Grain Trade Australia. Visual Recognition Standards Guid

Visual Recogni on Standards Guide
FOR GRAIN COMMODITY SAMPLING & ASSESSMENT

Issued as at 1st August 2017
I
II
Visual Recogni on Standards Guide Issued 1st August 2017
Grain Trade Australia (GTA)
These photographs and illustra ons are produced as a set of

visual standards for the purpose of facilita ng the trading of
commodi es depicted within Australia.
Disclaimer:
The photographs and illustra ons reproduced in this Guide are
produced to supplement the Grain Trade Australia Commodity
Standards and for the purpose of facilita ng the trade of the
depicted commodi es, within Australia.
These images may not be used in part or full for commercial

uses without the expressed permission of the Grain Trade
Australia Standards Commi ee.
Designed by BLVB
III
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduc on 1 WHEAT: Common Defects 10
Document Calibra on 2 Sec on 2.1
Commodity: Durum Iden fica on from Bread Wheat 11
BARLEY: Common Defects 3
Sec on 1.1 4 Sec on 2.2
Varietal Iden fica on: Barley Pink Stained 12
Stained 12
Sec on 1.2 5 Insect Damaged 12
Sprouted 5
Dark Tipped (WA - Germ End Stained) 5 Sec on 2.3
Shot 5 Distorted 13
Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed/Field Fungi Affected) 5 Sprouted 13
Dry Green or Sappy 13
Sec on 1.3
Skinnings (WA - Skinned) 6 Sec on 2.4
Cleaved (front, back and side) 6 Field Fungi 14
Severely Damaged 14
Sec on 1.4
Insect Damaged 7 Sec on 2.5
Distorted 7 White Grain Disorder / Head Scab 15
Dry Green or Sappy 7
Broken 7 Sec on 2.6
Ball Smuts 16
Sec on 1.5 Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring (WA - Pickled Wheat) 16
WA - Heavily Discoloured 8
Severely Damaged 8 SORGHUM: Common Defects 17
Pink Fungal Staining 8 Sec on 3.1
Severely Damaged 18
Sec on 1.6 Insect Damaged 18
Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley) 9 Sprouted 18
V
Sec on 3.2 DESI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 28
Mould 19 Sec on 6.1
Field Fungi 19 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 29
Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 29
Sec on 3.3
Honeydew 20 Sec on 6.2
Sorghum Ergot 20 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 30
OATS: Common Defects 21 Sec on 6.3

Damaged Grains 22 Hail Damaged 31
Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt 22 Sprouted 31
Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed Mould Affected) 22
Sec on 6.4
Sec on 4.2 Mouldy and Caked 32
Stained Grains (WA - Heavily Discoloured) 23 Green - Desi Chickpeas 32
Stained Groats 23
Sec on 6.5
Sec on 4.3 Poor Colour 33
Insect Damaged 24
Dry Green or Sappy 24 Sec on 6.6
Sprouted 24 Stained and Weather Damaged 34
Shot 24 Fungal Affected 34
CANOLA: Common Defects 25 KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 35

Sec on 5.1 Sec on 7.1
Broken or Split 26 Poor Colour - Seed Coat 36
Sprouted 26 Insect Damaged 36
Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Badly Damaged 26
Weather Damaged 26 Sec on 7.2
Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 37
Sec on 5.2
Mould 27 Sec on 7.3
Green Seeds 27 Mouldy and Caked 38
Sprouted 38
VI
RED LENTILS: Common Defects 48
FEED MAIZE: Common Defects 39 Sec on 10.1
Sec on 8.1 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 49
Heat Damaged / Bin Burnt 40
Broken 40 Sec on 10.2
Insect Damaged 40 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 50
Sprouted 40
Sec on 10.3
Storage Mould 41 Mouldy and Caked 51
Fungal Affected 41 Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 51
Silk Cut 41 Sprouted 51
Starburst 41
Dead 41 Sec on 10.4
Poor Colour Seed Coat 52
Sec on 8.3 Poor Colour Kernel - Dehulled Len l 52
Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring 42 Blonde Kernel 52
Field Fungi 42
Kernel Red Streak 42 Sec on 10.5
Contras ng Colours
ANGUSTIFOLIUS LUPINS: Common Defects 43
Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 44 Fungal Affected 54
Manganese Deficiency 44 Stained and Weather Damaged 54
Sec on 9.2 FIELD PEAS: Common Defects 55

Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 45 Sec on 11.1
Insect Damaged 45 Bin Burnt / Heat Damaged 56
Insect Damaged 56
Sec on 9.3 Mouldy and Caked 56
Phomopsis 46
Bi er Dark 46 Sec on 11.2
Poor Colour 46 Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 57

Pickling Compounds 47 Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled 58
Sprouted 47 Sprouted 58
Mouldy and Caked 47
VII
Sec on 11.4
Poor Colour 59
FABA BEANS: Common Defects 60

Sec on 12.1
Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged 61
Fungal Affected 61
Sec on 12.2
Mouldy and Caked 62
Sprouted 62
Insect Damaged 62
Sec on 12.3
Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split 63
Sec on 12.4
Frost Damaged/Stained 64
Sec on 12.5
Poor Colour 65
MUNG BEANS: Common Defects 66

