a shunt open or short circuit stub
transmission line shunted across the line
The design steps are similar to the lumped element design pre-
sented earlier
2-103
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
2-104
2.11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
2-109
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Two useful signals are the unit step function u.t / and a rectan-
gular pulse of duration s
V .t / D V0u.t /
2-110
2.12. TRANSIENTS ON TRANSMISSION LINES
V .t / D V0u.t / V0u.t /
V(t) V(t)
V1(t) = V0 u(t)
V0 V0
t τ t
τ
2-111
CHAPTER 2. TRANSMISSION LINES
Rg t=0
Transmission line
+
Vg Z0 RL
−
z
z=0 z=l
(a) Transmission-line circuit
Rg I1+
+
+
Vg V1+ Z0
−
−
+
(b) Circuit
Figure 2.92: Equivalent circuit
model for at t = 0 analysis.
transient
Figure
Big 2-40The
change: t = 0+ ,end
At source immediately after as
is now taken closing
z D the
0 and the
switch
load endinis the
z Dcircuit
l in (a), the circuit can be represented
by the equivalent circuit in (b).
Upon closing the switch (step function u.t / turns on) incident
voltage, V1C, and current, I1C, waves are launched on the line
2-112
2.12. TRANSIENTS ON TRANSMISSION LINES
2-113
Chapter
Review of
Transmission Line
Theory
1
• Transmission lines and waveguides are used to transport
electromagnetic energy at microwave frequencies from one
point in a system to another
• The desirable features of a transmission line or waveguide
are:
– Single-mode propagation over a wide band of frequencies
– Small attenuation
• The transmission line structures of primary interest for this
course are those for which the dominant mode of propagation
is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave
• Recall that for TEM waves the components of electric and
magnetic fields in the direction of wave propagation are zero
• We wish to consider transmission lines which consist of two
or more parallel conductors which have axial uniformity
• That is to say their cross-sectional shape and electrical prop-
erties do not vary along the axis of propagation
1. David Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York,
2005.
Parameters:
L – series inductance per unit length due to energy storage in
the magnetic field
C – shunt capacitance per unit length due to energy storage in
the electric field
R – series resistance per unit length due to power loss in the
conductors
G – shunt conductance per unit length due to power loss in
the dielectric. (i.e. ! = !" – j!#% !# $ 0 )
• Using KCL, KVL and letting &z ' 0 it can be shown that
– (v ) z% t * (i ) z% t *
--------------------- = Ri ) z% t * + L ----------------- (1.1)
(z (t
and
( i ) z% t *- = Gv ) z% t * + C (v
–------------------- ) z% t *
------------------ (1.2)
(z (t
or
1 + z-/ – v – . t + ----
z-/
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ---- (1.15)
Z0 , + - , + -
p p
where
1
+ p = -----------% (velocity of propagation)
LC
(1.16)
L-% (characteristic impedance)
Z0 = ---
C
• At this point the general lossless line solution is incomplete.
The functions v+ and v- are unknown, but must satisfy the
boundary conditions imposed by a specific problem
• The time domain solution for a lossless line, in particular the
analysis of transients, can most effectively be handled by
using Laplace transforms
• If the source and load impedances are pure resistances and
the source voltage consists of step functions or rectangular
pulses, then time domain analysis is most convenient
• In the following we will first consider resistive load and
source impedances, later the analysis will be extended to
complex impedance loads using Laplace transforms
and
1 + z-/ – v – . t + ----
z-/
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ---- = 0 (1.18)
Z0 , + - , + -
p p
and
z
v . t + -----/ = 0 for all t
–
(1.20)
, + -
p
+
Note: For the given initial conditions only v ) t – z 3 + p * can
exist on the line.
• We thus conclude that
z-/ :
v ) z% t * = v . t – ----
+
, + - 8
p 8 z
----- ; 0
9 for all t – + (1.21)
1 + z-/ 8
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ----
p
Z 0 , + p- 8
7
+
• Suppose that at t = 0 a voltage source v g ) t * is
applied through a source resistance R g , at z = 0
• Apply Ohm's law at z = 0 for t > 0 and we obtain
v g ) t * – v ) 0% t * = i ) 0% t *R g (1.22)
or
+ Rg +
v g ) t * – v ) t * = ------ v ) t * (1.23)
Zg
which implies
+ Z0
v ) t * = ------------------ v g ) t * (1.24)
Z0 + Rg
• The final result is that under the infinite line length assump-
tion for any z we can write
Z0 z/
v ) z% t * = - v g . t – ----
----------------- - (1.25)
Z 0 + R g , + p-
1 z-/
i ) t% z * = ------------------ v g . t – ---- (1.26)
Z 0 + R g , + p-
Terminated Line
Z0 :
. z /
v ) z% t * = ------------------ v g t – ----- 8
Z 0 + R g , + p- 8
9 0 5 t 5 Tl (1.35)
1 z-/ 8
i ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – ----
Z 0 + R g , + p- 87
=
8
8
8
8
>
8
8
8
8
?
