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• Fertilisers
i. Phosphate fertilizers
• Detergents
• Fibres
i. Rayon
ii. Paper
• Metallurgy
i. Cleaning metals
• Dyes
• Other uses
i. Explosives
ii. Electrolytes
iii. Insecticides
iv. Pharmaceuticals
v. Oil refining
The manufacture of sulphuric acid is carried out using the Contact Process
There are three essential stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid ;
i. Combustion of sulphur
Contact Process
5) Dust and impurities such as arsenic compounds are removed to prevent the
poisoning of the catalyst.
Temperature ; 450oc
Pressure ; 1 atmosphere
2) Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water as the heat evolved vapourises the
sulphuric acid. The vapour condenses to form a mist of sulphuric acid which is
hard to collect.
3) The oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid,
98% H2SO4
Ammonia gas has a high heat capacity and is highly compressible. These
properties make it suitable to be used as a refrigerant.
Aqueous ammonia is found in many household cleaning products to remove
grease and oily stains.
Manufacture of Ammonia
Haber-Bosch Process
2 : Hydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas. The methane in natural gas
reacts with steam according to the following equations.
3 : Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed according to the following ratio one mole
N2 : 3 moles H2.
4 : In the compressor, the gas mixture is heated to 450oC and 200 atm before it
enters the reactor chamber.
ALLOYS
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
o Synthetic polymers are used to make plastics, fibres, resins, and synthetic
rubbers.
Polyethylene
ethylene film wrap, plastic
low density –(CH2-CH2)n– soft, waxy solid
CH2=CH2 bags
(LDPE)
Polyethylene electrical
ethylene rigid, translucent
high density –(CH2-CH2)n– insulation
CH2=CH2 solid
(HDPE) bottles, toys
atactic: soft,
Polypropylene similar to LDPE
–[CH2- propylene elastic solid
(PP) different carpet,
CH(CH3)]n– CH2=CHCH3 isotactic: hard,
grades upholstery
strong solid
Poly(vinyl
–(CH2- vinyl chloride pipes, siding,
chloride) strong rigid solid
CHCl)n– CH2=CHCl flooring
(PVC)
non-stick
Polytetrafluoroe tetrafluoroeth
resistant, smooth surfaces
thylene –(CF2-CF2)n– ylene
solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2
insulation
Poly(methyl methyl
–[CH2- lighting covers,
methacrylate) methacrylate hard, transparent
C(CH3)CO2C signs
(PMMA, Lucite, CH2=C(CH3)C solid
H3]n– skylights
Plexiglas) O2CH3
Glass
Ceramics
o Ceramics are a class of non-metal materials, which are better electrical and
thermal insulators then metals. They have greater rigidity, hardness and
resistance to heat and chemical attacks compared to organic polymers.
o Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a.Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement,
sinks, and toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to
heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not
tarnish easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.
c.Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as
toasters, fridges and electrical plug.
Oxide ceramic
Non-oxide
ceramics
2350 2.50 280 9
Boron carbide,B4C3
2830 3.16 400 9
Silicon nitride, Si3, n4
1900 3.17 310 9
Metals