Sec on 13.1
Cracked / Missing / Chipped 67
Insect Damage 67
Shot and Sprung 67
Sec on 13.2
Stained 68
Wrinkled 68
Sec on 13.3
Pod Scale 69
VIII
INTRODUCTION
Defec ve Grains
This guide is produced to assist samplers and assessors of grain in the determina on of defec ve grains which are covered by the Grain Trade Australia (GTA), Australian
Oilseeds Federa on (AOF), and Pulse Australia standards.
All images in this guide (unless otherwise iden fied) are defec ve. These photographs depict the minimum standard for a grain to be
assessed as defec ve. If a grain defect does not meet the physical a ributes depicted in the photograph it is to be assessed as sound.
Pictures shown at this size are an approximate size of the original grain only.
These pictures are enlarged to assist in illustra on of the defect.
Calibra on
A calibra on sheet is provided for those who are downloading and prin ng these guides. Careful calibra on of these photographs is vital as monitors and printers may vary.
1
Issued: 1st August 2017
Document Calibra on
CMYK Value: CMYK Value: CMYK Value:

C=15 M=100 Y=100 K=0 C=100 M=0 Y=0 K=0 C=0 M=0 Y=100 K=0
Minolta Value: Minolta Value: Minolta Value:

L= 48.59 a= +51.21 b= +31.27 L= 55.41 a= -17.28 b= -43.99 L= 87.53 a= -10.50 b= +80.56
NOTE: The hardware (monitor, graphics card, etc.) Used to display the images in Inspector Standardisa on content influences the appearance of the images. As a result the
images may have a slightly different appearance when viewed on different makes/models of computer and display. These images where created using a Dino-Lite Pro AM-
413T, calibrated LCD display with 1680x1050, 32 Bit, 60 Hz resolu on and the following calibra on se ngs:
Brightness: 0 Contrast: 50 Gamma: 1.0 Hue: 0 Satura on: 0
The VRSG should be viewed using a computer with digital video (DVI) output and an EIZO CG19, EIZO S1921, EIZO S1932, EIZO S1961, or EIZO CE210W display.
Paper Type for Prin ng: Brand: Office Elements GSM: 80gsm Colour: White
Laminate material: Brand: OfficeMax 125 Micron lamina ng pouches Re-Order Code: 1950630
Disclaimer: The men on of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended
2
Sec on 1
BARLEY: Common Defects
aleurone
endosperm
husk
scutellum
embryo
Barley Grain
3
Sec on 1.1 - Varietal Iden fica on: Barley
Defini on: The main characteris c used in iden fying barley varie es is the length of the hairs on the Rachilla. The Rachilla is white in colour and found running along
the grain furrow from the germ end. There are two main types of Rachilla hair length, that being long hairs, and short woolly
hairs.
Ventral Common Varie es including:

Crease
Bass, Baudin, Buloke, Compass, “Awn End of Grain”
Dhow, Fairview, Fitzroy, Flagship,
Palea
Flinders, GrangeR, Hamelin,
Henley, Navigator, Scope, Tallon,
Wimmera
Rachilla
Long Long
Ventral Common Varie es including:

Crease Dorsal Ventral
Arapiles, Commander, Gairdner,
Grimme , Hindmarsh, LaTrobe, (Back) (Front)
Palea
Schooner, Sloop, SloopSA,
SloopVIC, S rling, Westminster
“Germ End of Grain”
Rachilla For a complete list of all Barley varie es,

please visit the Barley Australia website.
h p://www.barleyaustralia.com.au
Short Short
4
Sec on 1.2 - Barley: Common Defects
Sprouted Shot
Defini on: Sprouted grains are those with any visible evidence of the shoot or Defini on: Barley grains exhibi ng the following outward signs of having
root system beginning to emerge from the germ. commenced germina on are classified as Shot:
• Opening of the grain at the germ end

and/or
• The husk has ‘tramlines’ on both
sides where the husk has begun to li
on each side on the back of the grain at
the germ end.
“tram lines”
Dark Tipped (WA - Germ End Stained) Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed/Field Fungi Affected)
Defini on: Grains exhibit a dis nct dark brown to Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat has the
black discoloura on. This mainly occurs at the germ Note: image represents the appearance of black spo ng occurring anywhere on the grain or a grey surface
minimal level of intensity of discoloura on of the kernel.
end of the grain however in severe cases it may colour and 1mm length.
progress to other parts of the grain. Dark pping equal Coverage
greater than
to or greater than 1mm is classified as defec ve grain.
approximately
10% of the
grain surface
is considered
defec ve.
Grains that
show a
coverage of
approximately
10% or less are
1mm to be classified Black Spo ng Black Spo ng Grey
as sound. Discoloura on
5
Skinnings (WA - Skinned)
Defini on: Skinnings is defined as damage to the protec ve husk of the barley.
Each grain exhibi ng one or more of the following characteris cs is assessed as a skinned grain:
• Skinnings - 1/3 or more of the total surface area of the husk is missing
• Germ Exposed - The husk is removed from the germ end of the grain or has been damaged
(other than Shot or Sprouted) or the germ itself has been removed.
Dorsal (back) Ventral (Front) Germ Exposed
Cleaved (front, back and side)
Defini on: A split along the crease or a split down the back, front or side of the grain exposing the white endosperm.
Any visible cleaving is considered defec ve.
Dorsal (back) Ventral (Front) Side