+ –
v ) t – z 3 +p * v ) t + z 3 +p *
(1.36)
and
1 z 1 2l z
i ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – -----/ – ------------------ < L v g . t – ----- + -----/ (1.37)
Z 0 + R g , + p- Z 0 + R g , +
p +p
-
–
• When the load reflected wave v ) t + z 3 + p * arrives at the
source ( z = 0 ), a portion of it will be reflected towards the
load provided R g $ Z 0
• The reflection that takes place is independent of the source
voltage
• The wave traveling in the positive Z direction after
2l 3 + p = 2T l seconds has elapsed, can be found by applying
Ohm's law for z = 0 and t = 2T l :
v g ) 2T l * – v ) 0% 2T l * = R g i ) 0% 2T l * (1.38)
• Now substitute
+ –
v ) 0% 2T l * = v ) 2T l * + v ) 2T l *
1 + – (1.39)
i ) 0% 2T l * = ----- @ v ) 2T l * – v ) 2T l * A
Z0
+
and solve for v ) 2T l *
• The results is
+ Z0 – Rg –Z0
v ) 2T l * = v g ) 2T l * ------------------ + v ) 2T l * ------------------
Z0 + Rg Rg + Z0
=
8
8
>
8
8
?
=
8
8
>
8
8
?
–
incident part of v g ) t * reflected portion of v ) 2T l *
Z0 Z0
= v g ) 2T l * ------------------ + v g ) 0 * ------------------ < L < g
Z0 + Rg Z0 + Rg
(1.40)
Here we have
Z0 1 1
------------------ = ---% < L = – 1% < g = ---% T l = 2Bs (1.44)
Z0 + Rg 4 2
Current
measurement A short circuit
means
Source
I_Probe R
R TLIND R2
I_Probe1
R1 TLD1 R=0 Ohm
R=150 Ohm Z=50.0 Ohm
VtPulse Delay=2 usec
SRC1 ‘TLIND’ allows the line
Vlow=0 V to be spec’d in terms of
t Vhigh=32 V propagation delay
Delay=0 nsec
Edge=linear TRANSIENT
Rise=50 nsec
Fall=50 nsec
Tran
Width=1 usec
Tran1
Period=20 usec
StopTime=20.0 usec
MaxTimeStep=50 nsec
-5
-10
-15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
T p = 1Bs
0.15
I_Probe1.i (A)
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
-5
-10
-15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
T p = 6Bs
0.20
I_Probe1.i (A)
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
2-114
2.12. TRANSIENTS ON TRANSMISSION LINES
2-115
Transient Analysis with Resistive Loads
and
1 + z-/ – v – . t + ----
z-/
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ---- (1.46)
Z0 , + - , + -
p p
+ –
where v ) t – z 3 + p * and v ) t + z 3 + p * are determined by the
boundary conditions imposed by the source and load
• Laplace transform each side of the above equations with
respect to the time variable, using the time shift theorem
which is given by
– sc
L C f ) t – c * D = F ) s *e (1.47)
where F ) s * is the laplace transform of f ) t *
• The result is
+ – sz 3 + p – sz 3 + p
v ) z% s * = v ) s *e + v ) s *e (1.48)
and
1 + – sz 3 + p – sz 3 + p
i ) z% s * = ----- @ v ) s *e – v ) s *e A (1.49)
Z0
+ + – –
where v ) s * = L C v ) t * D and v ) s * = L C v ) t * D
Example:
• Let v g ) t * = v 0 u ) t * and Z L be a parallel RC connection
Find: v ) z% t *
• To begin with in the s-domain we can write
1
R ------
Cs = -------------------
R -
Z L ) s * = ---------------- (1.56)
1- 1 + RCs
R + -----
Cs
and
R -–Z
ZL ) s * – Z0 ------------------- 0
1 + RCs
< L ) s * = -------------------------- = --------------------------------
ZL ) s * + Z0 R - Z
------------------- + 0
1 + RCs
R – Z0 (1.57)
--------------- – s
RCZ 0 b–s R + Z0 R–Z
= ------------------------ = -----------% a = ---------------% b = --------------0-
R – Z0 a+s RCZ 0 RCZ 0
--------------- + s
RCZ 0
• Now since V g ) s * = v 0 L C u ) t * D = v 0 3 s