6
Insect Damaged Distorted
Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white Defini on: Grain which is collapsed on the dorsal side.
endosperm is to be classified as defec ve.
Sound Side Grain Sound Grain Dorsal Side
Dry Green or Sappy Broken

Defini on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is Defini on: Grain that has 1/3 or
dis nc vely green. Dry Green grains are usually dry and more missing from the kernel.
hard.
Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may

or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as
defec ve.
Sound Grain
7
WA - Heavily Discoloured Pink Fungal Staining
Defini on: These are grains where the staining is dark and burnt in appearance. Defini on: These are otherwise healthy grains which show an orange, pink to
Usually affec ng more than the germ end. red discoloura on found anywhere on the surface.
Severely Damaged
Defini on: Mould, heat damaged / burnt, diseased or other serious visual defects. Refers to those grains that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains
appear dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. May also appear discoloured under the husk on the kernel.
Does not include Field Fungi affected

grains, refer to Field Fungi common
defect.
Sound Grain Blackened Diseased Fusarium Heat Damaged Mould
8
Sec on 1.6 - Barley: Pickling
Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley)
Defini on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fied by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Any grains that are ar ficially coloured
regardless of intensity are defec ve.
Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar ficial colours and appearance only. A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage
or colour.
9
Sec on 2
WHEAT: Common Defects
endosperm
aleurone
nucellar tissue
seed coat (testa)

Tube cells
cross cells
hypodermis
epidermis
scutellum
shealth of shoot
germ
Wheat Grain
10
Sec on 2.1 - Durum Iden fica on
Commodity: Durum Iden fica on from Bread Wheat
Descrip on: Bread Wheat can be visually dis nguished from Durum by the “fine hairs” on the brush end of the grain. These hairs are only associated with Bread
Wheat varie es.
“Germ End”
Bread Wheat Durum
“Brush End”
“Fine hairs”
11
Sec on 2.2 - Wheat: Common Defects
Pink Stained Insect Damaged
Defini on: This is a grain that has a dis nct pink discoloura on. Grains that are Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white
pink but also contain a white to light grey fungal like discoloura on over more than endosperm is to be classified as defec ve.
approximately 50% of the seed coat surface are to be classified as “White Grain
Disorder/Head Scab”.
Stained
Defini on: A dis nct dark brown to

black discoloura on on the germ end
that, in severe cases, may progress to 1/2 the
germ
other parts of the grain such as the

crease. These grains are commonly
referred to as “black point” or “black p”.
Includes any staining beyond the

minimum up to 50% of the en re grain
surface.
For grains showing more than

approximately 50% coverage of the Streaking Brush Ventral Brush Dorsal Stained Crease Black Tip
en re grain surface refer to Field Fungi. Discoloura on must be 50%
or more of the germ
12
Distorted
Defini on: Grains generally have the appearance of full sized kernels with li le or no structure on both dorsal sides of the grain, and are typically grey to blue in
colour. This defini on does not include pinched grain.
“Blue Hue”
Sound wheat Above 2mm screen only
Sprouted Dry Green or Sappy
Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split. Defini on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green.
It includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the germ. Kernels Dry green grains are usually dry and hard.
exhibi ng early stages of
sprou ng are those where the Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They
covering of the germ is split, but may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is
without further development of classified as defec ve.
the shoot.
Scalloped
(not defec ve)
13
Field Fungi
Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where more than half of the seed coat is discoloured. The visible discoloura on of affected grains can vary from
dark grey, brown to black in colour.
Grains that are approximately 50% or less discoloured are to be classified as Stained.
Severely Damaged
Defini on: Mould, heat damaged / burnt, or other serious visual defects. Refers to those grains that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains appear
reddish brown, dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. Does not include Field Fungi affected grains, refer to Field Fungi common defect.
Sound
14
White Grain Disorder / Head Scab
Grains appear white to light grey but may also contain a pink discoloura on. Grains are only to be classified as “White Grain Disorder/Head Scab” if the discoloura on
is over more than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface. If the discoloura on is less than approximately 50% of the seed coat surface, grains may be classified
as sound.
Grains may also appear flaky with a white discoloura on or resemble tombstones.
Sound wheat Mo led Bleached White Grain Disorder / Head Scab

(not defec ve) (not defec ve)
Note: The Sound, Mo led and Bleached kernels are provided Note: above grains are all classified as defec ve. These depict the various defects as
for contrast and are not to be considered defec ve. defined above.
15
Ball Smuts
Defini on: Are those infected by the spores of the fungus Tille a caries. They have the appearance of pale, plump, slightly oversized grains. These grains are easily
crushed between the fingers and contain a mass of black powder (spores) with a dis nc ve ro en egg smell. This
may also be called S nking Smut or Bunt.
Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring (WA - Pickled Wheat)
Defini on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fied by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Any grains that are ar ficially coloured
regardless of intensity are defec ve.
Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar ficial colours and appearance only. A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage
or colour.
16
Sec on 3
SORGHUM: Common Defects
Sound Sorghum
17
Sec on 3.1 - Sorghum: Common Defects
Severely Damaged Sprouted
Defini on: Heat damaged / bin burnt, diseased or other serious visual defects. Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the shoot is visibly extending
from any part of the germ.
Refers to those kernels that have become severely discoloured. Affected grains
appear dark brown or in severe cases, blackened. Grains with pin holes are not included in this defini on.
Insect Damaged
Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white endosperm is to be classified as defec ve.
18
Mould
Defini on: Affected grains appear discoloured and visibly affected by mould.
Field Fungi
Defini on: Field Fungi refers to kernels affected by the growth of fungi on the seed coat. The fungal growth can vary in colour from white, to grey, to black. It does not
refer to the more serious Mould.
Stained Field Fungi

(Not defec ve, (Defec ve)
Not to be assessed)
19
Honeydew
Defini on: Honeydew is a s cky exudate produced by the sorghum plant in response to any predator a ack, including
Ergot. Honeydew oozes out of the flowers and drips onto leaves of the sorghum plant. It causes seeds to s ck together
and can make crops difficult to harvest and prevent harvested grain from running through equipment.
Honeydew is acceptable if the grain is able to flow freely.
Sorghum Ergot
Defini on: Sorghum Ergot, Claviceps africana, occurs during flowering and results in the accumula on of a grey/white
fungal mass, o en found in empty seed glumes. Another ergot, Cerebella spp. is not a true ergot as such, but it is a fungus
that o en grows on the Claviceps africana, producing a large black mass. Note that there may be separate tolerances for
Sorghum Ergot and Cereal Ergot.
Note: Any visible ergot to the grain is to be classified as defec ve.
Claviceps africana Cerebella spp.
These pictures are typical of ergot but

are not a minimum standard.
20
Sec on 4
OATS: Common Defects
apex (awn)
hull
bran
endosperm
germ (embryo)
Groat Oat
21
Sec on 4.1 - Oats: Common Defects
Damaged Grains Field Fungi (WA - Spo ed Mould Affected)
Defini on: Refers to grain with a quarter or more of the grain missing. This Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat has
includes any mechanical damage to the germ. grey to black spo ng occurring anywhere on the grain. Coverage greater than
approximately 10% of the grain surface is considered defec ve.
Grains that show approximately 10% or less discoloura on are to be classified as

sound.
Grains that are so (that are not

classified as Sappy) and/or emit a
mouldy odour are to be classified
as Musty or Mouldy.
Sound Grain
Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt
Defini on:
Affected grains appear discoloured and/or visibly affected by mould.
Septoria Oat (WA - Only)
Refers to those kernels that have
become severely discoloured. Defini on: Affected grains appear with light and dark Septoria discoloura on.
Affected grains appear reddish
brown, or in severe cases,
blackened.
Sound Grain -
Varie es Differ
22
Stained Grains (WA - Heavily Discoloured)
Defini on: Stained Grains are those grains where greater than approximately 50% of the grain surface is discoloured. Various colours may be exhibited such as brown
to black.
Grains that are affected by Field Fungi or Mould are not included in the
defini on of Stained Grains.
Where Stained Grains are present in a sample the husk is to be removed

and the Groat examined to determine if the defect is present.
Stained Groats
Defini on: This defect is checked where Stained Grains are present in the sample. Where this staining has occurred, the husk is to be removed and the Groat
examined.
Any discoloura on from the normal colour of the Groat is defec ve.
Sound Groat Sound Groat Groat Dorsal Groat Dorsal Groat Dorsal Groat Ventral
Dorsal Ventral
23
Insect Damaged Sprouted
Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the grain has begun the
endosperm is to be classified as defec ve. germina on process. A kernel that is Sprouted is one where the shoot is visibly
seen growing out from the germ.
Dry Green or Sappy Shot
Defini on: Dry Green grains are those whose surface is dis nc vely green. Defini on: Grains that are Shot are those where the covering of the germ is
Dry Green grains are usually dry and hard. split, but without further development of the shoot.
Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may

or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as
defec ve.
24
Sec on 5
CANOLA: Common Defects
Sound Crushed
Canola
25
Sec on 5.1 - Canola: Common Defects
Broken or Split Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Badly Damaged
Defini on: All hulls, kernels or parts thereof, not otherwise damaged shall Defini on: Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt seed are those seeds and pieces of seed
be classified as Broken or Split seed (except fines classified as Impuri es). This that are materially discoloured and damaged by heat. Seeds may have a heated
includes Insect Damaged. odour or a brown powdery appearance when crushed.
Sound Crushed Defec ve Crushed

Canola Canola
Sprouted Weather Damaged
Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This Defini on: When seeds are crushed, they may have a grey washed out
includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. appearance and a chalky texture.
Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off during the
harves ng or handling process.
Sound Crushed Defec ve Crushed

Canola Canola
26
Sec on 5.2 - Canola: Common Defects
Mould
Defini on: Affected seeds may appear discoloured, ro en, swollen and so , feel spongy under pressure, show the presence of fungal spores or visibly affected by
mould on the seed coat. Includes Field Fungi seeds.
Green Seeds
Defini on: Green seeds are those that are dis nc vely green when crushed. Seeds that are yellow-green are not considered green.
Sound Crushed Canola Defec ve Crushed Canola