v 0 –sz 3 + p b – s – s ) 2l – z * 3 + p
V ) z% s * = - e
---- + ----------- e (1.58)
2s a+s
• To inverse transform first apply partial fractions to
b – s K1 K2
------------------- = ------ + ----------- (1.59)
s)a + s* s s+a
Clearly,
b R – Z0 –) a + b * – 2R
K 1 = --- = --------------- K 2 = -------------------- = --------------- (1.60)
a R + Z0 a R + Z0
so
v 0 1 –sz 3 +p
V ) z% s * = - --- e
----
2 s
s ) 2l – z * (1.61)
– --------------------
= R – Z0 1 2R 1 : +p
+ > --------------- E --- – --------------- E ----------- 9e
? R + Z0 s R + Z0 s + a 7
and
v0 R – Z0
z-/ + = ---------------
v ) z% t * = L C V ) z% s * D = ----- u . t – ----
–1
2 , + p- >? R + Z 0
2l – z R + Z (1.62)
– . t – -------------/ --------------0-
– 2R , + p - RCZ 0 :
--------------- e . 2l – z-/
R + Z0 9u , t – ------------
+p -
7
Source Load
R
R C R2
TLIND
R1 TLD1 C1 R=50 Ohm
R=50 Ohm C=50 pF
Z=50.0 Ohm
VtPulse Delay=5 nsec
SRC1
Vlow=0 V
t Vhigh=2 V
Delay=0 nsec
Edge=linear TRANSIENT
Rise=0.1 nsec
Fall=0.1 nsec
Tran
Width=1 usec
Tran1
Period=1 usec
StopTime=20.0 nsec
MaxTimeStep=0.1 nsec
0.6
Source
Load
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, nsec
V g ) s *Z 0 – sz 3 +p G n n – s ) 2n *l 3 + p
V ) z% s * = ------------------------
Z0 + Zg ) s *
- e
H < L ) s *< g ) s *e
n=0
(1.66)
sz 3 + p G n+1 n – s ) 2n + 2 *l 3 + p
+e H <L ) s *< g ) s *e
n=0
G n
2 –sz 3 +p ) b – s * . 1---/ n –s ) 2n *l 3 + p
V ) z% s * = --- e
3 H ---------------------
n , 3-
e
n = 0 s)s + a*
(1.67)
n+1
sz 3 + p G ) b – s * . 1 /
n – s ) 2n + 2 *l 3 +
H ----------------------------- --- e p
+e n + 1 , 3-
n=0 s ) s + a *
where
n
K 1 = b----- (1.70)
n
a
and
)n – k* n
1 d )b – s*
K 2k = ------------------ -----------------
- -----------------
- % k = 1% 2% F% n (1.71)
) n – k *! ds ) n – k * s s = –a
– n=2
2 2 2 2 2 2
) b – s * = b--------------
--------------------- 3 a - + )----------------------------
1 – b 3 a -* – --------------------------
)b + a* 3 a
s)s + a*
2 s s+a )s + a*
2
(1.74)
.2 2/ 2
– at ) b + a *
J ----- + K 1 – b-----L e – ------------------- te
b – at
u)t*
a
2 ,
a
2- a
1.2
1.0
Load
0.8
Line Voltage (v)
Source
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
5 10 15 20 25
t (ns)
!0.2
Source Load
R
R TLIND C R2
R1 TLD1 C1 R=100 Ohm
R=100 Ohm Z=50.0 Ohm C=20 pF
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=25.0 nsec
MaxTimeStep=0.05 nsec
• Plots of v ) 0% t * * and v ) l% t *
1.2
m2 m3
1.0
Load m1
0.8
(v)
Source m1
0.6 indep(m1)=1.148E-8
Source
plot_vs(Load, time)=0.889
Load
0.4 m2
indep(m2)=1.608E-8
plot_vs(Source, time)=0.963
0.2
m3
0.0 indep(m3)=2.443E-8
plot_vs(Load, time)=0.988
-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
time, nsec
The TDR is known for having a very fast edge or step function
rise time; e.g., 10’s of ps and much lower
The TDR does all of its detective work from the source end of
the line
Start with a LTspice simulation to see the basis for the design
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 1𝜇𝜇s
𝑇𝑇1 = 2𝜇𝜇s 𝑇𝑇2 = 4𝜇𝜇s
𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔 = 50Ω
𝑍𝑍0 = 50Ω 𝑍𝑍0 = 50Ω
+ 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 =
𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔
𝑍𝑍0 = 50Ω
- 50Ω
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 1𝜇𝜇s
Not to scale
2-117