Yellow when crushed Green Seed – dis nctly green when crushed
27
Sec on 6
DESI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects
Chickpea - Desi
28
Sec on 6.1 - Desi Chickpeas: Common Defects
Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged
Defini on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown
seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked.
Sound Chickpea
Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled
Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to
the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample.
Sound Chickpea
29
Broken, Chipped, Loose Seed Coat and Split
Defini on: Breakage, cracking, peeling or spli ng of the seed coat or chipping and spli ng of the kernel in various forms as follows.
Seed Coat:
• Split Seed Coat - A split in the seed coat running more than half the en re length or across the en re width on one or both sides.
• Skin Damaged - A hole in the seed coat where more than 20% of the seed coat on any one side is missing.
• Loose Seed Coat (Peeling) - Where the seed coat is visibly falling off the kernel to any extent and not adhering ghtly to the kernel.
• Missing Seed Coat - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact.
Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat Missing Seed coat
(Peeling)
Kernel:
• Chipped (Scratched) – A part of the kernel is damaged or removed.
• Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached.
• Split – A split kernel with no seed coat a ached.
Chipped Broken Split

(Scratched)
30
Insect Damaged Sprouted
Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This
includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root.
Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off.
Hail Damaged
Defini on: Damage to the seed coat or kernel. Damage to the seed coat can appear as bruising (darkening) or in more severe cases spli ng of the seed coat. This
may cause discoloura on and damage to the kernel. Damage to the kernel can vary from bruising (darkening) to physical damage such as crushing of the en re kernel.
Sound Chickpea
31
Mouldy and Caked
Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er drying out.
Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually detract from the
appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to Poor
Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.
Note: Not Mould.

Refer Stained and
Weather Damaged.
Green - Desi Chickpeas
Defini on:
Seed Coat
Seed coat appears green. More than a slight greenish nge must be present on the seed coat to be classified as defec ve.
Where any greenish nge is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected. Green is included in Poor Colour.
Kernel
Any level of green is classified as defec ve. Green is included in Poor Colour.
Green Kernel
32
Poor Colour
Defini on:
Seed Coat
Seed coats vary from dark brown to black, including green. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy
or Stained & Weather Damaged. Stained/Weather Damaged Seed Coat is included in the defini on of Poor Colour Seed Coat.
Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected.
All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances.
Kernel
Any level of discoloura on on the kernel is classified as defec ve.
Note: above grain is not

Poor Colour Kernel, but
is Poor Colour Seed Coat
33
Stained and Weather Damaged
Defini on: A general term used to describe visible damage to the seed coat that may or may not otherwise be defined or be dis nguishable from other defects in the
Standards. Seed coats may be discoloured or altered in size or shape. Weather damage may also lead to Poor Colour, a Loose Seed Coat, Shrivelled and Wrinkled.
Tiger Striping Tiger Striping Speckled
Sound Chickpeas Defec ve Chickpeas
Fungal Affected
Defini on: Lesions are generally visible to the naked eye. The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fluoresces. It is commonly oval to
circular and localised in nature, but may vary in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated
with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel.
Any lesion of any size is permi ed and not classified as Ascochyta provided it is not also present on the kernel. If the Ascochyta seed coat lesion is approximately >20% but
does not penetrate to the kernel (and thus fall under the Ascochyta defini on), then the grain is classified as Stained & Weather Damaged and is classified as defec ve.
Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion

on kernel
34
Sec on 7
KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects
Sound Seed
35
Sec on 7.1 - Kabuli Chickpeas: Common Defects
Poor Colour - Seed Coat
Defini on: Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy
or Stained & Weather Damaged. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected.
Sound Seed
Insect Damaged
Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve
36
Seed Coat:
(Peeling)
Kernel:
• Split – A split kernel with no seed coat a ached

(Scratched)
37
Mouldy and Caked
Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er
drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually
detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Fungal Infec ons.. Seed coats or kernels may be similar
in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.
Sprouted Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled
Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby
includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly
Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. adhere to the kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on
depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority
in the sample.
Sound Seed Defec ve Seed
38
Sec on 8
FEED MAIZE: Common Defects
Feed Maize
39
Sec on 8.1 - Feed Maize: Common Defects
Heat Damaged / Bin Burnt Insect Damaged
Defini on: Affected grains appear reddish brown, or in severe cases, Defini on: Any visible insect damage penetra ng through to the white
blackened. Heat Damaged is included in the defini on of Damaged. endosperm is to be classified as defec ve.
Sound Grain
Broken Sprouted
Defini on: Grain that has 1/4 or more missing from the Kernel. Defini on: Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is
split and the shoot has broken through the seed coat. Grains that have had the
germ knocked off or scalloped are considered sound. Sprouted is included in the
defini on of Damaged.
Sound Grain
40
Sec on 8.2 - Feed Maize: Common Defects
Storage Mould Dead
Defini on: Affected grains appear discoloured and visibly affected by mould. Defini on: Grains that are equal to or less than approximately 50% opaque are
considered normal grains.
Note that if any musty odour is detected a nil tolerance applies.
Fungal Affected
Defini on/s:
Silk Cut
Easily iden fied where the pericarp is split and the starch appears to be popping out of the kernel.
Starburst
Best iden fied as spider web like streaks radia ng down the kernel from the point of silk a achment. These
streaks are corroded channels within the pericarp caused by fungal growth. Air in the channels breaks the
transparency of the pericarp so the yellow aleurone beneath cannot be seen.
Silk Cut Star Burst
41
Sec on 8.3 - Feed Maize: Common Defects Issued: 1st August 2017
Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring Field Fungi
Defini on: Grains contaminated in this way may be iden fied by an unnatural Defini on: Field Fungi refers to individual kernels
surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Any grains that are ar ficially coloured where the seed coat is greater than approximately
regardless of intensity are defec ve. 50% discoloured. The visible discoloura on of
affected grains can vary from dark grey, brown to
Note: These photographs are to illustrate ar ficial colours and appearance only. black in colour.
A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or
coverage or colour. Field Fungi is included in the defini on of Damaged.
Kernel Red Streak
Defini on: This is not a defect and kernels are

considered sound when iden fied as Kernel Red
Streak.
Sound Grain
42
Sec on 9
ANGUSTIFOLIUS LUPINS: Common Defects
Lupin - Angus folius Lupin - Albus
Note: Albus Lupins are considered a contaminant in Angus folius Lupins.
43
Sec on 9.1 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects
Seed Coat:
• Missing Seed Coat (WA - Fully Decoated) - Where the en re seed coat is missing but the kernel remains intact.
(Peeling)
Kernel:
• Chipped (Scratched) – A part of the kernel is damaged or removed. Manganese Deficiency
• Broken - A split kernel with the seed coat s ll a ached. Defini on: Spli ng of the seed coat to expose the
• Split – A split kernel with no seed coat a ached kernel. It is not considered a defect provided no
damage to the exposed kernel has occurred.

(Scratched) Manganese Deficiency
Sound Grain
44
Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled (WA - Shrivelled/Distorted)
Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the
kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample.
Sound Lupin
Insect Damaged
Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve.
45
Phomopsis Poor Colour (WA - Discoloured)
Defini on: Grains appear sound with a fungal growth readily visible on the seed Defini on:Seed coats and kernels vary from white to dark brown/black. Seed
coat. If kernels are not sound, refer to Mould. coats and kernels may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as
Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy, Phomopsis or Stained & Weather Damaged.
Bi er Dark (WA - Bi er Variety)
Defini on: These varie es are iden fiable mainly by their colour which is much
darker than acceptable lupins.
Lupins may vary in colour from white to brown. Examples of Sound colour
variances are below.
Acceptable colour variances:
46
Sec on 9.4 - Angus folius Lupins: Common Defects Issued: 1st August 2017
Pickling Compounds
Defini on: A nil tolerance applies to any pickling compounds, regardless of intensity or coverage.
Sprouted Mouldy and Caked
Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or
includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er
Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off. drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel
as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat
and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be
detected. This defini on does not include Fungal Affected. Seed coats or kernels
may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.
47
Sec on 10
RED LENTILS: Common Defects
Red - Whole Red Len l -

Seed Kernel
48
Sec on 10.1 - Red Len ls: Common Defects
Defini on: Visible damage to the seed coat or size and shape of grain whereby the grains are severely distorted and/or shrunken. Seed coats may ghtly adhere to the
kernel or be bri le. Seed coats may show a level of discoloura on depending on the extent of damage. Grains are o en smaller than the majority in the sample.
Sound Len l
49
Seed Coat:
Split Seed coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat Missing Seed
(Peeling) coat
Kernel:
• Split – A split kernel with no seed coat a ached

(Scratched)
50
Insect Damaged Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged
Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Defini on: The seed coat or kernel appears reddish-dark brown and blackened
or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor
Colour brown seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also
to Mouldy & Caked.
Sound Len l
Mouldy and Caked Sprouted
Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This
part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root.
a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off.
kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed
coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must
not be detected. This defini on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats
or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat
Damaged.
51
Poor Colour Seed Coat
Defini on: Poor Colour seed coats are not considered good colour. Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various
other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Poor Colour (Stained & Weather Damaged).
Please Note: Does not include

All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the Contras ng Colour. Refer also to the
different colour variances. defini on for Contras ng Colour.
Poor Colour Kernel - Dehulled Len l Blonde Kernel
Defini on: Poor Colour refers to excessive discoloura on of the kernel o en depicted as a green colour. Includes Defini on: Kernels are not uniformly orange
green, brown, black, yellow, bleached and chalky white kernels. in colour. Kernels appear yellow. Seed coat
must be removed to determine the presence
on the kernel.
Sound Len l Poor Colour Poor Colour Poor Colour

Kernel Kernel Kernel
52
Sec on 10.5 - Contras ng Colours
ŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐŽůŽƵƌƐ͗>ĞŶƚŝůǀĂƌŝĞƚǇĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶĐŚĂƌƚƚ
'ƌĂŝŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŽůŽƵƌŶŽƚĨĂůůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ͞ŵĂŝŶĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉ
ƉƚĂďůĞǀĂƌŝĞƚǇƐĞĞĚĐŽĂƚǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶ͟ĂƐĚĞƉŝĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ'ZEƐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƌƚĂƌĞ
ƚŽďĞĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĞĚĂƐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐŽůŽƵƌ
Wůŝƚǌ
ŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐŽůŽƵƌ DĂŝŶĂŶ
ŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞǀĂƌŝĞƚǇƐĞĞĚĐŽĂƚǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶ ŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐŽůŽƵƌ

WĂůĞ dǇƉŝĐĂůŐƌĞǇ 'ƌĞǇͲŐƌĞĞŶ ^ůŝŐŚƚůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚ DĞĚŝƵŵŵĂƌďůĞĚ ^ƚƌŽŶŐůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚ

W,ĞƌĂůĚyd

WĂůĞ dǇƉŝĐĂůŐƌĞǇ 'ƌĞǇͲŐƌĞĞŶ ^ůŝŐŚƚůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚ DĞĚŝƵŵŵĂƌďůĞĚ ^ƚƌŽŶŐůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚ ůĂĐŬ;ƚŽƚĂůůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚͿ

W,ƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞyd
ŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐŽůŽƵƌ ŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞǀĂƌŝĞƚǇƐĞĞĚĐŽĂƚǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶ
DĂŝŶĂŶ ŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐŽůŽƵƌ

WĂůĞ dǇƉŝĐĂůŐƌĞǇ 'ƌĞǇͲŐƌĞĞŶ
ůĚŝŶŐĂ

dǇƉŝĐĂůƉĂůĞ ^ůŝŐŚƚůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚ DĞĚŝƵŵŵĂƌďůĞĚ ^ƚƌŽŶŐůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚ 'ƌĞǇ;ƚŽƚĂůůǇŵĂƌďůĞĚͿ
ƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϰ ŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌŝƐŐĞŶĞƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶĂǀǀĂƌŝĞƚǇ͘'ƌĞǇͲŐƌĞĞŶƐĞĞĚĐŽĂƚƐĐĂŶŽĐĐƵƌǁŝƚŚĞĂƌůǇŵĂƚƵƌŝƚǇƚŝŵĞŝŶŐƌĞ
ĞǇƐĞĞĚƚǇƉĞůĞŶƚŝůƐ͘
53
Fungal Affected
Defini on: The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en fluoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary in
shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various colours. A
lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel.
A lesion greater than 20% coverage on any one side of the seed coat is considered defec ve. A lesion less than 20% on any one side of the seed coat is considered sound.
Stained and Weather Damaged
Defini on: A general term used to describe visible damage to the seed coat that may or may not otherwise be defined or be dis nguishable from other defects in the
Standards. Seed coats may be discoloured or altered in size or shape. Weather damage may also lead to Loose Seed Coat, Shrivelled and Wrinkled.
Discoloura on is generally dark brown to black colour and must be greater than 20% of the surface area on any one side of the seed coat.
All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour Speckled
variances. Sound Len l
54
Sec on 11
FIELD PEAS: Common Defects
Acceptable colour range for

Parafield type Peas
Acceptable colour range for
Kaspa type Peas
Typical shape for Parafield type Typical shape for

Peas Kaspa type Peas
55
Sec on 11.1 - Field Peas: Common Defects
Bin Burnt / Heat Damaged
Defini on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown seeds.
An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & Caked.
Sound Field Pea

Insect Damaged Mouldy and Caked
Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as defec ve. Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or
part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard
a er drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or
kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed
coat and visually detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must
not be detected. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in appearance to Poor
Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.
56
Seed Coat:
(Peeling)
Kernel:

(Scratched)
57
Sound Field Pea
Sprouted
Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. Includes
grains where the primary root has been knocked off.
58
Poor Colour
Defini on:
Seed Coat
Seed coats vary from dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged, Mouldy or Stained &
Weather Damaged. Where any poor colour is present on the seed coat, it is recommended the kernel also be inspected.
Sound Field Pea All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These
examples are to show the different colour variances.
Kernel
Any level of discoloura on on the kernel is classified as defec ve. Where green kernels exist, the level of green colouring classified as defec ve is shown in the photos
below. Green is included in Poor Colour.
Sound Kernel All of the above depicted photos are classified as defec ve. These examples are to show the different colour variances.
59
Sec on 12
FABA BEANS: Common Defects
Sound Faba Bean
60
Sec on 12.1 - Faba Beans: Common Defects
Bin Burnt and Heat Damaged Fungal Affected
Defini on: The seed coat appears reddish-dark brown and blackened or burnt Defini on: The lesion generally appears intense dark brown to black and o en
in severe cases. These grains may be similar in appearance to Poor Colour brown fluoresces. It is commonly oval to circular and localised in nature, but may vary
seeds. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. Refer also to Mouldy & in shape. The lesion may be similar in colour to mould or weather damaged.
Caked. The lesion may also be associated with the presence of fungal growth of various
colours. A lesion may appear on one or both sides of the seed coat or kernel.
A lesion greater than 20% coverage on any one side of the seed coat is considered
defec ve. A lesion less than 20% on any one side of the seed coat is considered
sound.
Sound Faba Bean
61
Mouldy and Caked
Defini on: Mould is usually indicated by blackening or discoloura on of all or part of the seed coat or kernel. Grains may be so but may also appear hard a er
drying out. Fungal growth may be visibly apparent on the seed coat or kernel as a fungus of various colours. Foreign material may adhere to the seed coat and visually
detract from the appearance. An Objec onable Odour must not be detected. This defini on does not include Ascochyta lesions. Seed coats or kernels may be similar in
appearance to Poor Colour or Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged.
Sound Faba Bean
Sprouted Insect Damaged
Defini on: The seed coat has split and the primary root has emerged. This Defini on: Any visible insect damage to the grain is to be classified as
includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the primary root. defec ve.
Includes grains where the primary root has been knocked off.
62
Seed Coat:
Split Seed Coat Skin Damaged Loose Seed Coat Missing Seed coat
(Peeling)
Kernel:

(Scratched)
63
Sound Faba Bean
Frost Damaged/Stained
Defini on: These grains represent Frost impac ng on the grain resul ng in staining on the kernel. Any level of stained on the kernel, as a result of frost, is classified
as defec ve. Where staining does not occur on the kernel, but results in Staining only on the Seed Coat, refer to the Poor Colour defini on.
Sound Faba Bean

64
Poor Colour
Defini on: Seed coats vary from grey, dark brown to black. Seed coats may be similar in appearance to various other defects such as Bin Burnt & Heat Damaged,
Mouldy or Stained & Weather Damaged.
The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any colour to be classified as defec ve.
Sound Faba Bean
Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus
Defini on: Staining on the seed coat caused by the Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus.
Sound Grain Sound Grain Sound Grain
65
Sec on 13
MUNG BEANS: Common Defects
Sound Mung Bean
66
Sec on 13.1 - Mung Beans: Common Defects
Seed Coat
Defini on: Any environmental or mechanical damage that creates cracks or removes any por on of the seed coat to expose the kernel. Any por on of the seed kernel
that is missing is considered defec ve. Tested on sample as presented.
The photos below depict the minimum requirement of any bean to be classified as defec ve.
Cracked, Missing Seed Coat, Chipped:
Sound Mung Bean
Insect Damage:
Shot and Sprung:
67
Sec on 13.2 - Mung Beans: Common Defects
Stained
Defini on: Any coa ng of vegetable gum that reduces the lustre or provides a contact adhesion for plant material to the seed coat. Discoloura on of the white hilum,
speckling of vegetable ma er and a fresh ‘grass like smell’ are indica ons of staining. Tested on sample as presented.
Sound Mung Bean Sound Mung Bean
Wrinkled
Defini on: Damage sustained from weather events that creates wrinkles in any direc on over the seed coat. Tested on sample as presented.
68
Sec on 13.3 - Mung Beans: Common Defects Issued: 1st August 2017
Pod Scale
Defini on: Any blemish of the seed coat that retains the white or grey coloured lining of the pod on the seed coat, covering more than 25% of the surface area.
69
70
Postal Address:
PO Box R1829
Royal Exchange NSW 1225
Email: admin@graintrade.org.au
Web: www.graintrade.org.au © GTA.
71

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Visual Recogni on Standards Guide

FOR GRAIN COMMODITY SAMPLING & ASSESSMENT

These photographs and illustra ons are produced as a set of

These images may not be used in part or full for commercial

OATS: Common Defects 21 Sec on 6.3

CANOLA: Common Defects 25 KABULI CHICKPEAS: Common Defects 35

Sec on 9.2 FIELD PEAS: Common Defects 55

Sec on 9.4 Sec on 11.3

FABA BEANS: Common Defects 60

MUNG BEANS: Common Defects 66

CMYK Value: CMYK Value: CMYK Value:

Minolta Value: Minolta Value: Minolta Value:

Brightness: 0 Contrast: 50 Gamma: 1.0 Hue: 0 Satura on: 0

Ventral Common Varie es including:

Ventral Common Varie es including:

Rachilla For a complete list of all Barley varie es,

• Opening of the grain at the germ end

Dorsal (back) Ventral (Front) Germ Exposed

Cleaved (front, back and side)

Any visible cleaving is considered defec ve.

Dorsal (back) Ventral (Front) Side

Sound Side Grain Sound Grain Dorsal Side

Dry Green or Sappy Broken

Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may

Does not include Field Fungi aﬀected

Sound Grain Blackened Diseased Fusarium Heat Damaged Mould

Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colour (WA - Pickled Barley)

seed coat (testa)

Bread Wheat Durum

Defini on: A dis nct dark brown to

other parts of the grain such as the

Includes any staining beyond the

For grains showing more than

Sprouted Dry Green or Sappy

Sound wheat Mo led Bleached White Grain Disorder / Head Scab

Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring (WA - Pickled Wheat)

Stained Field Fungi

Honeydew is acceptable if the grain is able to flow freely.

Note: Any visible ergot to the grain is to be classified as defec ve.

Claviceps africana Cerebella spp.

These pictures are typical of ergot but

Grains that show approximately 10% or less discoloura on are to be classified as

Grains that are so (that are not

Where Stained Grains are present in a sample the husk is to be removed

Dry Green or Sappy Shot

Sappy grains are generally so when pressed. They may

Sound Crushed Defec ve Crushed

Sprouted Weather Damaged

Sound Crushed Defec ve Crushed

Sound Crushed Canola Defec ve Crushed Canola

Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled

Chipped Broken Split

Note: Not Mould.

Green - Desi Chickpeas

Note: above grain is not

Tiger Striping Tiger Striping Speckled

Sound Chickpeas Defec ve Chickpeas

Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion Ascochyta lesion

Chipped Broken Split

Sprouted Frost Damaged, Shrivelled and Wrinkled

Sound Seed Defec ve Seed

Silk Cut Star Burst

Pickling Compounds or Ar ficial Colouring Field Fungi

Kernel Red Streak